GATE -ASSIGNMENT VI

Social Impact Of Development

2ND SEMESTER
Projects

Social Impacts on Development

Projects

Guided By
Dr. Sanjukta Bhaduri

Submitted By
Archana Mohanty
Roll No.: 1442

Department Of Urban Planning

 TEHRI DAM

Tehri dam is one of the most magnificent structural marvels

of 21st century. It is the 4th largest earth and rock filled dam in
the world and biggest in India, located at the confluence of
Bhagirathi and Bhilangina rivers, in Tehri district of
Uttarakhand. The genesis of Tehri dam projects dates back to
1969 when it was prepared and submitted to Govt. of India

• 855 feet (261 m)

• Power generation capacity of 2400 MW
• Provision of irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares
• Supply of 270 million gallons of drinking water
Background Overview
The site of Tehri dam is located in the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
Government of India, in March, 1994 approved implementation of Stage-I i.e.
Tehri Dam and Hydro Electric Project (1000 MW).It was subsequently
completed in 2006 forming 42 sq. km. of storage lake and started electricity
production in 2008.

1980 EAC
1987 GoI
1972 appointed by
announced in 1990 Feb July :
1949 Tehri Planning the
the media :EAC rejects Conditional
dam Commission government,
that the the dam clearance by
conceived gives its nod refuses
project has again MoEF
to the dam environment
been cleared
al clearance
BENEFITS OF TEHRI DAM
2400 megawatt electricity.
• The Ganges was presented as a tool for the country’s material
advancement and the Tehri dam became part of a nationalist project of Clean Drinking water to almost 40 lakhs of people living in Delhi and
development. in & around Uttar Pradesh.
• The dam, standing at 260.5 meters (855 feet) was designed to be the
Less flooding in low lying areas of Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal and
highest in Asia and the fifth tallest in the world. Bihar.

Employment Generation for the local people.

12% of the total electricity generated as royalty to Uttarakhand.

Increase in Tourism sector , Fish Irrigation Projects and other Govt.

Projects in Uttarakhand.

Rs2400 crores profit to the Central Government every year.

Land Irrigation water to almost 270,000 hectares to Uttarakhand ,

Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi.
Issues with Tehri Dam and Socio Cultural Impact of the project
Tehri dam project was also subject to decades of opposition as it would be • Forced displacement of 67-97,000 people
affected by the dam’s 45 kilometer reservoir in the Bhagirathi River and the 23 Human • Diverting water from poor communities
kilometer reservoir of the Bhilangana River. Rights

the concern for the displaced populations was present in many of the • Catastrophic flood danger
arguments against the dam, it is the threats the dam posed to the cultural, Environ • Multiple environmental reviews recommending cancellation
religious, and ecological significance of the river that were most significant mental
in the historical town of Tehri
• Six corruption cases
Protester with anti-Tehri Dam Corrupti • CBI inquiry but no results
slogans Work on

Socio cultural impact of the project

One of the most apparent impacts of Tehri dam reservoir is the physical
1978 - Tehri segregation of the area because of the reservoir itself and as a result of this
Bandh Virodhi physical distance; the important socio cultural impacts are possible.
Sangharsh
Samiti (TBVSS)
1. Many temples and sacred places have submerged in the reservoir and
while most are lost forever a few have also been reestablished/
74-day hunger relocated.
strike in 1996
by Sunderlal 2. The cultural significance of these festivals has reduced as the number
Bahuguna of people attending these fairs has significantly dropped after the
construction of dam due to the physical distance because of the
reservoir and the absence of convenient modes of commuting to the
Many Anti- other side.
dam rallies 3. Due to huge reservoir people not only away from district headquarters
and protest
could not avail all kinds of government facilities like higher education,
health, transportation etc.
MICRO STUDY: The socio economic impact on villages in rim area of Tehri
dam in Pratapnagar block
In order to have a deeper understanding of the socio
cultural as well as socio economic impact on the
people surrounding the reservoir a micro case study
of 10 villages was done.
Socio Economic Change in Livelihood
impact of the Pattern
project
Traditional
Livelihood System
Agro forestry and
animal husbandry
TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM
• Disruption and alteration of road
The study area is part of Pratap Nagar block, networks,transportation systems affecting
one of the five blocks surrounding the accessibility of people to their nearest market
centre,which has given a big blow to existing traditional
reservoir. The selected villages are located
livelihood practices other than agriculture.
within 1.5 kms of distance from the reservoir.
• The distance to closest urban centre has increased 3
• These villages are located between 30°41" times from 20 kms to 80 kms reducing the livelihood
to 30° 48" latitude andv78°42"to 78°48" opportunities which were previously available. e.g
longitudes on the southern and south Severely affected people are Landless labourers who
western slopes facing the dam. practiced transportation (by mules and horses) of local
goods like building material from river bank.
CHANGE IN LIVEHOOD PATTERN
Shift of agriculture to the less fertile agricultural patches
called Upraon ( mid valley rugged slopes) and Katil (
narrow fields located on high spurs) from the lower
slopes of Bhagirathi river valley with fertile, well
irrigated soil are referred to as “Talon” locally and
almost 60% of it has been subjected to submergence
post dam construction. Impact of the shift
• Lack of supply of water for irrigation and are mostly
rain fed which has significantly changed the crop
intensity, cropping pattern, and production.
• The practice of ‘Baranaja’( growing 12 crops in a
year) was previously predominant in the area because
of fertile, well irrigated soil, reduced to 2-3 crops in a
year now.
AGRO FORESTRY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
• Traditionally, the hill farmers have maintained close
the linkages and balances between agriculture, forestry
and animal husbandry, and based on these linkages
the land use patterns have been determined in the
area.
• Continuous shortage of water over the years have
severely impacted the traditional cropping systems.
Degrading forest and water resources in the region
have not only affected agriculture in the region but
also significantly reduced the number of cattle
population.
 MTRANSHARBOUR
MUMBAI u m b a i T r aPROJECT
ns Harbour Link
Project
(MTHL): Sewri to Nhava
The Mumbai Trans Harbour Link, also known as the Sewri
Nhava Sheva Trans Harbour Link, is an under-construction
21.8 kilometers (13.5 mi), freeway grade road bridge
connecting the Indian city of Mumbai with Navi Mumbai, its
satellite city. When completed, it would be the longest sea
bridge in India.
The northern & north eastern parts of Greater Mumbai are
likely to be saturated in the near future. In that event, the only
location for expansion (apart from Navi Mumbai). The
pressure on the rail and road network can be relieved only by
redirecting part of the movement into an east-west (towards
Navi Mumbai) orientation.
 Background Overview
The proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link will as an economic gateway to
Navi Mumbai and it would therefore emerge as a vibrant satellite city to
Mumbai.
Direct and Indirect benefits Indirect Benefits
of MTHL • Rationalization of real
estate prices in Greater
Mumbai
• Increased demand for and
better utilisation of land in
Navi Mumbai
• Accelerated economic
Direct Benefits development of Navi
The proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour • Savings in travel times Mumbai and nearby
Link has become a necessity for the state for commuters from regions
Need for Mumbai Trans Harbour Link government as existing links together are Mumbai to Navi • Greater economic
near saturation and are not equipped to Mumbai. integration of Mumbai
Greater Mumbai is already overcrowded and
congested. The only solution to prevent the
meet traffic growth. • Improved comfort and island with Navi Mumbai
accessibility between and extended regions of
existing conditions from worsening is to expand
the island and the • Pune, Panvel and Alibaug
on to the southern half of Navi Mumbai is
mainland. • Decongestion of Mumbai
having 2,500 hectares of land, which will benefit
most in terms of commuting time by the • Reduced operating Island and dispersal of
costs of vehicles due population to Navi
construction of the Link between mainland and
to lesser congestion. Mumbai region and
South of Mumbai.
• Accelerated growth of beyond
At present, there are two road links connecting Navi Mumbai. • Environmental imprvmnt
Mumbai to Navi Mumbai: • Smooth traffic flow and reduced pollution
• Airoli bridge from Navi Mumbai levels
• Vashi bridge airport to Mumbai • Improved safety due to
Island. reduction in accidents
Socio-economic impacts MTHL Overall Impact Of The Project
1. In total 322 structures will be affected in the project in Sewri and Navi
The MHTL has 3 sections to it for the purpose of study of socio-economic
Mumbai side. Based on the property identification, 282 residential and
impacts of the project commercial structures consisting of 1272 persons are identified as affected
persons in the project.

Mumbai Trans
Harbour Link
2. All affected structures are non-titleholders on MPT land.
Navi
Sea Link Sewri • Out of 282 affected families, 229 families will lose their residential
Mumbai
structures and 53 families will lose commercial structures.
• In addition to the government structures affected, 10 community
structures will be affected by the project. Sewri side impacted
structure will be 25 along with 5 likely to be impacted school
Out of 914.96 hectare of land required for the project, 85 Ha. of land is under structures in Gavan village CIDCO at Navi Mumbai side.
private ownership and 829.6 Ha of land is under government possession.

3. The project will impact about 58 vulnerable category families.

Survey of Project area

for Social Impact
Assessment
Socio-economic impacts MTHL
SEA LINK SECTION NAVI MUMBAI SECTION
The sea link section of the alignment traverses through mud flat Mumbai Trans The Navi Mumbai section of the alignment is about 5.5 km.
including Mangroves at Sewri side, Sea area and mangrove area at Harbour Link in length. The project would require 96.368 hectors of land
Navi Mumbai side.
for the ROW in this stretch of project
Socio Economic Impacts Navi
• Loss of fishing and livelihood due to removal of fishing stakes Mumbai Sea Link Sewri
and nets in the ROW. This is the permanent impact.
• Permanent decrease of revenue due to decline in fish catches
and changed seawater currents
• Loss of fishing time and increased operating cost (fuel) to
reach fishing grounds from their hamlets It is a government school building built by District
Administration. It has five structures which along with
SEWRI SECTION approximate areas are detailed in table. The ROW is
In Sewri section, the total land is belongs to MPT. passing through the school plot boundary which will
impact the school
1. Structure Loss
• The total number of structures impacted in Sewari side
of ROW is 317. Out of 317 total structures, 296
structures are fully affected and 21 structures are
partially affected.
2. Impact on Families and People
• The project will affect 317 structures, in terms of
displacement 282 residential and commercial families
will be displaced.
3. Impact on Community and Government Structures
• Out of the 35 structures, 10 are community structures
(5 temples, 1 mosque, 1 public toilet and 3 Women
self-help group offices) and remaining 25 structures
belongs to the Mumbai Port Trust.
 REFERENCES
• 2015). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(8). http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0815/ijsrp-
p4480.pdf.
• Building Environment (India) Pvt. Ltd. (2015). (rep.). Mumbai Trans Harbour Link Project (MTHL): Sewri to Nhava. Retrieved from
https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/south/india/c8h0vm00009otwm2-
att/c8h0vm00009r4svu.pdf