HAYUNEY P.

MENIANO
STEM 11-A

1.CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN -was a British

naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution
by natural selection. Darwin defined evolution as
"descent with modification," the idea that species change
over time, give rise to new species, and share a
common ancestor.
CONTRIBUTIONS:
Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he
completed the Copernican Revolution by drawing out for
biology the notion of nature as a system of matter in
motion governed by natural laws. With Darwin's
discovery of natural selection, the origin and adaptations
of organisms were brought into the realm of science.

2. JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK - is one

of the best-known early evolutionists. Unlike
Darwin, Lamarck believed that living things evolved
in a continuously upward direction, from dead
matter, through simple to more complex forms,
toward human "perfection." Species didn't die out in
extinctions, Lamarck claimed.
CONTRIBUTIONS:
He also anticipated the work of Schleiden &
Schwann in cell theory in stating 32 that no body
can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular
tissue or are not formed by cellular tissue. Lamarck
even found
time to
write
papers on
physics
and

meteorology, including some annual compilations of

weather data.
3.CHARLES LYELL - argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through
countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural laws.
His "uniformitarian" proposal was that the forces molding the planet today have operated
continuously throughout its history.
CONTRIBUTIONS:
was a well-known English geologist. Darwin took Lyell's book, Principles of Geology, with him on
the Beagle. In the book, Lyell argued that gradual geological processes have gradually shaped
Earth's surface. From this, Lyell inferred that Earth must be far older than most people believed.

4.JAMES HUTTON- Uniformitarianism is one of

the fundamental principles of earth science. Hutton's
theories amounted to a frontal attack on a popular
contemporary school of thought called catastrophism: the
belief that only natural catastrophes, such as the Great
Flood, could account for the form and nature of a 6,000-
year-old Earth.

CONTRIBUTIONS:
Hutton is the best known for his important contributions to
the science of geology (uniformitarianism and the great
age of the earth). However, Hutton was also the first
person to propose a mechanism of natural selection to
account for evolutionary change over time.

5.GEORGES CUVIER - In his Essay on the

Theory of the Earth (1813) Cuvier proposed that now-
extinct species had been wiped out by periodic
catastrophic flooding events. In this way, Cuvier
became the most influential proponent of
catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century.

CONTRIBUTIONS:
In the first half of the 19th century, the French
naturalist Georges Cuvier developed his theory of
catastrophes. Accordingly, fossils show that animal
and plant species are destroyed time and again by
deluges and other natural cataclysms, and that new
species evolve only after that
6. THOMAS MALTHUS - Thomas
Malthus was an English economist and
demographer best known for his theory that
population growth will always tend to outrun the
food supply and that betterment of humankind is
impossible without strict limits on reproduction.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Thomas Malthus was an 18th-century British

philosopher and economist noted for the
Malthusian growth model, an exponential formula
used to project population growth. The theory
states that food production will not be able to
keep up with growth in the human population,
resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.

7. CAROLUS LINNAEUS- Swedish

naturalist and explorer Carolus Linnaeus was the
first to frame principles for defining natural genera
and species of organisms and to create a uniform
system for naming them, known as binomial
nomenclature.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Linnaeus's most important contribution was the

naming system he devised to accompany his
classification system. In contrast to the complex and
at times chaotic rules used by other botanists,
Linnaeus proposed that each type of organism be
called by a simple, two-part (binomial) name.
8. ALFRED RUSSEL WALLANCE -
British naturalist, Alfred Wallace co-developed the
theory of natural selection and evolution with
Charles Darwin, who is most often credited with the
idea. Alfred Russel Wallace was born in Wales in
1823. He has been described variously as a
naturalist, a geographer, and a social critic.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) was a man of

many talents - an explorer, collector, naturalist,
geographer, anthropologist and political
commentator. Most famously, he had the
revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection
entirely independently of Charles Darwin.

9. J. B. S. HALDANE - The Oparin-Haldane

hypothesis suggests that life arose gradually from
inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like
amino acids forming first and then combining to
make complex polymers. ... Others favor the
metabolism-first hypothesis, placing metabolic
networks before DNA or RNA.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

In 1929 the British biologist John Burdon Sanderson

Haldane published a hypothesis on the origin of life
on earth, which was one of the most emblematic of
the interwar period. It was a scenario describing the
progressive evolution of matter on the primitive
earth and the emergence of life.
10. SEWALL WRIGHT - Genetic drift is
also known as the Sewall Wright effect. It has
been observed that genetic drift sometimes may
lead to gene variants to disappear completely
and thus results in the reduction of gEnetic
variation.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Like his British counterparts Sir Ronald Fisher

and J. B. S. Haldane, Wright formulated a
mathematical theory of evolution, thereby
showing how frequencies of alleles and
genotypes could change in response to
evolutionary pressures such as natural selection,
mutation, and migration.

DIANNE KRISTINE S. DE GUZMAN

STEM 11-B
GENERAL BIOLOGY II

1.SEWALL WRIGHT - Genetic drift is also known as the

Sewall Wright effect. It has been observed that genetic drift
sometimes may lead to gene variants to disappear completely and
thus results in the reduction of genetic variation.

CONTRIBUTION

Like his British counterparts Sir Ronald Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane,

Wright formulated a mathematical theory of evolution, thereby
showing how frequencies of alleles and genotypes could change in
response to evolutionary pressures such as natural selection,
mutation, and migration.
2. J. B. S. HALDANE - The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with
“building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining
to make complex polymers. ... Others favor the metabolism-first
hypothesis, placing metabolic networks before DNA or RNA.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

In 1929 the British biologist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane

published a hypothesis on the origin of life on earth, which was one
of the most emblematic of the interwar period. It was a scenario
describing the progressive evolution of matter on the primitive earth
and the emergence of life.

3.ALFRED RUSSEL WALLANCE - British naturalist, Alfred

Wallace co-developed the theory of natural selection and evolution
with Charles Darwin, who is most often credited with the idea.
Alfred Russel Wallace was born in Wales in 1823. He has been
described variously as a naturalist, a geographer, and a social critic.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) was a man of many talents - an

explorer, collector, naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and
political commentator. Most famously, he had the revolutionary idea
of evolution by natural selection entirely independently of Charles
Darwin.

4.CAROLUS
LINNAEUS-
Swedish naturalist and explorer Carolus Linnaeus was the
first to frame principles for defining natural genera and
species of organisms and to create a uniform system for
naming them, known as binomial nomenclature.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Linnaeus's most important contribution was the naming

system he devised to accompany his classification system. In
contrast to the complex and at times chaotic rules used by
other botanists,
Linnaeus
proposed that
each type of organism be called by a simple, two-part (binomial)
name.

5.ALBERT EINSTEIN- was a German-born theoretical

physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest
physicists of all time. Einstein is known for developing the
theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to
the development of the theory of quantum mechanics
CONTRIBUTIONS

In addition to the theory of relativity, Einstein is also known for his contributions to the development of the
quantum theory. He postulated (1905) light quanta (photons), upon which he based his explanation of the
photoelectric effect, and he developed the quantum theory of specific heat

.6.CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN -was a British naturalist

who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural
selection. Darwin defined evolution as "descent with
modification," the idea that species change over time, give rise to
new species, and share a common ancestor

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he completed the

Copernican Revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of
nature as a system of matter in motion governed by natural laws.
With Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin and
adaptations of organisms were brought into the realm of science.

7. JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK - is one of the best-

known early evolutionists. Unlike Darwin, Lamarck believed that
living things evolved in a continuously upward direction, from dead
matter, through simple to more complex forms, toward human
"perfection." Species didn't die out in extinctions, Lamarck claimed.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

He also anticipated the work of Schleiden & Schwann in cell theory

in stating 32 that no body can have life if its constituent parts are not
cellular tissue or are not formed by cellular tissue. Lamarck even
found time to write papers on physics and meteorology, including
some annual compilations of weather data.

8.CHARLES LYELL - argued that the formation of Earth's

crust took place through countless small changes occurring over
vast periods of time, all according to known natural laws. His
"uniformitarian" proposal was that the forces molding the planet
today have operated continuously throughout its history.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

was a well-known English geologist. Darwin took Lyell's book,

Principles of Geology, with him on the Beagle. In the book, Lyell
argued that gradual geological processes have gradually shaped
Earth's surface. From this, Lyell inferred that Earth must be far
older than most people believed.

9.JAMES HUTTON- Uniformitarianism is one of the

fundamental principles of earth science. Hutton's theories amounted
to a frontal attack on a popular contemporary school of thought
called catastrophism: the belief that only natural catastrophes, such as the Great Flood, could account for the
form and nature of a 6,000-year-old Earth.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Hutton is the best known for his important contributions to the science of geology (uniformitarianism and
the great age of the earth). However, Hutton was also the first person to propose a mechanism of natural
selection to account for evolutionary change over time.

10.GEORGES CUVIER - In his Essay on the Theory of the

Earth (1813) Cuvier proposed that now-extinct species had been
wiped out by periodic catastrophic flooding events. In this way,
Cuvier became the most influential proponent of catastrophism in
geology in the early 19th century.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

In the first half of the 19th century, the French naturalist Georges
Cuvier developed his theory of catastrophes. Accordingly, fossils
show that animal and plant species are destroyed time and again by
deluges and other natural cataclysms, and that new species evolve
only after that