Surigao Del Sur State University

Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

Thermodynamics
1

Adam C. Macapili
Instructor
Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 1
 Module 1

Module Overview

Basic Principles, Concepts and

Definitions

In this Module

• Introduction to thermodynamics
• Basic principles and concepts

This module discusses the basic principles, concepts and definitions of

thermodynamics. The basic concepts include the dimensions and systems of
units; the thermodynamic systems; the thermodynamic properties of substance
such as mass, volume, density, specific volume, specific gravity, pressure, and
temperature.

At the completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Discuss the basic concepts and principles of thermodynamics;
• Differentiate the following property classification: extensive-intensive
properties;
• Discuss the concept of pressure;
• Convert from one temperature scale to another;
• Differentiate between absolute and relative temperature scales; and
• Solve problems pertaining to the basic principles and concept of
thermodynamics.

Are you ready? Then start the lesson now!

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 2

 Lesson
Basic Principles and Concepts
2

Objectives:
• Discuss the different types of thermodynamics properties;
• Discuss about fluid pressure;
• Apply the principle of fluid pressure in manometry;
• Familiarize the temperature equations; and

Introduction

You have learned in the previous lesson that there are three properties
of a substance namely: intensive, extensive, and specific properties. In this
lesson, you will learn what are these intensive and extensive properties of a
substance and by applying these properties you can solve some sample
problems pertaining to the basic principles, and concept of thermodynamics.

ACTIVITY
Task 1: Word Search

Directions: Find the given words in the puzzle below. Do this in

a separate sheet of paper

T L J M V S S M A S S
TEMPERATURE
H E B S Q S
B B O L F
PRESSURE
T N M B W U
N H K L V DENSITY
F T C P D L Y U V P B VOLUME
W H W L E M T W M R S ENTHALPY
E A X O N R G S C E T ENERGY
MASS
I L A P S N A X L S A
SUBSTANCE
G P W W I B H T K S N WEIGHT
H Y E Q T O J V U U C
T U R A Y P K H Y R E
E N E R G Y I U H E E

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 3

ANALYSIS
• What is your idea about these words?
________________________________________________
• Which of the words are intensive properties? How about
the extensive properties?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

ABSTRACTION

Newton’s Law
Newton’s law states that “the acceleration of a particular
body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it
and inversely proportional to its mass.”
𝑘𝐹 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎
𝑎= 𝐹= , 𝑘= ,
𝑚 𝑘 𝐹
where k is proportionality constant.

Systems of units where k is unity but not dimensionless:

cgs system: 1 dyne force accelerates 1 g mass at 1 cm/s 2
𝑔𝑚 . 𝑐𝑚
𝑘 = 1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 . 𝑠2
mks system: 1 newton force accelerates 1 kg mass at 1 m/s 2
𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚
𝑘 = 1 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 . 𝑠2
fps system: 1 lb force accelerates 1 slug mass at 1 ft/s2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 . 𝑓𝑡
𝑘 = 1 𝑔 . 𝑠2
𝑚

Systems of units where k is not unity:

If the same word is used for both mass and force in a given system, k is
neither unity for dimensionless.
1 lb force accelerates a 1 lb mass at 32.174 ft/s 2
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡
𝑘 = 32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚.. 𝑠 2
𝑓
1 g force accelerates a 1 g mass at 980.66 cm/s2
𝑔 𝑐𝑚
𝑘 = 980.66 𝑚 . 2
𝑔𝑓 . 𝑠
1 kg force accelerates a 1 kg mass at 9.8066m/s2
𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚
𝑘 = 9.8066
𝑘𝑔𝑓 . 𝑠 2

Relation between kilogram force (𝑘𝑔𝑓 ) and Newton (𝑁)

𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚
𝑘=1 , 𝑘 = 9.8066
𝑁 . 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔𝑓 . 𝑠 2

𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚
Therefore, 1 = 9.8066
𝑁 . 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔𝑓 . 𝑠 2

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 4

 1 𝑘𝑔𝑓 = 9.8066 𝑁
Relation between pound mass (𝑙𝑏𝑓 ) and slug

𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 . 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 . 𝑓𝑡
𝑘=1 , 𝑘 = 32.174
𝑙𝑏𝑓 . 𝑠 2 𝑙𝑏𝑓 . 𝑠 2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 . 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 . 𝑓𝑡
Therefore, 1 = 32.174
𝑙𝑏𝑓 . 𝑠 2 𝑙𝑏𝑓 . 𝑠 2
1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚

Mass and Weight

Mass is the absolute quantity of matter in substance or body. It is a
quantity that does not change with the change of gravity.
Weight is the force of gravity on the body and could be determined by a
spring scale. This quantity changes with the change of gravity.
Note: At the surface of the earth near sea level, mass and weight are
numerically equal.

Sample Problem 3:
What is the weight of a 66 − 𝑘𝑔𝑚 at standard condition?

Solution:
𝑚𝑔 (66 𝑘𝑔𝑚 )(9.80066 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )
𝐹=𝑊= = = 66 𝑘𝑔𝑓
𝑘 𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚
9.8066 𝑘𝑔 2
𝑓. 𝑠

Sample Problem 4:
The weight of an object is 50 lb. What is its mass at standard
condition?

Solution:
𝑙𝑏𝑚 . 𝑓𝑡
(50 𝑙𝑏𝑓 )(32.174
𝐹𝑘 𝑙𝑏𝑓 . 𝑠 2
𝑚= = = 50𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑔 𝑓𝑡
32.174 2
𝑠

Density
The density (ρ) of a substance is defined as the mass of a substance per
unit volume. In symbols,
𝑚
𝜌 = 𝑉, [𝑘𝑔𝑚 ⁄𝑉 3 , 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ⁄𝑉 3]

Specific Volume
Specific Volume (v) is defined as the volume per unit mass. The specific
volume of a substance is therefore the reciprocal of its density.

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 5

Specific Weight
Specific Weight (𝛾) is the weight of a substance per unit volume.
𝑊 𝜌𝑔
𝜸 = = [kN/m3, N/m3, lbf/ft3]
𝑘𝑉 𝑘
Note: if the mass is at the surface of the earth, near sea level, g is
numerically equal to k (g=k)

Sample Problem 5:
Determine the specific weight of water at standard condition, in 𝑘𝑔𝑓 ⁄𝑚3 .
Solution: At standard condition, 𝑔 = 9.8066 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚 /𝑚3
𝜌𝑔 (1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚 /𝑚3 )(9.8066 𝑚/𝑠2 )
𝜸= = 𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑓 /𝑚3
𝑘 9.8066
𝑘𝑔𝑓 . 𝑠2

Sample Problem 6:
Two liquids of different densities (𝜌1 = 1500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜌2 = 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
are poured together into a 100-L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the
mixture is 800 kg/m3, find the respective quantities of liquids used.

Solution: mass of mixture, 𝑚𝑚 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚 = 800 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 0.100 𝑚3 =

800 𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑚
𝜌1 𝑉1 + 𝜌2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑚

1500𝑉1 + 500𝑉2 = 80 (1)

𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 0.100 (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously
𝑉1 = 0.03 𝑚3
𝑉2 = 0.07 𝑚3
` Then, 𝑚1 = 45 𝑘𝑔

Specific Gravity
Specific gravity (SG) is defined as the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water.

𝛾 (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝜌 (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
SG = =
𝛾 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝜌 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Note: at 4°C and 101.325kPa,

𝜌 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 1.0 g/cm3 = 1000 kgm/m3 = 62.4 lbm/ft3
𝛾 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 9.807 kN/m3 = 62.4 lbf/ft3

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 6

Sample Problem 7:
The fuel tank of a car holds 60 liters of gasoline. Assuming that the
gasoline has a specific gravity of 0.74, determine the weight of the gasoline in
the tank, in 𝑘𝑔𝑓 .
Solution:
Solving for the mass of the gasoline,
𝑚 = (𝑆𝐺 )(𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )𝑉 = (0.74)(1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚 /𝑚3 )(0.06 𝑚3 ) = 44.4 𝑘𝑔𝑚
Solving for the weight,
𝑚𝑔 (44.4 𝑘𝑔𝑚 )(9.80066 𝑚⁄𝑠2 )
𝐹= = 𝑘𝑔𝑚 . 𝑚 = 44.4 𝑘𝑔𝑓
𝑘 9.8066
𝑘𝑔
𝑓 . 𝑠2

Pressure
Pressure (𝑝) is defined as a normal force per unit area. Such force is
acting on the surface of a system.
𝒑 = 𝑭/𝑨, [kPa, kg/cm2, psi]

where: F = normal Force [kN, N, kgf, lbf]

A= area [m2, cm2, ft2, in2]

The standard reference atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg or 29.92 in.

Hg at 32ºF, 14.669 psia, or 1 atm.

Fluid Pressure or Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydrostatic pressure or fluid gauge pressure is the force exerted by a
column of fluid per unit area.

Figure 1.4. Relation of Absolute and Gauge Pressures

Source: Francisco (2006). Lecture Book in Thermodynamics 1

Fluid Pressure can be measured using a variety of mechanical devices.

1. By using pressure gauges
Bourdon Gauges are simple mechanical devices calibrated to read
pressure directly by the movement of a needle attached to a hallow
tube connected to a pressurized container.

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 7

 Figure 1.5. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
Source: https://instrumentationtools.com/bourdon-tube-pressure-gauge/

2. By using manometers
The height (h) of a fluid column can also be used for pressure
measurement. A pressure gauge which uses this principle is called a
manometer. A manometer that is used to measure the pressure of
the atmosphere is called a barometer.

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

where: 𝜌 = density of the fluid

𝑔 = gravitational constant
ℎ = height of a fluid

a. Open-type Manometer

Figure 1.6.a. Open-type Manometer

Source: https://www.thinglink.com/scene/853908429259931648

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 8

 Figure 1.6.b Open-type Manometer

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/9-1-gas-pressure/

b. Differential-type Manometer

Figure 1.7. Differential-type Manometer

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yxnfldgo

Atmospheric Pressure
A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
𝑝𝑜 = 𝛾𝑜 ℎ𝑜
where: ℎ𝑜 = the height of column of liquid supported by atmospheric
pressure 𝑝𝑜 .
Standard atmospheric pressure:
1 atm = 14.7 psia
= 101,325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa
= 29.92 in. Hg

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 9

 = 760 mmHg
= 760 Torr
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 103 N/m2
1 MPa = 106 N/m2
1 bar = 105 N/m2

Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure is the actual pressure at a given position in a system.
Most pressure-measuring instruments measure the difference between the
pressure of a fluid and the pressure of the atmosphere and give readings with
the atmospheric pressure as the reference point. Such a pressure reading is
called the gauge pressure of the fluid. The absolute pressure 𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 is related to
the gauge pressure 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 and the atmospheric pressure 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 as:

𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝒑𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆

If a fluid exists at a pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, its

gauge pressure is negative. It is convenient to apply the term vacuum to the
magnitude of the gauge pressure and make a vacuum measurement a positive
value, so that the 𝑝𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 is related to the absolute pressure 𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 and the
atmospheric pressure 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 − 𝒑𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎

Figure 1.8. Relation of Absolute and Gauge Pressures

Source: Francisco (2006). Lecture Book in Thermodynamics 1

Sample Problem 8:
A 30-m vertical column of fluid, 𝜌 = 1878 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 is located where 𝑔 =
9.65 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find the pressure at the base of the column, in kPag.

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 10

 Solution: Solving for the fluid pressure or the hydrostatic pressure at the
base of the fluid,

𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = (𝜌 = 1878 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(9.65 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(30 𝑚)

𝑝 = 543681 𝑃𝑎𝑔 = 543.681 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑔

Sample Problem 9:
A 20-m vertical column of fluid (density 1678 kg/m3) is located where g
= 9.81 m/s2. Find the pressure at the base of the column.
Solution:
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 1678 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 × 30 𝑚
𝑝 = 493,835.4 Pa

Sample Problem 10:

A hiker is carrying a barometer that measures 101.3 kPa at the base of
the mountain. The barometer reads 85 kPa at the top of the mountain. The
average air density air density is 1.21 kg/m3. Determine the height of the
mountain.
Solution:
Consider the column of the atmospheric air with height equal to the
height of the mountain,
Solving for the height, h,

𝑝𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 − 𝑝𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑝𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 − 𝑝𝑇𝑜𝑝 101300 𝑃𝑎 − 85000 𝑃𝑎

ℎ= = = 1373.67 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 (1.21 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(9.8066 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

Sample Problem 11:

Determine the pressure, kPa, at
points A and B in the figure shown if the
density of mercury is 13590 kg/m3 and that
of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Solution:

Consider the right leg of the

manometer, mercury column,

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 11

 Solving pressure 𝑝𝐵 ,
𝑝𝐵 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑝𝐻𝑔 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ1
𝑝𝐵 = 101325 + (13590)(9.8066)(0.51)
𝑝𝐵 = 169293.56 𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 169.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎

Consider the left leg of the manometer, water column,

Solving for pressure, 𝑝𝐴 ,

𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐵 − 𝑝𝑤 𝑔ℎ2
𝑝𝐴 = 169293.56 − (1000)(9.8066)(1.145)
𝑝𝐴 = 158065.003 𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 158.07 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎

Temperature
Temperature is defined as the measure of coldness and hotness of a
body. It is an intensive thermodynamic property used to indicate the amount of
energy within the molecules of the substance.
Two arbitrary scales are commonly used for measuring temperature,
namely: Fahrenheit scale (named after Gabriel Fahrenheit, 1686-1736), and
the Celsius scale (named after Anders Celsius, 1701-1744).
Fahrenheit scale is scale is based on the freezing point of water as 0°F
and the boiling point of water as 212°F at 1 standard atmospheric pressure.
This scale is used for English system of measurement.
Celsius scale is based on the freezing point of water as 100°C at 1
standard atmospheric pressure. This scale is used in the Metric and SI systems
of measurement.
Absolute temperature is the temperature of a body or system in
reference to absolute zero. Rankine is the unit used in the English system while
Kelvin is used in the Metric or SI system of units.

Temperature Equations
▪ Conversion of °F to °C
5
𝑡𝐶 = (𝑡𝐹 − 32)
9
▪ Conversion of °C to °F
9
𝑡𝐹 = 𝑡𝐶 + 32
5
▪ Absolute temperature in K
𝑇𝐾 = 𝑡𝑐 + 273

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 12

 ▪ Absolute temperature in R
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑡𝐹 + 460

where: 𝑡𝐹 = 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℉

𝑡𝐶 = 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℃
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅
𝑇𝐾 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾

Sample Problem 12:

Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers are both immersed in a fluid and
indicate identical numerical readings. What is the temperature of the fluid
expressed as R and K?
Solution:
Let 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

For the fluid temperature if C = F

5
𝑡𝐶 = (𝑡𝐹 − 32)
9
5
𝐶 = (𝐶 − 32)
9
9𝐶 = 5𝐶 − 160
𝐶 = −40 = 𝐹

Therefore, the fluid temperature is

𝑇𝐾 = −40 + 273 = 233 𝐾
𝑇𝐶 = −40 + 460 = 420 𝑅

Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created
nor destroyed, it just transforms into components.
For any system, conservation of mass is expressed in the following
relation or equation.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑 (∆𝑚𝑠 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝑠

For steady-flow open system, there is no change in the stored mass of

the system.
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = ∆𝑚𝑠 = 0

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 13

Continuity Equation
Continuity equation is the conservation of mass expression for steady-
flow open system.

The equation for mass flow rate is expressed by the following equation:
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = 0
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2
where:
𝑚1 = mass entering the system, kg/s, lb/min
𝑚2 = mass leaving the system, kg/s, lb/min
𝜌1 = density of fluid entering the system, kg/m3, lb/ft3
𝜌2 = density of fluid leaving the system, kg/m3, lb/ft3
𝑉1 = velocity of fluid entering the system, m/s. ft/min
𝑉2 = velocity of fluid leaving the system, m/s. ft/min

Continuity equation is in the form of mass flow rate and volume flow rate
of the fluid into or from the system. It is expressed by the following relations and
is good only for one-dimensional, steady-flow open system.
▪ Mass Flow Rate Equation
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉
▪ Volume Flow Rate Equation
𝑉̇ = 𝐴𝑉
where:
𝑚̇ = mass flow rate, kg/s, lb/min
𝑉̇ = volume flow rate, m3/s, ft3/min
𝐴 = cross sectional area, m2, ft2
𝑉 = velocity of fluid, m/s, ft/min
ρ = density of fluid, kg/m3, lb/ft3

Sample Problem 13:

A pump discharges into a 2.5-m per side cubical tank. The flow rate is
284 lpm, and the fluid has a specific gravity of 1.2. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of fluid; and (b) the time required to fill the tank if the tank is initially empty.
Solution:
a. Solving for the mass flow rate of the fluid
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉̇ = (𝑆𝐺 )(𝜌𝑤 )(𝑉̇ ) = (1.2)(1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(0.284 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑚̇ = 340.8 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
b. For time required to fill the tank
𝑉 (2.5 𝑚)3
𝑡= = 3
𝑉̇ 0.284 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡 = 55.02 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 14

APPLICATION

Task 2: Fill in the Blank

I. Fill in the missing quantities. Write your answer in a

separate sheet of paper.

1. m = 2.5 kg V= 3 m3 v = ______ 𝜌= ______

2. m = 20 lbm V= ______ v = 0.67 ft3/lbm 𝜌= ______
3. m =______ V= 3 m3 v = 0.25 m3/kg p= ______
4. m = 20 kg V= 10 m3 v = ______ 𝜌= ______
5. m =______ V= 10 ft3 v = 1.5 ft3/kg p= ______

Task 3: Problem Solving

Directions: Solve the following problems and write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What is the mass in grams and the weight of 12 ounces (oz.) of salt?
Local gravity is 9.65 m/s2 and 1 lbm=16 oz.
2. The metal has a specific gravity of 22.5. (a) What is the weight of 4 in 3
of this metal? (b) What is the volume of 400 pounds of this metal?
3. How large a volume of Uranium which has a specific gravity of 18.7 a
man can carry if he can lift a load of 400 pounds?
4. A 200-pound man floats with all his body below the surface of the water.
What is his volume?
5. A block weighs 10 N and has a volume of 400 cm3. What is its density?
6. What is the equivalent pressure of a 100 cm column of water, in kPag.
7. At the beach, atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa. You dive 40 ft. down
in the ocean and you later climb a hill to 315 ft. elevation. Assume the
density of water 1020 kg/m3 and the density of air is 1.21 kg/m3. What
pressure do you feel at each place?
8. A piston/cylinder with a cross-sectional area of 0.02
m2 has a piston mass of 120 kg resting on the stops
as shown in the figure. With an outside atmospheric
pressure of 101 kPa, what should the water pressure
be to lift the piston?

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 15

 9. A diver descends 328 ft. to a sunken ship. A tank is found with a pressure
gauge reading 120 kPa. Atmospheric pressure is 29.71 inHg. What is
the absolute pressure of the gas in the container? The density of water
is 1020 kg/m3.
10. The manometer shown in the
figure is connecting systems P
and Q. The density of water is
1000 kg/m3 and that of the
mercury is 13590 kg/m3, and
local gravity is g = 9.8066
m/s2. If the PQ = 350 kPag,
determine the pressure at P in
kPaa.

CONGRATULATIONS!
You have just finished this module.

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 16

 Module
Summary

You have completed the first module of Thermodynamics 1 covering the

basic principles, concepts, and definitions of thermodynamics. Summarizing
the important points covered in this module include:
• Thermodynamics is derived from the Greek words therme and dynamis.
• There are three fundamental laws of thermodynamics: the first law is
about energy, the second law is about heat, and the third law is about
entropy of a system.
• The thermodynamic system has boundary either fixed or imaginary and
outside the boundary is called surroundings.
• There are three kinds of thermodynamic systems, namely: open, closed,
and isolated systems.
• There are two system of units usually encountered in this course, the
metric system or SI system of units, and the English units.
• There are three types of thermodynamic properties of a substance,
namely: intensive, extensive, and specific properties.

Thermodynamics 1, Surigao del Sur State University Page | 17

 REFERENCES
Burghart, D & Harbach, J. (1993). Engineering Thermodynamics, 4th Edition.
New York: Harper-Collins College Publishers.
Cañesares. C. (2007). Thermodynamics 1.C&E Publishing, Inc.
Faires, V. & Simmang, C. (1978). Thermodynamics, 6th Edition. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company.
Francisco, J. (2006). Lecture Book in Thermodynamics 1. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Sta. Maria, H. (1990). Thermodynamics 1. National Book Store, Inc.
Sonntag, et.al. (1998). Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Todd, J. & Ellis, H. (1981). An introduction to Thermodynamics for Engineering
Technologists. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

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