GEOTHERMAL

ENERGY
• SUBMITTED BY:
• SAPNA(19HPH2541)
• ANUSHKA (19HPH2505)
• POOJA(19HPH2524)
• RINKY(19HPH2532)
• KAMAL(19HPH2517)
• RITESH(19HPH2535)
INTRODUCTION
o What is Geothermal Energy ??
o Pros of Geothermal Energy .
o Cons of Geothermal Energy .
o How we can capture Geothermal
Energy .
o Earth Connection Sub-system
i.e.Loop System .
G E O THER MAL E N E R GY
• It is the heat energy that comes from the
sub surface of the Earth. It is composed
in the rocks and fluids beneath the
earth crust and can be found as far
down to the Earth’s hot molten rock
and magma.
• Geothermal energy is a renewable source
of energy that can produce energy as
long as the Earth exists.
• Geothermal energy is clean,
sustainable, environment friendly,
cost-effective, and reliable.
PROS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• 1. Geothermal Energy is a Renewable source of Energy

• 2. It is Environment Friendly
• 3. No Fuel Needed
• 4. Geothermal Energy is Available in Abundant Supply
• 5. Significant Savings for Home Owners
• 6. Smallest Land Footprint
• 7. Innovation in Technology
• 8. Almost No Noise Pollution
• 9. Free Hot Water Production
CONS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• 1. Suitable to Particular Region

• 2. Geothermal Power Has High Initial Costs
• 3. Cost of Powering the Pump
• 4. Geothermal Power May Cause Surface Instability
• 5. Environmental Concerns
• 6. High Temperatures Needed
• 7.May run out of Steam
• 8. Sustainability Issues
• 9. Distribution Costs
 PEOPLE CAN CAPTURE
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
THROUGH:

• Geothermal power plants, which use

heat from deep inside the Earth to
generate steam to make electricity.
• Geothermal heat pumps, which tap
into heat close to the Earth's surface
to heat water or provide heat for
buildings.
 Geothermal Power
Plants

HOT WATER IS WHEN THE WATER THE STEAM SPINS A

PUMPED FROM REACHES THE TURBINE, WHICH IS
DEEP SURFACE, THE CONNECTED TO A
UNDERGROUND PRESSURE IS GENERATOR THAT
THROUGH A WELL DROPPED, WHICH PRODUCES
UNDER HIGH CAUSES THE ELECTRICITY.
PRESSURE. WATER TO TURN
INTO STEAM.

• At a geothermal power plant, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles

deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water to the
THE STEAM COOLS THE COOLED
OFF IN A COOLING WATER IS PUMPED
surface. You're most likely to find one of these power
TOWER AND BACK INTO THE plants in an area that has a lot of hot springs, geysers,
CONDENSES BACK EARTH TO BEGIN
TO WATER. THE PROCESS or volcanic activity, because these are places where the
AGAIN. Earth is particularly hot just below the surface.
 Geothermal Heat Pumps
1. Water or a refrigerant moves through a
loop of pipes.
2. When the weather is cold, the water or
refrigerant heats up as it travels through
the part of the loop that's buried
underground.
3. Once it gets back above ground, the
warmed water or refrigerant transfers
heat into the building.
4. The water or refrigerant cools down after • Not all geothermal energy comes from power plants.
its heat is transferred. It is pumped back Geothermal heat pumps can do all sorts of things—from
underground where it heats up once heating and cooling homes to warming swimming pools.
more, starting the process again. These systems transfer heat by pumping water or a
refrigerant (a special type of fluid) through pipes just below
5. On a hot day, the system can run in the Earth's surface, where the temperature is a constant 50
reverse. The water or refrigerant cools the to 60°F.
building and then is pumped • During the winter, the water or refrigerant absorbs warmth
underground where extra heat is from the Earth, and the pump brings this heat to the
building above. In the summer, some heat pumps can run in
transferred to the ground around the reverse and help cool buildings.
pipes.
 Earth Connection Subsystem

Loop System

Open Loop Close Loop

Open Loop • In open loop systems, the water is
System taken directly from a water source
and into the heat pump where it
then can either be recycled back into
the same source or pumped into
another water source (without
polluting). The only difference with
the water going in and out is a
slight change in temperature.
Although these can be cheaper, they
also require a steady flow of water
capable of powering your home.
 • Closed loop horizontal systems are the most cost-
Closed Loop effective for residential areas. For larger
commercial buildings, closed loop vertical systems
System are more often used. These can sometimes go down
400 feet deep. Closed loops constructed under or in
a pond or lake are usually the cheapest.
• In closed loop systems, a water/antifreeze mixture
circulates through a loop of pipes underground (or
beneath a body of water) and into a building. In
the winter (as shown above), the temperatures
underground are warmer than the air, so the fluid
pumping in is warmer. Then the electric
compressors and heat exchangers transfer the heat
through ducts in the building.
• In the summer, the pipes draw heat away from the
building and it is absorbed into the earth or water.
Since the fluid is already cool in the summer and
warmer than the air in the winter, the heater/AC
system doesn’t have to work nearly as hard.
 TYPES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
HORIZONTAL LOOP
o The horizontal loop is the most
common loop used when adequate
land area is available (the home
should sit on 1/2 acre, at least).
Loop installers use excavation
equipment such as directional bore
machines, and track hoes to provide
trenches approximately 5-8 feet
deep.
POND LOOP
o The vertical loop is used mainly
o A pond loop is an option if a large
body of water is available within
approximately 200 feet of the
home. A ½ acre, 10 to 12-foot
deep body of water is needed to
support the average home.
VERTICAL LOOP
when land area is limited and in
retrofit applications of existing
homes. A drilling rig is used to
bore holes at a depth of 150 to
250 feet per ton. A U-shaped
coil of high density pipe is
inserted into the bore hole.
Land Availability

Vertical installations or
more compact horizontal
"Slinky™" installations
are often used for
existing buildings
because they minimize
the disturbance to the
landscape.
 Vertical closed loop systems
Vertical closed loop system are popular in offices
,schools and commercial establishments where
LOOP THAT space is quite limited .Essentially ,the size of the
land cannot allow for the horizontal loop
WE installation. Vertical closed loop are applied in
areas where the soil is not deep enough for
CHOOSE IN trenching , and they are advantageous since they
reduce the impact on landscaping .For this kind of
OUR geothermal heat pump ,two vertical loops ,that are
PROJECT bend in U-shaped are placed into small holes(four
inches in diameter ,100-400 feet deep , and 2 feet
apart ) into the ground . These vertical loops are
then connected to each other using horizontal loops.
GEOTHERMAL PIPES
o All geothermal pipe is not considered equal, not even
close. Even though most pipe looks the same, there are
several key things that you need to consider when
deciding what pipe to buy for your geothermal
installation. Most geothermal contractors aren’t familiar
with the different types of geothermal piping, and
typically only carry one type in stock.
o Remember, in a typical geothermal installation there will
be thousands of feet purchased and installed. Most of this
pipe will be buried underground, never to be seen again.
o The good news is most of this pipe carries a 50 year
warrantee (twice the expected life of a heat pump).
o The bad news is if you put bad pipe in the ground, or it
starts to leak, it will be VERY expensive to remove it. The
goal of this article is to show you the options, and (of
course) the pros and cons of each type of geothermal pipe.
 GEOTHERMAL PIPE TYPES
The most common types of pipe are:
o Polyethylene
o High Density Polyethylene (HDPE),
o PVC
o CPVC
The last two might even be common to you, as they have been used for over 20 years in
housing construction.
➢ It is very common to use PVC for the drain pipes on sinks and bath tubs, as it is fairly
robust and relatively easy to manufacture in larger sizes (from 4″ – 12″ diameters are
common).
➢ CPVC pipe is commonly used for potable water piping. CPVC piping replaced copper
piping as the cost of copper exploded in the past few years. Although there are several
types of commonly used piping in construction, they are certainly not created equal.
Remember, this piping will go in the ground for years and must be able to have enough
rigidity to circulate water.
 PVC Pipe CPVC Pipe
➢ PVC Pros:
➢CPVC Pros:
o Perhaps the most widely
used pipe, readily o Cheap and readily
available, easy to assemble. available.
o Great chemical resistance. o Good pressure ratings.
o Cheap.
➢ PVC Cons: ➢CPVC Cons:
o Doesn’t have great bending o Poor chemical resistance.
radius, not ideal for o Not a great sealed loop.
horizontal slinky
configuration.
o Not a great sealed loop.

Polyethylene Pipe
• The most commonly carried
piping by geothermal contractors
is probably Polyethylene (PE).
Polyethylene Pros:
o Good Chemical Resistance, Slow Degradation.
o Heat Fusion provides great sealed loop.
o Can be used as horizontal wells or slinky
configuration.
➢ Polyethylene Cons:
o Not enough pressure rating for vertical bores.
o More expensive than PVC & CPVC.
High Density Polyethylene Pipe
(HDPE)
• HDPE Pipe is considered top of the line
geothermal piping. It is essentially a higher
grade version of polyethylene pipe, with better
rigidity, thermal properties, and chemical
resistance. HDPE pipe manufacturers warrant
their pipe for 50, 75, even 100 years
➢ HDPE Pros:
o Best chemical resistance, will not corrode or
degrade.
o Excellent for vertical wells, large pressure
rating.
o Heat Fusion provides great sealed loop.
o Excellent for horizontal well fields.
➢ HDPE Cons:
o Doesn’t have great bending radius, not ideal
for horizontal slinky configuration.
o More up front cost.
 HDPE PIPES
• The benefits of HDPE pipes are such that make them ideal
for geothermal piping applications. They provide great
sealed loops, with more and more contractors being
trained each day to provide heat fused joints.
• Since the pipe is going in the ground (hopefully) to
never be seen again, HDPE and PE pipes provide the
chemical resistance necessary to prevent degradation
PIPE THAT (both by cleaning agents and by ground chemicals).
Also, for vertical bores, we recommend to use HDPE
WE because in addition to these benefits, HDPE is the only
pipe that provides the exceptional pressure ratings needed
CHOOSE IN for vertical geothermal wells.
• We recommend these piping types for geothermal
OUR applications to make sure we get a quality installation.
We will also get a generous warranty, and the peace of
PROJECT mind of piping that will last.
• Geothermal pipes are manufactured with an exclusive
formula of nanoparticle-enhanced HDPE, which
provides high thermal conductivity. This technology
allows for increased heat transfer between the rock and
the antifreeze and improves the relevant mechanical
properties of geothermal systems.
Length of PIPE used ::
=approx.(950 feet)
=approx. 300 Metres
Geology o Factors such as the composition and
properties of your soil and rock (which
can affect heat transfer rates) require
consideration when designing a ground
loop. For example, soil with good heat
transfer properties requires less piping
to gather a certain amount of heat than
soil with poor heat transfer properties.
o IN LADAKH
• The rocks are igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary in nature. They have
Tertiary granitic batholith .
• Acc. to this geology ,here we can install
vertical loop .
Drilling charges
➢ For surface drilling 6 inch borewell
o Average 95 -100 Rs per Feet for first
300 Feet
o Average 125 -150 Rs per Feet for the
next 100 Feet i.e.(300-400 feet )
o Average 150 -200 Rs per Feet for the
next 100 Feet i.e.(400-500 feet )
➢ While using the borewell driller uses
welding to joint One pipe to another
placing a collar for this Charges
would be extra in b/w Rs.200 to 350
per joint .
 INSTALLING LOOP COSTING
➢ Approx. 5-7 days are required for installing loop system.
• Cost of drilling for 300 ft. = Rs.100 * 300 ft. = Rs. 30,000
• Cost of drilling for next 100 ft. = Rs.150 * 100 ft. = Rs. 15,000
• Cost of drilling for next 500 ft. = Rs. 200 * 500 ft. = Rs. 1,00,000
➢ Total Drilling Cost = Rs. 1,80,000
• Man power = 4 – 5 persons
• Labour cost in drilling = Rs.45,000 –Rs. 50,000
• Labour cost (who fit pipes ) =Rs. 50,000 (including welding joints etc.)
➢ Total cost of installing vertical closed loop system = Rs. 2,80,000
Weather
 Heat Pump
A geothermal heat pump or
ground source heat pump is a
central heating and/or cooling
system that transfers heat to or
from the ground, often through
a vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle. It uses the
earth all the time, without any
intermittency, as a heat source
or a heat sink.
 About Heat pump
o The geothermal heat pump, also known as the ground
source heat pump, is a highly efficient renewable energy
technology that is gaining wide acceptance for both
residential and commercial buildings. Geothermal heat
pumps are used for space heating and cooling, as well as
water heating. The benefit of ground source heat pumps is
they concentrate naturally existing heat, rather than by
producing heat through the combustion of fossil fuels.
o The technology relies on the fact that the earth (beneath
the surface) remains at a relatively constant temperature
throughout the year, warmer than the air above it during
the winter and cooler in the summer, very much like a
cave. The geothermal heat pump takes advantage of this
by transferring heat stored in the earth or in ground
water into a building during the winter & transferring it
out of the building and back into the ground during the
summer. The ground, in other words, acts as a heat source
in winter and a heat sink in summer.
 C O M P ON ENTS O F
H E A T P U M P S Y S TEM
1. Earth Connection Subsystem
Using the earth as a heat source/sink, a series of
connected pipes, commonly called a "loop," is buried in
the ground near the building to be conditioned. The
loop can be buried either vertically or horizontally. It
circulates a fluid (water, or a mixture of water and
antifreeze) that absorbs heat from, or relinquishes heat
to, the surrounding soil, depending on whether the
ambient air is colder or warmer than the soil.
2. Heat Pump Subsystem
For heating, a geothermal heat pump removes the heat
from the fluid in the earth connection, concentrates it,
and then transfers it to the building. For cooling, the
process is reversed.
3. Heat Distribution Subsystem
Conventional ductwork is generally used to distribute
heated or cooled air from the geothermal heat pump
throughout the building.
 Components of the
Heat Pump

➢The heat pump is the core element

of the ground source heat pump
system. It consists of four parts,
each of them with a very specific
task.
1. Evaporator
2. Compressor
3. Condenser
4. Expansion Valve
1. Evaporator
• The evaporator is the component of the heat pump where the working fluid absorbs heat pumped
from the ground by the ground loop. This working fluid is a cold and low pressure mix of
liquid and vapour . This heat causes the working fluid to evaporate, that is, to become pure
vapour .
• This vapour has the same pressure than the previous mix, but its temperature is slightly
higher. The function of the evaporator is critical, as it is extremely important that the working
fluid is, at this point, only in vapour form. This is due to the fact that its next step is to go
through the compressor.
2. Compressor
• The compressor is the element responsible for raising dramatically the temperature of the
working fluid. It achieves this by increasing its pressure. The mechanics of the compressor
entail that all the fluid that enters it needs to be vapour , since even the smallest drops of
liquid could damage it (the rotation speed of the compressor is considerably high).
• The reason why the compressor is a necessary element of the heat pump is that the working
fluid temperature needs to be high enough for heat to be transferred from it to the building.
And also that it acts as a pump, allowing the circulation of the working fluid at any moment.
The compressor is the only element of the heat pump that requires the use of external energy in
order to work.
3. Condenser
• The condenser transfers the heat collected by the working fluid at the
evaporator and the compressor to the building’s distribution system. This
heat exchange process constitutes the ultimate purpose of the heat pump. It
also implies that the hot and high pressure vapour that comes from the
compressor becomes a medium temperature and not so high pressure
liquid.
4. Expansion Valve
• The liquid that exits the condenser has to cool down so that it is cold
enough to absorb the heat coming from the ground at the evaporator. This
cooling takes place at the expansion valve, where the working fluid
expands, that is to say, it reduces its pressure, becoming a cold mix of
liquid and vapour. From the expansion valve, the working fluid goes to the
evaporator, closing the heat pump circuit.
WORKING OF HEAT PUMP
B E N E F I T S O F G E O T HE R M A L H E A T P U M P S Y S T EM S
o The biggest benefit of GHPs is that they use 25% to 50% less electricity
than conventional heating or cooling systems. This translates into a
GHP using one unit of electricity to move three units of heat from the
earth.
o GHPs also improve humidity control by maintaining about 50%
relative indoor humidity, making GHPs very effective in humid areas.
o Geothermal heat pump systems allow for design flexibility and can be
installed in both new and retrofit situations.
o GHPs also improve humidity control by maintaining about 50%
relative indoor humidity, making GHPs very effective in humid areas.
o GHP systems have relatively few moving parts and those parts are
sheltered inside a building, so the systems are durable and highly
reliable.
o The underground piping often carries warranties of 25 to 50 years, and the heat
pumps often last 20 years or more.
o They usually have no outdoor compressors, so GHPs are not susceptible to
vandalism.
o GHPs have no outside condensing units like air conditioners, so there's no
concern about noise outside the home. A two-speed GHP system is so quiet
inside a house that users usually do not know it is operating.
o In addition, the components in the living space are easily accessible, which
increases the convenience factor and helps ensure that the upkeep is done on a
timely basis.
DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL
HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

• High up-front costs

• Dependent on the type of bedrock
• Space requirement for horizontal systems
• Not ideal for retrofits, as they are better suited
for new-builds
• Some environmentally-unfriendly liquids
on the market
Heat distributing
pump system
{Duct}
A duct system is a branching
network of round or
rectangular tubes —
generally constructed of sheet
metal, fiberglass board, or a
flexible plastic and-wire
composite — located within
the walls, floors, and ceilings.
 Dampers (with thermostat)
Dampers are used at the outlets to
control the flow of air in the duct.
Dampers work by being situated
closer to the mouth of the
distribution pipe and will push or
hold air from that point as needed.
The pressure in the pipe will then
redistribute the airflow to whatever
zone requires regulating at that
time.
Thermostats
A thermostat exerts
control by switching
heating or cooling
devices on or off, or by
regulating the flow of
a heat transfer fluid
as needed, to
maintain the correct
temperature.
Preferable duct:
Use round ducts where
possible as rectangular ducts
with same parameter as of
round ducts have less rate of
flow . Rectangular ducts are
often used because round
ducts will not fit in the gap
allowance by the building
Architecture.
 Type of ducts
o Flexible ducts:
1. Flexible or flex duct is an integral part of an air conditioning system. The
flexible ducting connects the heating and cooling system ductwork to the
air distribution. This is comprised of grills and registers that are
mounted in a commercial building's ceiling or walls.
2. Flex duct is convenient for attaching supply air outlets to more rigid
ductwork made from sheet metal. It's often attached with long zip ties or
metal band clamps.
3. Rubber, PVC, stainless steel, silicone, polyurethane, and neoprene-dipped
polyester fabric are popular types of flexible ductwork material.
4. Silicon can't handle interior damage during extreme weather
resistance. Yet, silicon and PVC offer the highest quality for air handling
environments. This is because each offers flexibility for any heavy duty
hose.
o Metal ducts:
1. Metal ducts (also called rigid or hard ducts) offer a more permanent
solution to a commercial HVAC system. Galvanized steel
and aluminum ductwork last longer. This is especially true when proper
maintenance occurs on a regular schedule.
2. It requires computerized design, measurements, and careful ductwork
installation. Experts consider the existing components of the commercial
building's heating and cooling system. These considerations include the
furnace, heat pump, air conditioner, and more.
3. The width-to-height ratio in a commercial building is also a
consideration. It should provide space for metal ducts to optimize energy
efficiency and performance.
 Difference:
▪ Price. Because metal ductwork lasts longer than flex duct,
it's more costly to create, transport, and install.
▪ Flexibility. Flex ducts are better for existing trunk-and-
branch heating and cooling systems. This is because
they're more versatile and flexible. Metal ducts are more
rigid due to the nature of steel, making them ideal to build
an entire HVAC system.
▪ Installation. In comparison to metal duct, flex duct is
easier and faster to install. Yet, this leaves more room for
contractor error. Contractor error can cost you in high
energy bills, excess maintenance, or sudden repairs and
replacements.
 Which is best?
Common problems in Flexible ducts are the following:
• Kinks and sharp turns
• Lengthy and unsupported duct runs
• Extra duct length
• Poor fastened and sealed connections
• Unsupported butt joints
Flex ducts work best for short runs in a trunk-and-
branch system
As we are using it for geothermal system so we need metal ductwork .
It offers lower resistance to air flow.
 Energy losses
➢ Typical duct systems lose 25 to 40 percent of the heating
or cooling energy put out by the central furnace, heat
pump, or air conditioner.

➢ Energy loses are due to-

-Conduction
-Air leakage(Through small cracks and seams)
-Leaky supply ducts
 INSTALLATION
PROCESS
• INSATLLING can take four to five days as
an average. Besides, it depends on what kind
of work needs to be done and the amount.
• Standard contractors , arrive early on the
place and double-check on things.
• Workers will check the roof space because the
indoor unit must be in a place where it can
work out properly. It is also indispensable
that it has the best location so that the air
grill and ducts will not have a problem.
• Then on next day , they will make a rough
structure of the duct system .
➢Next day , the next day if there are left
work like:
• Fitting diffusers
• Cutting holes
• Running and testing the ducts
• Running the control cables
• Running the return ducts
• Powering up the ductwork
• Showing you how to operate the
controller and how it works
• Powering up the ductwork
 INSTALLING COST
o Cost of 1 Thermostat = Rs. 9,750
We Need , 32 (as we have 32 rooms in school including offices library )
➢ Cost of 32 Thermostat is = 32 * (Rs.9750)

= Rs. 3,12,000
o Man power = 12 – 15 persons

o Duct used = 96 linear feet

o Price of Duct per linear feet = $35-$55

= Rs . 4015 per linear Feet

➢ So , Total cost of Duct Used in school = 96 linear feet * Rs. 4015

= Rs . 3,85,440
o Contractor (including man power)= Rs . 75,000 – 1,00,000
o Transportation charge = Rs. 20,000
o So , Total installing Cost of Duct System = Cost of 32 Thermostat +
cost of Duct Used +
Man Power +
Transportation
= Rs. 3,12,000+
Rs . 3,85,440 +
Rs .1,00,000 + Rs.20,000
➢ Total installing Cost of Duct System = Rs . 8,17,440
 MAINTENANCE PLANNING
• The electronics and control equipment
• The water pump – the only moving item in the system
• The compressor – if this unit fails it will have to be replaced as a whole
as it is a sealed unit
• Pipes and connectors (above ground)
• Anti-Freeze / coolant fluid in the ground array – check for correct
chemical mixture
• Heating checks – check radiators and bleed system / check fluid.
• Schedule seasonal maintenance with your local geothermal experts.
They’ll be able to conduct a thorough inspection, including a check of
your refrigerant levels, a check of electrical connections and
maintenance of your internal components.
 MAINTENANCE
COSTING
• Cost of Seasonal
Maintenance service will cost
$150 to $500 a year.
➢ Maintenance cost

= Rs . 35,000
 UPGRADATION
• Geothermal Heat systems don’t last forever, but the average system has
a lifespan of about 15 years.
• Furnaces tend to last for 15 to 20 years.
• Thermostats can last up to twice as long as the rest of the HVAC system.
• One of the quickest ways to age an HVAC system prematurely is to
neglect to maintain it on a consistent basis. Regular preventative
maintenance is necessary for any HVAC system, and without it, the
system will never run efficiently.
• Changing air filters, monitoring refrigerant lines, cleaning condenser
coils, inspecting ductwork, repairing steam traps, and other
maintenance tasks ensure that an HVAC system runs smoothly and
operates at an optimal level throughout its life.
 CARBON FOOTPRINT S
• Heat Pump systems are likely to substantially
lower carbon footprint.
• Due to the fact that a heat pump doesn’t directly use
combustion to generate heat (heat pumps do not
burn anything), there are no carbon emissions
other than those created at the point of the
electricity’s production and only a small amount of
electricity is needed to run the compressor. This
makes a heat pump an extremely eco-friendly space
heating / cooling technology. Heat pumps are also
more environmentally friendly than ever, as they
now use R410A refrigerant which does not harm
the ozone layer if released.
SUMMARY
➢ Upfront cost
• Cost for pipes(needed 300 m hdpe pipes 2” diameter)
Rs 21,636
• Total cost of installing vertical closed loop system
Rs. 2,80,000
• Cost for heat pump system
Rs 1,24,120
• Cost for installing duct system
Rs . 8,17,440

Sum amounted=Rs 12,43,196

➢Maintenance cost{per year}
Rs 35,000

Since Geothermal energy is renewable

energy it does not generate greenhouse
gases.
It is a brilliant idea to install geothermal
energy system .