7 More About Polynomials (I) : Review Exercise 7 (P. 7.5)

7 More about Polynomials (I)
7 More about Polynomials (I) 5. (a) ( x 2  3x  1)( x 2  3x  1)

 ( x 2  3 x ) 2  12
Review Exercise 7 (p. 7.5)  x 4  2 x 2 (3 x )  (3 x ) 2  1
 x 4  6x3  9x 2 1
1. (a) number of terms  3 , degree  2
 1  9x 2  6x3  x 4
(b) number of terms  3 , degree  4
(b) (1  2 x 2  3x)(5 x  3x 2  1)
(c) number of terms  4 , degree  3
 (1  3 x  2 x 2 )(1  5 x  3 x 2 )
(d) number of terms  4 , degree  7
 (1  3 x  2 x 2 )(1)  (1  3 x  2 x 2 )(5 x) 
(e) number of terms  5 , degree  3
(f) number of terms  1 , degree  0 (1  3 x  2 x 2 )(3 x 2 )
 1  3 x  2 x 2  5 x  15 x 2  10 x 3
2. (a) ( x 3  5 x  4)  ( x 3  x 2  3)  3x 2  9 x 3  6 x 4
 x  x  x  5x  4  3
3 3 2
  1  2 x  16 x 2  19 x 3  6 x 4
 2x  x  5x  1
3 2
(b) (6 x 3  3x 2  1)  (2 x 3  x 2  3x  2) 6. (a) (3 x  4) 2  ( 4 x  3) 2

 6 x  2 x  3x  x  3x  1  2
3 3 2 2  [(3 x  4)  ( 4 x  3)][(3 x  4)  ( 4 x  3)]
 (7 x  1)( x  7)
 4 x 3  2 x 2  3x  1
 7 x 2  x  49 x  7
(c) ( 2 x  3 x 2  4)  (3 x 2  6 x  1)
 7  48 x  7 x 2
 3 x 2  3 x 2  2 x  6 x  4  1
  6x2  4x  5 (b) (2 x  1)( x 2  x  1)  2(2 x  1) 2
 ( 2 x  1)[( x 2  x  1)  2( 2 x  1)]
(d) (3 x 2  7 x  2 x 3  4)  ( 4 x 2  6 x  3)
 ( 2 x  1)( x 2  x  1  4 x  2)
 2 x 3  3 x 2  4 x 2  7 x  6 x  4  3
 ( 2 x  1)( x 2  3 x  1)
  2 x 3  x 2  13 x  7
 2 x( x 2  3 x  1)  ( x 2  3 x  1)
 2 x 3  6 x 2  2 x  x 2  3x  1
3. (a) ( x  3)( x 2  4 x )
  1  5x  5x 2  2x 3
 x( x 2  4 x)  3( x 2  4 x)
 x 3  4 x 2  3x 2  12 x
7. (a) The value of the polynomial
 x 3  7 x 2  12 x  2( 2) 4  5( 2) 3  3( 2) 2  2( 2)  1
(b) ( 4 x 2  3 x  1)( x  1)  32  40  12  4  1
 ( 4 x 3  3 x  1) x  ( 4 x 2  3 x  1)(1) 1
 4 x 3  3x 2  x  4 x 2  3x  1 (b) The value of the polynomial
4 3 2
 4x  x  2x 1  1  1  1  1
 2    5    3    2    1
3 2
 2   2   2   2
(c) ( 2  3 x )( x  2 x 2  5) 1 5 3
    11
 2( x  2 x 2  5)  3 x( x  2 x 2  5) 8 8 4
 2 x  4 x 2  10  3 x 2  6 x 3  15 x 
3
 6 x 3  7 x 2  17 x  10 2
4. (a) (4 x 3  3x  7)  (5 x 2  4 x 3  3)  (5 x 3  2 x 2  2 x  1)
8. (a) f (1)  5(1) 3  2(1)  18
 4 x 3  3x  7  5 x 2  4 x 3  3  5 x 3  2 x 2  2 x  1  5  2  18
  5  x  7 x  5x 2 3  21
(b) (5 x  6 x  x  4)  ( x  2 x  1) 
3 2 3 (b) f ( 3)  5( 3) 3  2( 3)  18
 135  6  18
( 4 x  3 x  2 x  10)
2 3
  111
 5 x  6 x  x  4  x  2 x  1  4 x  3 x  2 x  10
3 2 3 2 3
 13  x  10 x 2  x 3
1
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions
9. h(3)  (3) 2  4(3)  a ∵ f (6)  6 3  2(6) 2  5(6)  6

 9  12  a  216  72  30  6
 21  a  120
∵ h(3) = 14 0
∴ 21  a  14 ∴ By the factor theorem, x – 6 is not a factor of f(x).
a  7 ∵ f ( 6)  ( 6) 3  2( 6) 2  5( 6)  6
 216  72  30  6
Activity  252
0
Activity 7.1 (p. 7.27) ∴ By the factor theorem, x + 6 is not a factor of f(x).
1. f ( x)  ( x  a )( x 2  bx  c) ∴ Factors of f(x) are x – 3, x – 1 and x + 2.
(any one of the answers)
 x 3  ax 2  bx 2  abx  cx  ac
 x 3  ( a  b) x 2  ( ab  c) x  ac 5. ∵ The factors of f(x) are x – 3, x – 1 and x + 2.
By comparing the coefficients, ∴ f ( x)  ( x  3)( x  1)( x  2)
ac = 6
∴ The product of a and c is 6.
Let’s Discuss
2. The possible values of a are 1, 2, 3, 6. a is a factor of
the constant term of f(x). Let’s Discuss (p. 7.31)
No, Ken’s conclusion is not corr ect. The factor theorem is
applicable only when the polynomial has linear factor(s).
3. x–1 x+1
x–2 x+2 Classwork
x–3 x+3
x–4 x+4 Classwork (p. 7.7)
1. (a) 3x  2
x–5 x+5
x–6 x+6 x 3x 2  2 x
3x 2
4. ∵ f (1)  13  2(1) 2  5(1)  6
 2x
 1 2  5  6
 2x
0
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 1 is a factor of f(x). (b) 3x  4 x  3
2
∵ f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  5( 1)  6

2 x 6 x3  8 x 2  6 x  1
 1  2  5  6
6 x3
8
0 8x2
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 1 is not a factor of f(x). 8x2
∵ f ( 2)  2  2( 2)  5( 2)  6
3 2
6x
 8  8  10  6
6x
 4
1
0
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 2 is not a factor of f(x).
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  6
2. (a) 5x2  x  3
∵
 8  8  10  6 x 5 x3  x 2  3x
0 5 x3
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
∵ f (3)  33  2(3) 2  5(3)  6  x2
 27  18  15  6  x2
0 3x
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
3x
∵ f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  2( 3) 2  5( 3)  6
∴ Quotient = 5 x 2  x  3
 27  18  15  6
Remainder = 0
 24
0
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 3 is not a factor of f(x).
2
(b) x2  2x  2 Quick Practice 7.2 (p. 7.9)

4x2  4x  2
2 x 2 x3  4 x 2  4 x  1
x  1 4 x3  0 x 2  6 x  7
2 x3
4 x3  4 x 2
4x2
4x2  6x
4x2
4x2  4x
 4x
 4x  2x  7
1  2x  2
∴ Quotient = x 2  2 x  2 5
Remainder = 1 ∴ Quotient = 4 x  4 x  2
2
(c) 3x  2
2 Remainder = 5
2x2 6x4  4x2  x  1 Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.9)

6x 4 5x  3
x 2  x  1 5 x3  2 x 2  4 x  3
 4x2
5 x3  5 x 2  5 x
 4x2
x 1  3x 2  9 x  3
∴ Quotient = 3x 2  2  3x 2  3x  3
Remainder = x  1 12 x  6
∴ Quotient = 5 x  3
Classwork (p. 7.14) Remainder = 12 x  6
(a) Remainder  f (1)
(b) Remainder  f (3)
Quick Practice 7.4 (p. 7.11)
(c) Remainder  f (5) Let f(x) be the required polynomial.
(d) Remainder  f (6) By division algorithm, we have
f ( x)  (  x 2  3 x  1)(4 x  1)  8
Classwork (p. 7.17)
 (  x 2  3 x  1)(4 x)  (  x 2  3 x  1)(1)  8
3
(a) Remainder  f    4 x 3  12 x 2  4 x  x 2  3 x  1  8
2
 4 x 3  13 x 2  x  7
 2
(b) Remainder  f    ∴ The required polynomial is –4x3 + 13x2 + x + 7.
 3
(c) Remainder  f (0) Quick Practice 7.5 (p. 7.12)
(d) Remainder  f (3) Let p(x) be the required polynomial.
By division algorithm, we have
Quick Practice x 2  2 x  3  p ( x)  ( x  2)  11
( x 2  2 x  3)  11
Quick Practice 7.1 (p. 7.8) p( x) 
x2
3 x  10
x 2  2x  8
x  2 3x 2  4 x  5 
x2
3x 2  6 x ( x  4)( x  2)

x2
10 x  5
 x4
10 x  20 ∴ The required polynomial is x + 4.
15
∴ Quotient = 3x  10 Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 2.
Remainder = 15 By the remainder theorem:
(a) Remainder  f (1)
 (1) 3  3(1) 2  4(1)  2
0
(b) Remainder  f ( 2)
 ( 2) 3  3( 2) 2  4( 2)  2
  30
3
Quick Practice 7.7 (p. 7.15) Quick Practice 7.12 (p. 7.22)
Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + qx + 7. Let f(x) = 8x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 1.
By the remainder theorem, we have (a) f ( 2)  8( 2) 3  4( 2) 2  2( 2)  1
f (1)  4
 85
(1) 3  2(1) 2  q (1)  7  4 0
q64 ∴ By the factor theorem, x + 2 is not a factor of
q 2 8x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 1.
3 2
1 1 1 1
(b) f    8   4   2   1
Quick Practice 7.8 (p. 7.16) 2 2 2 2
Let f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 9.
By the remainder theorem, we have  1111
f ( b)  2b 2 0
∴ By the factor theorem, 2x – 1 is a factor of
2( b)  3( b)  9  2b
2 2
8x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 1.
3b  9
b3 Quick Practice 7.13 (p. 7.23)
Let f(x) = 4x3 + kx2 – 17x – 3.
∵ f(x) is divisible by 4x – 3.
Let f(x) = 4x2 – 6x + 3. ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
 3 3
(a) Remainder  f    f 0
 2 4
3 2
 3
2
 3 3 3 3
 4    6    3 4   k    17   3  0
 2   2 4 4 4
 21 9
k
225
16 16
2
(b) Remainder  f   k  25
5
2
2 2 Quick Practice 7.14 (p. 7.24)
 4   6   3
5 5 (a) ∵ f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  ( 3) 2  8( 3)  12

31  27  9  24  12
25 0
Quick Practice 7.10 (p. 7.18) (b) By long division,
Let f(x) = 16x3 + 8x2 + cx – 5. x2  4x  4
By the remainder theorem, we have
1 x  3 x 3  x 2  8 x  12
f 7
2 x3  3x 2
3 2
1 1 1  4x2  8x
16   8   c   5  7
 
2  
2 2
 4 x 2  12 x
c
8
2 4 x  12
c  16 4 x  12
Hence, f(x) = (x + 3)(x2 – 4x + 4).
Quick Practice 7.11 (p. 7.19) Also, x2 – 4x + 4 = (x – 2)2
Let f(x) = x3 + cx2 + 3x + d. ∴ f(x) = ( x  3)( x  2) 2
When f(x) is divided by x – 2,
f ( 2)  14
( 2) 3  c( 2) 2  3( 2)  d  14 Let f(x) = ax3 + 2bx2 – 29x – 6 and Q(x) be the quotient.
4c  d  28  (1 ) By division algorithm, we have
When f(x) is divided by x + 1, f ( x )  ( x 2  x  6) Q ( x )
f ( 1)  17  ( x  3)( x  2) Q ( x)
( 1) 3  c( 1) 2  3( 1)  d  17 ∴ f(x) is divisible by x + 3 and x – 2.
c  d  13  ( 2) ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
f(–3) = 0 and f(2) = 0
(1) – (2): 3c  15
f ( 3)  0
c  5
a ( 3) 3  2b( 3) 2  29( 3)  6  0
By substituting c = –5 into (2), we have
5  d  13  27 a  18b  81  0
d  8  3a  2b  9  (1 )
4
f ( 2)  0 Further Practice
a ( 2) 3  2b( 2) 2  29( 2)  6  0
Further Practice (p. 7.10)
8a  8b  64  0
1. 3x  2
a  b  8  ( 2)
(2) × 2 – (1): 5a  25 2x  1 6x2  7 x  5
a5 6 x 2  3x
By substituting a = 5 into (2), we have
4x  5
5b 8
4x  2
b3
7
Quick Practice 7.16 (p. 7.29) ∴ Quotient = 3x  2
∵ f (1)  (1)3  6(1) 2  5(1)  12  12  0 Remainder = 7
f ( 1)  ( 1)3  6( 1) 2  5( 1)  12  0
∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x). 2. x 2  7 x  23
By long division,
x 2  7 x  12 x  3 x3  4 x 2  2 x  1
x3  3x 2
x  1 x 3  6 x 2  5 x  12
 7 x2  2x
x3  x 2
 7 x 2  21x
 7 x2  5x
23 x  1
 7 x2  7 x
23 x  69
12 x  12
 68
12 x  12
f ( x )  ( x  1)( x 2  7 x  12) ∴ Quotient = x  7 x  23
2
∴
 ( x  1)( x  3)( x  4) Remainder = 68
Quick Practice 7.17 (p. 7.29) 3. 2x  5

3x3 – 3x2 + 6x + 12 = 3(x3 – x2 + 2x + 4) 2 x  x  1 4 x3  8 x 2  0 x  7
2
Let g(x) = x3 – x2 + 2x + 4.
4 x3  2 x 2  2 x
∵ g (1)  (1) 3  (1) 2  2(1)  4  6  0
g ( 1)  ( 1) 3  ( 1) 2  2( 1)  4  0  10 x 2  2 x  7
∴ x + 1 is a factor of g(x).  10 x 2  5 x  5
By long division,
3 x  12
x 3  x 2  2 x  4  ( x  1)( x 2  2 x  4)
∴ 3 x 3  3 x 2  6 x  12  3( x  1)( x 2  2 x  4)
Remainder = 3x  12

Let f(x) = 2x3 – 17x2 + 38x – 15. Further Practice (p. 7.16)
3 2 1. Let f(x) = 2x3 + mx2 – mx – 4.
1 1 1 1 By the remainder theorem, we have
∵ f    2   17   38   15
2 2 2 2 f (3)  32
1 17 2(3) 3  m(3) 2  m(3)  4  32
   19  15
4 4 6m  18
0 m  3
∴ 2x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division, 2. Let f(x) = x2 + 2x – 8.
2 x 3  17 x 2  38 x  15  ( 2 x  1)( x 2  8 x  15) By the remainder theorem, we have
 ( 2 x  1)( x  3)( x  5) f ( 2n)  4n 2
( 2 n ) 2  2( 2 n )  8  4 n 2
4n  8
n2
5
Further Practice (p. 7.19) When f(x) is divided by x + 2,

1. (a) Let f(x) = 27x3 – 18x2 + 9x – 5. f ( 2)  44
 2 3( 2) 3  2( 2) 2  c( 2)  d  44
Remainder  f   
 3  2c  d  28  ( 2)
3 2
 2  2  2 5
 27    18    9    5 (1) – (2): c  25
 3  3  3 2
 8  8  6  5 c  10
  27 By substituting c = 10 into (1), we have

1
4 2
(b) Let f(x) = x + 2x – x + 1. (10)  d  3
2
1
Remainder  f   d  8
2
4 2
1 1 1 Further Practice (p. 7.25)
    2      1
 
2 2 2 1. Let f(x) = x3 – 8x2 + 17x – 10.
(a) f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  8( 2) 2  17( 2)  10
1 1 1
   1  8  32  34  10
16 2 2
17 0
 ∴ By the factor theorem, x – 2 is a factor of
16
x3 – 8x2 + 17x – 10.
(b) f ( 5)  ( 5) 3  8( 5) 2  17 ( 5)  10
2. Let f(x) = 2x2 + (k – 1)x + 9.
By the remainder theorem, we have  125  200  85  10
 k  420
f    k
 2 0
2 ∴ By the factor theorem, x + 5 is not a factor
 k  k of x3 – 8x2 + 17x – 10.
2    ( k  1)    9  k
 2  2
2. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 – x + 1.
k2 k2 k
  9  k 1 1
3
1 1
2
2 2 2 (a) f    2   5      1
k 2 2 2 2
9 1 5 1
2    1
k  18 4 4 2
1

3. Let f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + ax + b. 2
When f(x) is divided by x – 1, 0
f (1)  2 ∴ By the factor theorem, 2x – 1 is not a
factor of 2x3 – 5x2 – x + 1.
(1) 3  2(1) 2  a (1)  b  2 3 2
 3  3  3  3
a  b  1  (1 ) (b) f     2    5        1
When f(x) is divided by x + 2,  2  2  2  2
f ( 2)  10 27 45 3
   1
4 4 2
( 2) 3  2( 2) 2  a ( 2)  b  10
31
 2a  b  10  ( 2) 
2
(1) – (2): 3a  9 0
a3
By substituting a = 3 into (1), we have ∴ By the factor theorem, 2x + 3 is not a
3  b  1 factor of 2x3 – 5x2 – x + 1.
b  4 3. Let f(x) = 2kx3 + x2 – 4x + 1.
∵ f(x) is divisible by 2x + 1.
4. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + cx + d. ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
When f(x) is divided by 2x – 1,  1
1 17 f    0
f   2
 
2 8 3 2
 1  1  1
1
3
1 1
2
17 2k         4    1  0
3   2   c   d    2  2  2
2 2 2 8 k 13
1  
c  d  3  ( 1 ) 4 4
2 k  13
6
4. (a) f(3) = 2(3)3 – 8(3)2 + 7(3) – 3 Exercise

= 54 – 72 + 21 – 3
=0 Exercise 7A (p. 7.12)
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 3 is a factor of Level 1
f(x). 1. x2
(b) By long division,
2x2  2x  1 2x 2x2  4x  3
x  3 2 x3  8 x 2  7 x  3 2x2
2 x3  6 x 2  4x
 2x2  7 x  4x
 2x2  6x 3
∴ Quotient = x  2
x3
Remainder = 3
x3
∴ f(x) = ( x  3)(2 x 2  2 x  1) x 2
2.
Further Practice (p. 7.30) x  1 x 2  3x  5

1. Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 34x + 56. x2  x
∵ f(1) = (1)3 + (1)2 – 34(1) + 56 = 24
f(–1) = (–1)3 + (–1)2 – 34(–1) + 56 = 90 2x  5
f(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 – 34(2) + 56 = 0 2x  2
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
3
By long division,
∴ Quotient = x  2
x 3  x 2  34 x  56  ( x  2)( x 2  3 x  28)
 ( x  2)( x  4)( x  7) Remainder = 3
3. 2x
2. Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 21x – 45.
∵ f(1) = (1)3 + (1)2 – 21(1) – 45 = –64 x  2 2x2  4x 1
f(–1)= (–1)3 + (–1)2 – 21(–1) – 45 = –24
f(3) = (3)3 + (3)2 – 21(3) – 45 = –72 2x2  4x
f(–3)= (–3)3 + (–3)2 – 21(–3) – 45 = 0 1
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
∴ Quotient = 2 x
By long division,
x 3  x 2  21x  45  ( x  3)( x 2  2 x  15) Remainder = 1
 ( x  3)( x  5)( x  3)
4. 2x
 ( x  5)( x  3) 2
x  3 2x 2  6x  8
3. 3 2
2x + 2x – 16x – 24 = 2(x + x – 8x – 12)3 2 2x 2  6x
Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 8x – 12. 8
∵ f(1) = (1)3 + (1)2 – 8(1) – 12 = –18
∴ Quotient = 2 x
f(–1)= (–1)3 + (–1)2 – 8(–1) – 12 = –4
f(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 – 8(2) – 12 = –16 Remainder = 8
f(–2)= (–2)3 + (–2)2 – 8(–2) – 12 = 0
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). 5. 2x 1
By long division,
x 3  x 2  8 x  12  ( x  2)( x 2  x  6) 2x  1 4x2  4x  1
 ( x  2)( x  3)( x  2) 4x2  2x
 ( x  3)( x  2) 2  2x  1
∴ 2 x  2 x  16 x  24  2( x  3)( x  2) 2
3 2
 2x  1
4. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 13x2 – 51x + 35. Remainder = 0
∵ f(1) = 3(1)3 + 13(1)2 – 51(1) + 35 = 0
By long division,
3 x 3  13 x 2  51x  35  ( x  1)(3 x 2  16 x  35)
 ( x  1)(3 x  5)( x  7)
7
6. 4x 1 2x2  4x  2
11.
4 x  1 16 x 2  0 x  4 2 x  1 4 x3  6 x 2  0 x  7
16 x 2  4 x 4 x3  2 x 2
 4x  4  8x2  0x
 4x 1  8x2  4x
3 4x  7
∴ Quotient = 4 x  1 4x  2
Remainder = 3 9
∴ 4x3 – 6x2 – 7 = (2x + 1)(2x2 – 4x + 2) + (–9)
7. x4
3 x  5 3 x 2  7 x  16 12.  x2  2x  1
3x 2  5 x 6 x  12  6 x 3  0 x 2  30 x  11
 12 x  16  6 x 3  12 x 2
 12 x  20  12 x 2  30 x
4  12 x 2  24 x
∴ Quotient = x  4 6 x  11
Remainder = 4 6 x  12
1
8. 3x  5
∴ 30x – 6x3– 11 = (–12 + 6x)(–x2 – 2x + 1) + 1
 x  3  3x 2  4 x  5
13. Let f(x) be the required polynomial.
 3x 2  9 x By division algorithm, we have
f ( x)  ( 2 x  3)(3 x  2)  18
 5x  5
 ( 2 x  3)(3 x)  ( 2 x  3)(2)  18
 5 x  15
 6 x 2  9 x  4 x  6  18
 10
 6 x 2  5 x  12
∴ Quotient = 3x  5 ∴ The required polynomial is 6x2 + 5x + 12.
Remainder = 10
9. 2 x  3 x  10
2
f ( x )  (3 x  4)(2 x  5)  ( 6)
x  3 2 x3  3x 2  x 5  (3 x  4)(2 x )  (3 x  4)(5)  ( 6)
2x  6x
3 2  6 x 2  8 x  15 x  20  6
3x 2  x  6 x 2  23 x  14
∴ The required polynomial is 6x2 – 23x + 14.
3x 2  9 x
10 x  5
10 x  30 f ( x)  (6 x  5)( x 2  3 x  2)  7
25  (6 x  5)( x 2 )  (6 x  5)(3 x)  (6 x  5)(2)  7
∴ 2x – 3x + x – 5 = (x – 3)(2x2 + 3x + 10) + 25
3 2
 6 x 3  5 x 2  18 x 2  15 x  12 x  10  7
 6 x 3  23 x 2  27 x  3
10. 3x 2  2 x  1 ∴ The required polynomial is 6x3 – 23x2 + 27x – 3.
3 x  2 9 x 3  12 x 2  7 x  5
9x3  6x 2
6x 2  7x
6x 2  4x
3x  5
3x  2
7
∴ 9x + 12x + 7x – 5 = (3x + 2)(3x2 + 2x + 1) + (–7)
3 2
8
16. Let p(x) be the required polynomial. ∴ Quotient = 2 x  5

Remainder = x  2
3 x 2  4 x  7  p ( x)  ( x  2)  ( 3)
(3 x 2  4 x  7)  ( 3) 3x  5
p( x)  21.
x2
3x 2  4 x  4 3 x 2  2 x  1 9 x 3  9 x 2  16 x  4

x2 9 x3  6 x 2  3x
(3 x  2)( x  2)
 15 x 2  13 x  4
x2
 3x  2 15 x 2  10 x  5
∴ The required polynomial is 3x – 2.  3x  1
∴ Quotient = 3x  5
17. Let p(x) be the required polynomial.
By division algorithm, we have Remainder = 3 x  1
 4 x 2  12 x  2  p ( x)  ( 2 x  1)  3
( 4 x 2  12 x  2)  3 22. 2x  3
p( x) 
2x  1 4 x  x  2 8 x 3  10 x 2  9 x  1
2
 4 x 2  12 x  5
 8 x3  2 x 2  4 x
2x  1
( 2 x  1)(2 x  5)  12 x 2  5 x  1

2x  1
 12 x 2  3 x  6
 2 x  5
∴ The required polynomial is –2x + 5.  2x  5
18. By division algorithm, we have
Remainder = 2 x  5
x 3  5 x 2  ax  2  ( x 2  1)( x  5)  ( 2 x  b)
 ( x 2  1)( x)  ( x 2  1)(5)  ( 2 x  b) x 1
23.
 x3  x  5x 2  5  2x  b
x 2  x  1 x3  0 x 2  0 x  1
 x 3  5 x 2  3 x  (b  5)
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, x3  x 2  x
a = 3
 x2  x  1
By comparing the constant term on both sides,
b5  2  x2  x  1
b7 2
19. By division algorithm, we have Remainder = 2
3x3  5 x 2  x  p
 ( x 2  x  6)(3 x  2)  ( qx  18) x 2  5 x  20
24.
 ( x  x  6)(3 x)  ( x  x  6)(2)  ( qx  18)
2 2
x 2  3x  1 x 4  2 x3  4 x 2  3x  5
 3 x 3  3 x 2  18 x  2 x 2  2 x  12  qx  18
x 4  3x3  x 2
 3 x 3  5 x 2  ( q  16) x  6
By comparing the constant term on both sides,  5 x3  5 x 2  3x
p = 6
 5 x 3  15 x 2  5 x
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides,
q  16  1 20 x 2  8 x  5
q  17 20 x 2  60 x  20
 68 x  15
Level 2
20. 2x  5 ∴ Quotient = x 2  5 x  20
Remainder = 68 x  15
x  3 x  4 2 x 3  x 2  24 x  18
2
2 x3  6 x 2  8 x
5 x 2  16 x  18
5 x 2  15 x  20
 x 2
9
25. (3x3 + 2x – 3) – (x3 – 4x2 + 4) = 2x3 + 4x2 + 2x – 7 28. Let p(x) be the required polynomial.
2 x  10  6 x 3  13 x 2  9 x  18  p ( x)  ( 2 x 2  3 x  1)  16
x 2  3x  5 2 x 3  4 x 2  2 x  7 ( 6 x 3  13 x 2  9 x  18)  16
p( x) 
2 x 3  6 x 2  10 x 2 x 2  3x  1
 6 x 3  13 x 2  9 x  2
10 x 2  8 x  7 
2 x 2  3x  1
10 x 2  30 x  50 By long division, we have
22 x  57  3x  2
∴ Quotient = 2 x  10 2 x 2  3 x  1  6 x 3  13 x 2  9 x  2
Remainder = 22 x  57  6 x3  9 x 2  3x
26. (a) By division algorithm, we have 4x2  6x  2

f ( x)  ( 2 x 2  3 x  8)(3 x 2  2 x  1)  ( 3 x  18) 4x2  6x  2
 ( 2 x  3 x  8)(3 x )  ( 2 x  3 x  8)(2 x) 
2 2 2
∴ The required polynomial is –3x + 2.
( 2 x  3 x  8)(1)  ( 3 x  18)
2
29. (a) By division algorithm, we have

 6 x 4  9 x 3  24 x 2  4 x 3  6 x 2  16 x 
x 3  2 x  5  p ( x)  ( x  3)  (13 x  1)
2 x 2  3 x  8  3 x  18
( x 3  2 x  5)  (13 x  1)
 6 x 4  5 x 3  28 x 2  16 x  10 p( x) 
x3
∴ f ( x)  6 x 4  5 x 3  28 x 2  16 x  10
x 3  11x  6

(b)  3 x 3  4 x 2  12 x  2 x3
By long division, we have
 2 x  1 6 x 4  5 x 3  28 x 2  16 x  10
x 2  3x  2
6 x 4  3x 3
8 x 3  28 x 2 x  3 x 3  0 x 2  11x  6
8x 3  4x 2 x3  3x 2
 24 x 2  16 x  3 x 2  11x
 24 x  12 x
2
 3x 2  9 x
4 x  10
 2x  6
4x  2
 2x  6
12
∴ p( x)  x  3x  2
2
∴ Quotient =  3 x 3  4 x 2  12 x  2
(b)  2x 2  6x  5
Remainder = 12
x 2  3 x  2  2 x 4  12 x 3  19 x 2  0 x  7
27. Let p(x) be the required polynomial.  2x 4  6x3  4x 2
x 3  4 x 2  x  1  p ( x)  ( x  6)  (10 x  17) 6 x 3  23 x 2  0 x
6 x 3  18 x 2  12 x
( x 3  4 x 2  x  1)  (10 x  17)
p( x)   5 x 2  12 x  7
x6
x 3  4 x 2  9 x  18  5 x 2  15 x  10
  3x  3
x6
By long division, we have ∴ Quotient =  2 x 2  6 x  5
x2  2x  3 Remainder = 3 x  3
x  6 x 3  4 x 2  9 x  18
x3  6 x 2
2 x 3  3 x 2  ax  4
2x2  9x  ( x 2  bx  2)(2 x  3)  (12 x  c)
2 x 2  12 x  ( x 2  bx  2)(2 x)  ( x 2  bx  2)(3)  (12 x  c)
3 x  18  2 x 3  2bx 2  4 x  3 x 2  3bx  6  12 x  c
3 x  18  2 x 3  ( 2b  3) x 2  (3b  8) x  (c  6)
∴ The required polynomial is x2 + 2x + 3.
10
By comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides, (1) – (2):

3  2b  3 f ( x)   f ( x)  g ( x)  (5 x  4) Q1 ( x)  ( 1) 
b  3 (5 x  4) Q2 ( x)
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, g ( x)  (5 x  4)Q1 ( x)  Q2 ( x)  1
a = 3(–3) + 8 = 1  (5 x  4)Q ( x)  1
By comparing the constant term on both sides, where Q(x) = Q1(x) – Q2(x).
c6  4 Let Q ( x)  0,
c  10 then g ( x)  1.
Let Q( x)  1,
then g ( x)  1  (5 x  4).
ax 3  4 x 2  5 x  3
Let Q ( x)  2,
 ( 2 x 2  x  1)( x  b)  (cx  d )
then g ( x)  1  2(5 x  4).
 ( 2 x 2  x  1)( x)  ( 2 x 2  x  1)(b)  (cx  d )
(or any other reasonable answer s)
 2 x 3  x 2  x  2bx 2  bx  b  cx  d
 2 x 3  ( 2b  1) x 2  (b  c  1) x  (b  d ) Exercise 7B (p. 7.19)
By comparing the coefficient of x3 on both sides, Level 1
1. Let f(x) = x3 – 8x – 7.
a=2
By the remainder theorem:
By comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides, Remainder  f (3)
4  2b  1
 (3) 3  8(3)  7
3
b  4
2
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 2. Let f(x) = 2x3 – x2 + 7x + 1.
3 By the remainder theorem:
5   c 1
2 Remainder  f ( 1)
9  2( 1) 3  ( 1) 2  7( 1)  1
c
2
 9
3  3. Let f(x) = x3 + 7x2 – 5x + 1.
 3    d 
2  By the remainder theorem:
3 Remainder  f ( 2)
d
2  ( 2) 3  7( 2) 2  5( 2)  1
 27
32. Let the quotient be Q(x).
By division algorithm, we have 4. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 5.
3x3 – 16x2 + ax + b = (x – 1)(x – 3) Q(x) + (x + 2) By the remainder theorem:
Put x = 1. Remainder  f ( 3)
3(1)3  16(1) 2  a (1)  b  (1  1)(1  3) Q (1)  (1  2)
 2( 3) 3  3( 3) 2  4( 3)  5
 13  a  b  3
  64
a  b  16......(1)
Put x = 3. 5. Let f(x) = 8x3 – 2x + 1.
3(3)3  16(3) 2  a (3)  b  (3  1)(3  3) Q (3)  (3  2) By the remainder theorem:
 63  3a  b  5 1
Remainder  f  
2
3a  b  68......( 2) 3
1 1
(2) – (1):  8   2   1
(3a  b)  ( a  b)  68  16 2 2
2a  52 1
a  26
6. Let f(x) = 4x3 – x2 + x – 13.
26  b  16
 3
b   10 Remainder  f   
 4
3 2
 3  3  3
33. By division algorithm, we have  4            13
 f ( x)  (5 x  4) Q1 ( x)  ( 1)  (1 )  4  4  4
   16
 f ( x)  g ( x)  (5 x  4) Q2 ( x)  ( 2)
where Q1(x), Q2(x) are polynomials in x.
11
7. Let f(x) = 27x3 + 18x2 – 6x + 5. 13. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 7x2 + kx – 5.

By the remainder theorem: By the remainder theorem, we have
f ( 3)  4
Remainder  f  
1
3 3( 3) 3  7( 3) 2  k ( 3)  5  4
1
3
1 1
2
 3k  27
 27   18   6   5
3 3 3 k  9
6
14. Let f(x) = kx4 + 30x3 + 18x + 20.
8. Let f(x) = 2x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 7.
 1
By the remainder theorem: f     13
 3
Remainder  f  
3
4 3
2  1  1  1
k     30    18    20  13
3
3
3 3
2
 3  3  3
 2   2   4   7 k 1
2 2 2 
49 81 9
 k 9
4
15. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + 4kx – 7.

9. Let f(x) = 4x2(x – 2) – 10x + 7.
1
Remainder  f   f    6
5
2
2
3 2
1 1 1
 5   5  
2
5 2   5   4k    7  6
 4     2  10   7 2 2 2
    
2 2 2
2k  2
11
 k 1
2
16. Let f(x) = x2 + ax – (a + 2).

10. Let f(x) = (3x2 – 5)(1 – x) – 6x – 9. By the remainder theorem, we have
f (a)  a
 4
Remainder  f    (  a ) 2  a (  a )  ( a  2)  a
 3
2 a  2
  4 2    4   4 
 3    5 1       6    9 a  1
  3     3    3 
2 17. Let f(x) = –px2 + 2x + 5.

9 By the remainder theorem, we have
 1
f ( 2)  f   
11. By division algorithm, f(x) = (2x2 – x + 3)(8x – 3) + 4  2
By the remainder theorem, when f(x) is divided by  1  1
2
1 – 4x,  p ( 2) 2  2( 2)  5   p    2    5
 2  2
1
remainder  f   p
4  4p  9    4
4
  1 2  1     1   15
  2      3 8   3  4 p5
  4   4     4   4
4

9 p
8 3
12. Let f(x) = 2x3 + kx2 + 5x + 4. 18. Let f(x) = x100 – 1.

By the remainder theorem, we have By the remainder theorem:
Remainder  f (1)
f ( 2)  6
2( 2) 3  k ( 2) 2  5( 2)  4  6  (1)100  1
4k  24  11
k  6 0
12
19. Let f(x) = x1997 – 1. 24. Let f(x) = x3 + (a + 4)x2 – 2x – 1.

Remainder  f (1) f (1)  f (  a )
 (1)1997  1 (1)3  ( a  4)(1) 2  2(1)  1  (  a )3  ( a  4)( a ) 2 
 1  1 2(  a )  1
 2 1  a  4  2  1   a 3  a 3  4a 2  2a  1
4a 2  a  3  0
20. By the remainder theorem, we have
f ( 1)  3 ( a  1)(4a  3)  0
3
( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  k ( 1)  c  3 a   1 or a 
4
1 2  k  c  3
ck  2 25. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx – 7 and g(x) = 2x2 + ax + b.
∴ k = 1, c = 3 or k = –1, c = 1 or k = –3, c = –1 When f(x) is divided by x – 3,
(or any other reasonable answers) f (3)  14
a (3) 2  b(3)  7  14
Level 2
21. Let f(x) = x2 – 4x – 3. 9a  3b  21
By the remainder theorem, we have 3a  b  7  ( 1 )
f (  k )  6 When g(x) is divided by x + 3,
(  k ) 2  4 (  k )  3  6 g ( 3)  1
k 2  4k  3  0 2( 3) 2  a ( 3)  b  1
 3a  b  17  ( 2)
( k  3)(k  1)  0
(1) – (2): 6a  24
k   3 or k   1
a4
22. Let f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3. By substituting a = 4 into (1), we have

By the remainder theorem, we have 3( 4)  b  7
k b  5
f    11
2
2 26. (a) When f(x) is divided by x – 1,
k k f (1)  1
   2   3  11
2 2
2(1) 3  (1) 2  p (1)  q  1
k 2  4k  32  0
p  q  2  (1 )
( k  8)(k  4)  0
When f(x) is divided by x + 2,
k   8 or k4 f ( 2)  31
2( 2) 3  ( 2) 2  p ( 2)  q  31
23. Let f(x) = 4x2 – 2x + 1.
By the remainder theorem, we have  2 p  q  11  ( 2)
 k (1) – (2): 3 p  9
f     3k
 2 p3
2 By substituting p = 3 into (1), we have
 k  k
4    2    1  3k 3  q  2
 2  2
q  5
k 2  2k  1  0
(b) From (a), f(x) = 2x3 – x2 + 3x – 5.
( k  1) 2  0 By the remainder theorem:
k 1 Remainder  f ( 2)
 2( 2) 3  ( 2) 2  3( 2)  5
 13
27. (a) When g(x) is divided by x – 3,

g (3)  4
(3) 2 (3  p )  2(3)  q  4
27  9 p  6  q  4
 9 p  q  37  (1 )
13
When g(x) is divided by 2x – 1, By substituting a = 8 into (1), we have

1 7 8  b  4
g   
 
2 8 b  12
∴ The remainder when P(x) is divided by
 1   1
2
1 7
     p   2   q   (x – 1)(x + 2) is 8x – 12.
2  2   2 8
30. (a) Let f(x) = x99 + k.
1 p 7
 1 q   By the remainder theorem, we have
8 4 8 f ( 1)  1
p
  q  2  ( 2) ( 1) 99  k  1
4
35 1 k  1
(1) – (2):  p  35
4 k 2
p4 (b) Let Q(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided by
By substituting p = 4 into (2), we have x + 1.
4 ∴ f ( x)  ( x  1)Q ( x)  1
  q  2
4 x 99  2  ( x  1)Q ( x)  1
q  1 x 99  ( x  1)Q ( x)  1  (1 )
2
(b) From (a), g(x) = x (x – 4) + 2x – 1. By substituting x = 9 into (1), we have
By the remainder theorem: 9 99  (9  1)Q (9)  1
Remainder  g ( 4)  10Q (9)  1
 ( 4) 2 ( 4  4)  2( 4)  1  10[Q (9)  1]  9
7 ∴ The remainder when 9 99 is divided by 10 is 9.
28. Let f(x) = x2 – mx + 3 and g(x) = 2m – x. Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)

When g(x) is divided by x – n, Level 1
g ( n)  0 1. (a) f ( 2)  3( 2) 3  4( 2) 2  5( 2)  2
2m  n  0  24  16  10  2
n  2m  (1 ) 0
When f(x) is divided by x – n, (b) By the factor theorem, x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
f ( n)  11
n 2  mn  3  11 1 1
3
1 1
2
2. (a) g    8   14   7   1
n  mn  8 ( 2 )
2
2 2 2 2
By substituting (1) into (2), we have 7 7
 1  1
4m 2  2m 2  8 2 2
m  2 0
When m = 2, n = 4; (b) By the factor theorem, g(x) is divisible by 2x – 1.
when m = –2, n = –4.
 m  2  m  2 3. (a) f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  5( 1)  6
∴ The values of m and n are  or  .
n  4  n  4  1  2  5  6
0
29. (a) ∵ The degree of (x – 1)(x + 2) is 2. ∴ By the factor theorem, x + 1 is a factor of
∴ The highest possible degree of the remainder f(x).
when P(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x + 2) is 1. (b) f (3)  (3) 3  2(3) 2  5(3)  6
(b) Let Q(x) and ax + b be the quotient and the remainder
respectively when P(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x + 2).  27  18  15  6
P(x) = (x – 1)(x + 2) Q(x) + (ax + b)  24
When P(x) is divided by x – 1, 0
P (1)  4 ∴ By the factor theorem, x – 3 is not a factor
(1  1)(1  2) Q (1)  a (1)  b   4 of f(x).
a  b  4  (1 )
4. (a) f ( 4)  ( 4) 3  5( 4) 2  3( 4)  15
When P(x) is divided by x + 2,
P ( 2)  28  64  80  12  15
 19
( 2  1)(2  2) Q ( 2)  a ( 2)  b   28
0
 2a  b  28  ( 2)
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 4 is not a factor
(1) – (2): 3a  24 of f(x).
a8
14
(b) f ( 5)  ( 5) 3  5( 5) 2  3( 5)  15 9. Let f(x) = 4x2 + 2(k – 1)x – k.
2
 125  125  15  15  k  k  k
f     4    2( k  1)    k
0  2  2  2
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 5 is a factor of  k  (k  k )  k
2 2
f(x). 0
3 2
∴ By the factor theorem, 2x + k is a factor of
 1  1  1  1 4x2 + 2(k – 1)x – k.
5. (a) f     16    4    24    9
 2  2  2  2
 2  1  12  9 10. Let f(x) = 3x3 + kx2 – 8x – 4.
∵ f(x) is divisible by x – 2.
0 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
∴ By the factor theorem, 2x + 1 is a factor of
f ( 2)  0
f(x).
3 2 3( 2) 3  k ( 2) 2  8( 2)  4  0
3 3 3 3
(b) f    16   4   24   9 4 k  4
2 2 2 2
k  1
 54  9  36  9
0
11. Let f(x) = 6x3 + 13x2 – 2bx + 3.
∴ By the factor theorem, 2x – 3 is a factor of
∵ x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
f(x).
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
3 2 f ( 3)  0
1 1 1 1
6. (a) f    4   3   25   6 6( 3) 3  13( 3) 2  2b( 3)  3  0
4 4 4 4
1 3 25 6b  42
   6 b7
16 16 4
0
∴ By the factor theorem, 4x – 1 is a factor of 12. Let f(x) = mx3 – x2 – 7x + 6.
f(x). ∵ 2x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
3 2 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
 3  3  3  3
(b) f     4    3    25    6 3
 4  4  4  4 f 0
27 27 75 2
   6 3 2
16 16 4 3 3 3
m      7    6  0

99
0 2 2 2
4 27 27
m
∴ By the factor theorem, 4x + 3 is not a 8 4
factor of f(x). m2
3 2
2 2 2 2 13. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 7x2 – (5k + 2)x – 2k.
7. (a) f    3   4   26   20
3 3 3 3 ∵ f(x) is divisible by 3x + 1.
8 16 52 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
    20
9 9 3  1
f    0
0  3
∴ By the factor theorem, 3x – 2 is a factor of 3 2
 1  1  1
f(x). 3    7    (5k  2)    2k  0
 4  4
3
 4  4
2  3  3  3
(b) f     3    4    26    20
 3  3  3  3 1 7 5k 2
     2k  0
9 9 3 3
64 64 104
    20 k 4
9 9 3 
3 3
164
 0 k4
3
∴ By the factor theorem, 3x + 4 is not a
factor of f(x).
8. Let f(x) = x3 – a3.

f(a) = a3 – a3 = 0
∴ By the factor theorem, x3 – a3 is divisible by
a – x.
15
14. Let P(x) be the polynomial of degree 3 with 2 x + 3 as one (b) By long division,
of its factors. x2  7x  6
∴ P ( x )  ( ax 2  bx  c )( 2 x  3) , where a, b and c are
x  5 x 3  12 x 2  41x  30
integers, and a  0.
By substituting a = 1, b = 0 and c = –1 into P(x), we have x 3  5x 2
P ( x)  ( x 2  1)(2 x  3) 7 x 2  41x
 2 x  3x  2 x  3
3 2
7 x 2  35 x
By substituting a = 1, b = 1 and c = –2 into P(x), we have
6 x  30
P ( x)  ( x 2  x  2)(2 x  3)
6 x  30
 2 x 3  3 x 2  2 x 2 3 x  4 x  6 Hence, g(x) = (x + 5)(x2 + 7x + 6).
 2x3  5x 2  x  6 By the cross method,
∴ The required polynomial is 2 x 3  3 x 2  2 x  3 or x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 1)(x + 6)
∴ g ( x)  ( x  5)( x  1)( x  6)
2 x 3  5 x 2  x  6 . (or any other reasonable answers)
15. Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 – x – b.  4  4

3
 4
2
 4
∵ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). 19. (a) h    3    4    75    100
 3   3   3   3
64 64
f ( 2 )  0    100  100
9 9
( 2 ) 3  a ( 2 ) 2  ( 2 )  b  0 0
b  4a  6 ∴ By the factor theorem, 3x + 4 is a factor of h(x).
∴ When a = –3, b = 4(–3) – 6 = –18 (b) By long division,
When a = –1, b = 4(–1) – 6 = –10 x 2  25
When a = 1, b = 4(1) – 6 = –2
(or any other reasonable answers) 3 x  4 3 x 3  4 x 2  75 x  100
3x 3  4 x 2
Level 2  75 x  100
16. Let f(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 12.
∵ f(x) is divisible by x + a.  75 x  100
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, Hence, g ( x )  (3 x  4)( x 2  25)
f (a)  0  (3 x  4)( x  5)( x  5)
2(  a ) 2  5(  a )  12  0
2a 2  5a  12  0 20. Let f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + kx + 6.
( 2a  3)(a  4)  0 (a) ∵ f(x) is divisible by x – 3.
3
a or a4 f (3)  0
2
(3) 3  4(3) 2  k (3)  6  0
17. Let f(x) = 15x2 – (b + 3)x – 1. 3k  3
∵ f(x) is divisible by 3x + b. k 1
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, (b) By long division,
 b x2  x  2
f    0
 3
x  3 x3  4 x 2  x  6
2
 b  b
15    (b  3)    1  0 x3  3x 2
 3  3
 x2  x
15 2 b 2
b   b 1  0  x 2  3x
9 3
2b 2  b  1  0  2x  6
(b  1)(2b  1)  0  2x  6
Hence, f(x) = (x – 3)(x2 – x – 2).
1
b   1 or b  By the cross method,
2 x2 – x – 2 = (x – 2)(x + 1)
∴ x 3  4 x 2  x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)
18. (a) g(–5) = (–5)3 + 12(–5)2 + 41(–5) + 30
= –125 + 300 – 205 + 30
=0
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 5 is a factor of g(x).
16
21. Let f(x) = 8x3 + mx2 – 25x + 6. 23. Let f(x) = 2x3 + px2 – 25x + q and Q(x) be the quotient.
(a) ∵ f(x) is divisible by 4x – 1. By division algorithm, we have
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, f ( x)  (2 x 2  7 x  4) Q( x)
1  ( x  4)(2 x  1) Q( x)
f 0
4 ∴ f(x) is divisible by x + 4 and 2x – 1.
1
3
1 1
2 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
8   m   25   6  0
4 4 4 1
f(–4) = 0 and f    0
m 1 2

16 8 f ( 4 )  0
m2 2( 4) 3  p ( 4) 2  25( 4)  q  0
(b) By long division, 16 p  q  28  (1 )
2x 2  x  6 1
f 0
4 x  1 8 x 3  2 x 2  25 x  6 2
3 2
8x 3  2 x 2 1 1 1
2   p   25   q  0
4 x 2  25 x  
2  
2 2
4x 2  p 49
x q 0
4 4
 24 x  6
p  4q  49  ( 2)
 24 x  6 63 p  63
(1) × 4 – (2):
Hence, f(x) = (4x – 1)(2x2 + x – 6).
p 1
By the cross method,
2x2 + x – 6 = (2x – 3)(x + 2) By substituting p = 1 into (1), we have
∴ 8 x 3  2 x 2  25 x  6  ( 4 x  1)( 2 x  3)( x  2) 16(1)  q  28
q  12
22. Let f(x) = ax3 + 5x2 + bx – 6 and Q(x) be the quotient.
By division algorithm, we have 24. (a) ∵ f(x) is divisible by x – 4.
f ( x )  ( 2 x 2  x  3) Q ( x ) ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
 ( 2 x  3)( x  1) Q ( x ) f ( 4)  0
∴ f(x) is divisible by 2x + 3 and x – 1. 2( 4) 3  a ( 4) 2  5( 4)  b  0
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, 16a  b  148  (1 )
 3 ∵ 2x + 3 is a factor of g(x).
f     0 and f(1) = 0
 2 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
 3  3
f    0 g    0
 2  2
3 2
 3
3
 3  3
2  3  3  3
a    5    b    6  0 b    8    15    a  0
 2  2  2  2  2  2
27 9

27 3
a b
21
0 a b 0
8 2 4 8 2
9a  4b  14  ( 1 ) 8a  27b  36  ( 2)
f (1)  0 (1) – (2) × 2: 55b  220

b4
a (1)  5(1)  b(1)  6  0
3 2
a  b  1  ( 2) By substituting b = 4 into (1), we have

16a  4  148
(1) – (2) × 4: 5a  10
a9
a2
By substituting a = 2 into (2), we have (b) f ( 2)  2 g ( 2)  2( 2) 3  9( 2) 2  5( 2)  4
2b 1
b  1

 2  4( 2) 3  8( 2) 2  15( 2)  9 
 16  36  10  4
 2  ( 32  32  30  9)
 116
0
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 2 is not a factor of
f ( x)  2 g ( x) .
17
25. (a) ∵ x – 2 is a common factor of f(x) and h(x). 27. (a) By the remainder theorem,
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, g ( 1)  8
f(2) = 0 and h(2) = 0 s ( 1) 3  9( 1) 2  t ( 1)  5  8
f ( 2)  0
s  t  4  (1 )
( 2) 3  p ( 2) 2  q ( 2)  2  0 ∵ x + 5 is a factor of g(x).
4 p  2q  10  0 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
2 p  q  5  (1 ) g ( 5)  0
h ( 2)  0 s ( 5)3  9( 5) 2  t ( 5)  5  0
( 2)  q ( 2)  p ( 2)  6  0
3 2
25s  t  44  ( 2)
4q  2 p  2  0 (2) – (1): 24 s  48
2q  p  1  ( 2) s2
(1) × 2 – (2): 3 p  9 By substituting s = 2 into (1), we have
p  3 2  t  4
By substituting p = –3 into (1), we have t6
2(3)  q  5 (b) By long division,
q 1 2x2  x  1
(b) f ( x )  h( x )
x  5 2 x3  9 x 2  6 x  5
x  3x  x  2  x3  x 2  3x  6
3 2
2 x 3  10 x 2
4x2  4x  8  0
 x2  6x
x2  x  2  0
 x2  5x
( x  1)( x  2)  0
 x5
x   1 or x2
 x5
2
26. (a) By the remainder theorem, g(x) = (x + 5)(2x – x – 1)
f ( 1)  10 By the cross method,
2x2 – x – 1 = (2x + 1)(x – 1)
2( 1) 3  ( 1) 2  a ( 1)  b  10 ∴ g ( x)  ( x  1)( x  5)(2 x  1)
 a  b  13  (1 )
∵ x – 1 is a factor of f(x). Exercise 7D (p. 7.31)
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, Level 1
f (1)  0 1. Let f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2.
2(1) 3  (1) 2  a (1)  b  0 ∵ f(1) = 13 – 4(1)2 + 5(1) – 2 = 0
a  b  1  ( 2)
By long division,
(2) – (1): 2a  14 x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2 = (x – 1)(x2 – 3x + 2)
a  7 ∴ x 3  4 x 2  5 x  2  ( x  2)( x  1) 2
By substituting a = –7 into (2), we have
7  b  1 2. Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8.
b6 ∵ f(1) = 13 – 3(1)2 – 6(1) + 8 = 0
(b) By long division, ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
2x2  x  6 By long division,
x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8 = (x – 1)(x2 – 2x – 8)
x  1 2 x3  x 2  7 x  6 ∴ x 3  3 x 2  6 x  8  ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)
2 x3  2 x 2
3. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12.
x2  7 x
∵ f (1)  13  3(1) 2  4(1)  12  12
x2  x
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  3( 1) 2  4( 1)  12  6
 6x  6 f ( 2)  2 3  3( 2) 2  4( 2)  12  0
 6x  6 ∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
f(x) = (x – 1)(2x2 + x – 6) By long division,
By the cross method, x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12 = (x – 2)(x2 + 5x + 6)
2x2 + x – 6 = (2x – 3)(x + 2) ∴ x 3  3 x 2  4 x  12  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
∴ f ( x)  ( x  1)(2 x  3)( x  2)
18
4. Let f(x) = x3 + 8x2 + 21x + 18. 10. 5x3 + 20x2 + 5x – 30 = 5(x3 + 4x2 + x – 6)
∵ f ( 1)  ( 1)  8( 1)  21( 1)  18  4
3 2 Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6.
∵ f(1) = 13 + 4(1)2 + 1 – 6 = 0
f ( 2)  ( 2)3  8( 2) 2  21( 2)  18  0 ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). By long division,
By long division, x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 = (x – 1)(x2 + 5x + 6)
x3 + 8x2 + 21x + 18 = (x + 2)(x2 + 6x + 9) ∴ x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 = (x – 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
∴ x 3  8 x 2  21x  18  ( x  2)( x  3) 2 ∴ 5 x 3  20 x 2  5 x  30  5( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
5. Let f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 15x + 25. 11. 5x3 – 65x – 60 = 5(x3 – 13x – 12)
∵ f (1)  13  9(1) 2  15(1)  25  32 Let f(x) = x3 – 13x – 12.
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  9( 1) 2  15( 1)  25  0 ∵ f (1)  13  13(1)  12  24
∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x). f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  13( 1)  12  0
By long division, ∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
x3 – 9x2 + 15x + 25 = (x + 1)(x2 – 10x + 25) By long division,
∴ x 3  9 x 2  15 x  25  ( x  1)( x  5) 2 x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1)(x2 – x – 12)
∴ x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1)(x – 4)(x + 3)
6. Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30. ∴ 5 x 3  65 x  60  5( x  4)( x  1)( x  3)
∵ f (1)  13  4(1) 2  11(1)  30  36

12. –x3 – 10x2 – 31x – 30 = –(x3 + 10x2 + 31x + 30)
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  4( 1) 2  11( 1)  30  16
Let f(x) = x3 + 10x2 + 31x + 30.
f ( 2)  2 3  4( 2) 2  11( 2)  30  28 ∵ f ( 1)  ( 1)3  10( 1) 2  31( 1)  30  8
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  4( 2) 2  11( 2)  30  0
f ( 2)  ( 2)3  10( 2) 2  31( 2)  30  0
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
By long division, By long division,
x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30 = (x + 2)(x2 + 2x – 15) x3 + 10x2 + 31x + 30 = (x + 2)(x2 + 8x + 15)
∴ x 3  4 x 2  11x  30  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  5) ∴ x3 + 10x2 + 31x + 30 = (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 5)
∴  x 3  10 x 2  31x  30   ( x  2)( x  3)( x  5)
3 2
7. Let f(x) = x + 6x – 32.
∵ f (1)  13  6(1) 2  32  25 Level 2
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  6( 1) 2  32  27 13. Let f(x) = x3 – 8x2 + 4x + 48.
∵ f (1)  1  8(1)  4(1)  48  45
3 2
f ( 2)  2 3  6( 2) 2  32  0
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  8( 1) 2  4( 1)  48  35
By long division, f ( 2)  2 3  8( 2) 2  4( 2)  48  32
x3 + 6x2 – 32 = (x – 2)(x2 + 8x + 16)
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  8( 2) 2  4( 2)  48  0
∴ x 3  6 x 2  32  ( x  2)( x  4) 2
By long division,
8. Let f(x) = x3 + 10x2 + 33x + 36. x3 – 8x2 + 4x + 48 = (x + 2)(x2 – 10x + 24)
∵ f ( 1)  ( 1)  10( 1)  33( 1)  36  12
3 2
∴ x 3  8 x 2  4 x  48  ( x  6)( x  4)( x  2)
f ( 2)  ( 2)3  10( 2) 2  33( 2)  36  2
f ( 3)  ( 3)3  10( 3) 2  33( 3)  36  0 14. Let f(x) = x3 – 27x – 54.
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x). ∵ f (1)  13  27(1)  54  80
By long division, f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  27( 1)  54  28
x3 + 10x2 + 33x + 36 = (x + 3)(x2 + 7x + 12) f ( 2)  2 3  27( 2)  54  100
∴ x 3  10 x 2  33x  36  ( x  3) 2 ( x  4)
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  27( 2)  54  8
f (3)  33  27(3)  54  108
9. 3x3 – 6x2 – 12x + 24 = 3(x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8)
Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8. f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  27( 3)  54  0
∵ f (1)  13  2(1) 2  4(1)  8  3 ∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  4( 1)  8  9 x3 – 27x – 54 = (x + 3)(x2 – 3x – 18)
f ( 2)  2 3  2( 2) 2  4( 2)  8  0 ∴ x 3  27 x  54  ( x  6)( x  3) 2
By long division,
x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8 = (x – 2)(x2 – 4)
∴ x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8 = (x – 2)2(x + 2)
∴ 3x 3  6 x 2  12 x  24  3( x  2) 2 ( x  2)
19
15. Let f(x) = x3 – 12x2 + 47x – 60. 20. Let f(x) = x3 – 15x2 + 72x – 108.
∵ f (1)  13  12(1) 2  47(1)  60  24 ∵ f (1)  13  15(1) 2  72(1)  108  50
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  12( 1) 2  47( 1)  60  120 f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  15( 1) 2  72( 1)  108  196
f ( 2)  2  12( 2)  47( 2)  60  6
3 2
f ( 2)  2 3  15( 2) 2  72( 2)  108  16
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  12( 2) 2  47( 2)  60  210 f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  15( 2) 2  72( 2)  108  320
f (3)  3  12(3)  47(3)  60  0
3 2
f (3)  33  15(3) 2  72(3)  108  0
∴ x – 3 is a factor of f(x). ∴ x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
By long division, By long division,
x3 – 12x2 + 47x – 60 = (x – 3)(x2 – 9x + 20) x3 – 15x2 + 72x – 108 = (x – 3)(x2 – 12x + 36)
∴ x 3  12 x 2  47 x  60  ( x  5)( x  4)( x  3) ∴ x 3  15 x 2  72 x  108  ( x  6) 2 ( x  3)
16. Let f(x) = x3 – x2 – 33x – 63. 21. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 25x2 + 67x + 40.
∵ f (1)  13  12  33(1)  63  96  1  1
3
 1  1
2
∵ f     2    25    67    40
f ( 1)  ( 1)  ( 1)  33( 1)  63  32
3 2
 2  2  2  2
f (3)  33  3 2  33(3)  63  144 1 25 67
    40
f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  ( 3) 2  33( 3)  63  0 4 4 2
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x). 0
By long division, ∴ 2x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
x3 – x2 – 33x – 63 = (x + 3)(x2 – 4x – 21) By long division,
∴ x 3  x 2  33 x  63  ( x  3) 2 ( x  7) 2x3 – 25x2 + 67x + 40 = (2x + 1)(x2 – 13x + 40)
∴ 2 x 3  25 x 2  67 x  40  ( x  8)( x  5)( 2 x  1)
17. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 25x – 75.
f (1)  13  3(1) 2  25(1)  75  96 22. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 8x2 – 68x – 48.
∵ 3 2
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  3( 1) 2  25( 1)  75  48  2  2  2  2
∵ f     3    8    68    48
 3  3  3  3
f (3)  33  3(3) 2  25(3)  75  96
8 32 136
f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  3( 3) 2  25( 3)  75  0     48
9 9 3
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x). 0
By long division, ∴ 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
x3 + 3x2 – 25x – 75 = (x + 3)(x2 – 25) By long division,
∴ x 3  3 x 2  25 x  75  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  5) 3x3 + 8x2 – 68x – 48 = (3x + 2)(x2 + 2x – 24)
∴ 3 x 3  8 x 2  68 x  48  ( x  4)( x  6)(3 x  2)
18. Let f(x) = x3 – x2 – 44x + 84.
∵ f (1)  13  12  44(1)  84  40 23. Let f(x) = 5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6.
3 2
f ( 1)  ( 1)  ( 1)  44( 1)  84  126
3 2
1 1 1 1
∵ f    5   6   29   6
f ( 2)  2 3  2 2  44( 2)  84  0    
5 5  
5 5
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). 1 6 29
   6
By long division, 25 25 5
x3 – x2 – 44x + 84 = (x – 2)(x2 + x – 42) 0
∴ x 3  x 2  44 x  84  ( x  2)( x  6)( x  7) ∴ 5x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6 = (5x – 1)(x2 – x – 6)
19. Let f(x) = x3 – 5x2 – 57x – 99.
∴ 5 x 3  6 x 2  29 x  6  (5 x  1)( x  3)( x  2)
∵ f (1)  13  5(1) 2  57(1)  99  160
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  5( 1) 2  57( 1)  99  48 24. 30x3 + 64x2 + 6x – 4 = 2(15x3 + 32x2 + 3x – 2)
f (3)  3  5(3)  57(3)  99  288
3 2 Let f(x) = 15x3 + 32x2 + 3x – 2.
∵ f (1)  15(1) 3  32(1) 2  3(1)  2  48
f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  5( 3) 2  57( 3)  99  0
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x). f ( 1)  15( 1) 3  32( 1) 2  3( 1)  2  12
By long division, f ( 2)  15( 2) 3  32( 2) 2  3( 2)  2  252
x3 – 5x2 – 57x – 99 = (x + 3)(x2 – 8x – 33) f ( 2)  15( 2) 3  32( 2) 2  3( 2)  2  0
∴ x 3  5 x 2  57 x  99  ( x  3) 2 ( x  11)
By long division,
15x3 + 32x2 + 3x – 2 = (x + 2)(15x2 + 2x – 1)
∴ 15x3 + 32x2 + 3x – 2 = (x + 2)(5x – 1)(3x + 1)
∴ 30 x 3  64 x 2  6 x  4  2(5 x  1)(3 x  1)( x  2)
20
Revision Exercise 7 (p. 7.35) 6. Let p(x) be the required polynomial.

Level 1 By division algorithm, we have
1. 3x 2 x 3  5 x 2  3 x  6  p ( x)  ( 2 x  5)  ( 76)
4 x 2 12 x 3  0 x 2  8 x ( 2 x 3  5 x 2  3 x  6)  ( 76)
p( x) 
12 x 3
2x  5
8x 2 x 3  5 x 2  3 x  70

∴ Quotient = 3x 2x  5
By long division,
Remainder = 8 x
2 x 3  5 x 2  3 x  70  ( 2 x  5)( x 2  5 x  14)
x2  2x  6 (2 x  5)( x 2  5 x  14)
2. ∴ p( x) 
2x  5
x  2 x3  0x 2  2x  3
 x 2  5 x  14
x3  2x 2 ∴ The required polynomial is x2 – 5x + 14.
 2x2  2x
 2x2  4x
2 x3  3x 2  7 x  a
6x  3
 ( x 2  x  3)(2 x  5)  (bx  3)
6 x  12
 15  ( x 2  x  3)(2 x)  ( x 2  x  3)(5)  (bx  3)
 2 x 3  2 x 2  6 x  5 x 2  5 x  15  bx  3
∴ Quotient = x 2  2 x  6
 2 x 3  3 x 2  (b  11) x  18
Remainder = 15
a = 18
3. x3  x 2
x  2 x 4  3x 3  2 x 2  0 x  3 b  11  7
x 4  2x3 b4
 x3  2x 2
8. Let f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 + x – 1.
 x3  2x 2 By the remainder theorem:
3 Remainder  f (1)
∴ Quotient = x  x 3 2
 4(1) 3  4(1) 2  (1)  1
Remainder = 3 0
4. 2x 2  2x  2 9. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 7x + 1.

2x  1 4x  6x  2x  1
3 2
Remainder  f ( 1)
4x3  2x 2
 ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  7( 1)  1
4x 2  2x  9
4x 2  2x
 4x  1 10. Let f(x) = 16x3 – 2x + 1.
 4x  2 By the remainder theorem:
 1
3 Remainder  f   
 2
∴ Quotient = 2 x  2 x  2 2
3
 1  1
Remainder = 3  16    2    1
 2  2
5. Let f(x) be the required polynomial. 0
f ( x)  ( 2 x  1)(3 x 2  6 x  2)  7
 ( 2 x)(3 x 2  6 x  2)  (1)(3 x 2  6 x  2)  7
 6 x 3  12 x 2  4 x  3 x 2  6 x  2  7
 6x3  9x 2  2x  9
∴ The required polynomial is 6x3 – 9x2 – 2x + 9.
21
11. Let f(x) = (x – 699)699 – (x – 701)701. 17. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 16x2 + x + c.
 1400   1
Remainder  f   f     5
 2   3
 f (700)
3 2
 1  1  1
3    16        c  5
 (700  699) 699  (700  701) 701  3  3  3
4
 1699  ( 1) 701 c   5
3
 1  ( 1) 19
c
2 3
12. (a) f(1) = (1)4 + 29(1) + 6 18. By the remainder theorem, we have
= 36 f (1)  g (1)
≠0
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 1 is not a factor of 13  2(1) 2  p (1)  4  3(1) 3  (1) 2  1  1
f(x). 1 2  p  4  3 111
(b) f(–3) = (–3)4 + 29(–3) + 6
p9
=0
19. (a) Let f(x) = x3 – x2 – 8x + 12.
∵ f ( 3)  ( 3)  ( 3)  8( 3)  12
3 2 3 2
13. (a) f(–2)= (–2) – 11(–2) + 32(–2) – 28
= –144
 27  9  24  12
≠0
∴ By the factor theorem, x + 2 is not a factor of 0
f(x). ∴ x + 3 is a factor of x3 – x2 – 8x + 12.
(b) f(2) = (2)3 – 11(2)2 + 32(2) – 28 (b) By long division,
=0 x 3  x 2  8 x  12  ( x  3)( x 2  4 x  4)
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
 ( x  3)( x  2) 2
3 2

2  2  2  2
14. (a) f   30    13    13    6 20. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 7x – 4.

3  3   3   3
0 ∵ f (1)  13  2(1) 2  7(1)  4  12
∴ By the factor theorem, 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x). f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  7( 1)  4  0
1 1
3
1 1
2
(b) f    30   13   13   6 By long division,
2 2 2 2
x3 – 2x2 – 7x – 4 = (x + 1)(x2 – 3x – 4)
0
∴ x 3  2 x 2  7 x  4  ( x  4)( x  1) 2
∴ By the factor theorem, 1 – 2x is a factor of f(x).
15. Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 – 5x + 6. 21. Let f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – 2x – 24.

∵ f(x) is divisible by x – 2. ∵ f (1)  13  5(1) 2  2(1)  24  20
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  5( 1) 2  2( 1)  24  18
f ( 2)  0
f ( 2)  2 3  5( 2) 2  2( 2)  24  0
( 2) 3  k ( 2) 2  5( 2)  6  0
4 k  4 By long division,
k  1 x3 + 5x2 – 2x – 24 = (x – 2)(x2 + 7x + 12)
∴ x 3  5 x 2  2 x  24  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  4)
16. Let f(x) = kx3 – 3x2 – 8kx + 6.

22. 3x3 + 21x2 + 48x + 36 = 3(x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12)
∵ x + 3 is a factor of f(x),
Let f(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12.
∵ f ( 1)  ( 1)3  7( 1) 2  16( 1)  12  2
f ( 3)  0
k ( 3) 3  3( 3) 2  8k ( 3)  6  0 f ( 2)  ( 2)3  7( 2) 2  16( 2)  12  0
 3k  21 ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
k  7
x 3  7 x 2  16 x  12  ( x  2)( x 2  5 x  6)
 ( x  2) 2 ( x  3)
∴ 3 x 3  21x 2  48 x  36  3( x  2) 2 ( x  3)
22
23. Let f(x) = x3 + 2ax – b. 27. 2x2  x  4

By division algorithm,
f ( x)  ( x  3)  Q ( x)  1 , where Q(x) is a polynomial x 2  0 x  2 2 x 4  x3  0 x 2  x  4
in x 2 x 4  0 x3  4 x 2
f ( x)  1  b  ( x  3)  Q ( x)  b
 x3  4 x 2  x
i.e. When f(x) – 1 + b is divided by x – 3, the remainder
is b.  x3  0 x 2  2 x
∴ The required polynomial is 4x2  x  4
f ( x )  1  b  x  2ax  b  1  b
3
4x2  0x  8
 x  2ax  1
3
 x 4
Similarly, ∵ f ( x )  1  b  ( x  3)  ( x  3)[Q ( x )  1]  b ∴ Quotient = 2 x 2  x  4
∴ The required polynomial is
Remainder = x  4
f ( x)  1  b  ( x  3)
 x 3  2ax  b  1  b  x  3 28. (a) By division algorithm, we have
 x 3  (2a  1) x  4 x 3  x 2  11x  2  p ( x)  ( x 2  3 x  1)  ( 6)
(or any other reasonable answers) ( x 3  x 2  11x  2)  ( 6)
p( x) 
x 2  3x  1
Level 2
x  x  11x  4
3 2
24. x4 
x 2  3x  1
x 2  2 x  1 x 3  6 x 2  3x  4 By long division,
x  2x  x
3 2 x 3  x 2  11x  4  ( x  4)( x 2  3x  1)
 4x 2  4x  4 ( x  4)( x 2  3 x  1)
∴ p( x) 
x 2  3x  1
 4 x 2  8x  4
 x4
 4x  8
(b) Let f(x) = x3 +2x2 – 3x + 8.
Remainder = 4 x  8 Remainder  f ( 4)
 ( 4)3  2( 4) 2  3( 4)  8
25. 2x  4
  12
2x 2  x  1 4x3  6x 2  2x  5
4x3  2x 2  2x 29. By division algorithm,
6 x 3  13 x 2  px  5
 8x  4 x  5
2
 (3 x 2  qx  1)(2 x  1)  (3 x  r )
 8x 2  4 x  4
8x  9  (3 x 2  qx  1)(2 x)  (3 x 2  qx  1)(1)  (3 x  r )
∴ Quotient = 2 x  4  6 x 3  2qx 2  2 x  3 x 2  qx  1  3 x  r
Remainder = 8 x  9  6 x 3  ( 2q  3) x 2  ( q  5) x  ( r  1)
By comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides,
 3 x  12 13  ( 2q  3)
26.
q5
 x  4 x  5 3 x 3  0 x 2  15 x  8
2
3 x 3  12 x 2  15 x p  q  5  10
 12 x 2  0 x  8 By comparing the constant term on both sides,
 12 x 2  48 x  60 r  1  5
48 x  52 r 4
∴ Quotient = 3x  12
Remainder = 48 x  52
23
30. Let f(x) = 8x2 + 2x – 1. (b) By long division,

∵ 2x – k is a factor of f(x). f(x) = (x + 2)(2x3 + 7x2 – 19x – 60)
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, Let g(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 – 19x – 60.
k ∵ g (1)  2(1) 3  7(1) 2  19(1)  60  70
f 0
2 g ( 1)  2( 1) 3  7( 1) 2  19( 1)  60  36
k
2
k g ( 2)  2( 2) 3  7( 2) 2  19( 2)  60  54
8   2   1  0
2 2 g ( 2)  2( 2) 3  7( 2) 2  19( 2)  60  10
2k 2  k  1  0 g(3) = 2(3) 3 + 7(3)2 – 19(3) – 60 = 0
( k  1)(2k  1)  0 ∴ g(x) is divisible by x – 3.
By long division,
1
k   1 or k g ( x)  ( x  3)(2 x 2  13 x  20)
2
 ( x  3)( x  4)(2 x  5)
2
31. Let f(x) = x(x – 1)(x – 2) – 2(x + 2x – 12). ∴ f ( x )  ( x  2) g ( x )
(a) f(4) = (4)(4 – 1)(4 – 2) – 2[(4)2 + 2(4) – 12]  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  4)(2 x  5)
=0
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 4 is a factor of f(x). 35. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + px – 6.
(b) f ( x)  x( x  1)( x  2)  2( x 2  2 x  12) (a) ∵ 2x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
 ( x 2  x)( x  2)  2( x 2  2 x  12) ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
3
 x 3  2 x 2  x 2  2 x  2 x 2  4 x  24 f 0
2
 x 3  5 x 2  2 x  24 3 2
3 3 3
By long division, 2   9   p   6  0
x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24 = (x – 4)(x2 – x – 6) 2 2 2
∴ x( x  1)( x  2)  2( x 2  2 x  12)  ( x  4)( x  2)( x  3) 3 p 39

2 2
p  13
32. Let f(x) = x3 – 7x2 – 6x + 72.
f (1)  13  7(1) 2  6(1)  72  60 (b) By long division,
∵
2 x 3  9 x 2  13 x  6  ( x 2  3 x  2)(2 x  3)
f ( 1)  ( 1)  7( 1)  6( 1)  72  70
3 2
∴ 2 x 3  9 x 2  13 x  6  ( x  2)( x  1)(2 x  3)
f ( 2)  2 3  7( 2) 2  6( 2)  72  40
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  7( 2) 2  6( 2)  72  48
36. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + ax + b.
f (3)  33  7(3) 2  6(3)  72  18 When f(x) is divided by x + 1,
f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  7( 3) 2  6( 3)  72  0 f ( 1)  8
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x). ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  a ( 1)  b  8
By long division, a  b  5  (1 )
x3 – 7x2 – 6x + 72 = (x + 3)(x2 – 10x + 24)
When f(x) is divided by x – 2,
∴ x 3  7 x 2  6 x  72  ( x  6)( x  4)( x  3) f ( 2)  4
( 2) 3  2( 2) 2  a ( 2)  b  4
33. –2x3 + 19x2 – 27x – 90 = –(2x3 – 19x2 + 27x + 90)
2a  b  4  ( 2)
Let f(x) = 2x3 – 19x2 + 27x + 90.
(1) + (2): 3a  9
∵ f (1)  2(1) 3  19(1) 2  27(1)  90  100
a3
f ( 1)  2( 1) 3  19( 1) 2  27( 1)  90  42
f ( 2)  2( 2) 3  19( 2) 2  27( 2)  90  84
3b  5
f ( 2)  2( 2) 3  19( 2) 2  27( 2)  90  56 b  2
f (3)  2(3)  19(3)  27(3)  90  54
3 2
37. Let f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – ax + b and g(x) = bx3 – 2x2 – x + a.

f ( 3)  2( 3) 3  19( 3) 2  27( 3)  90  216 ∵ x – 1 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x).
f (5)  2(5) 3  19(5) 2  27(5)  90  0 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
∴ x – 5 is a factor of f(x). f(1) = 0 and g(1) = 0
By long division, f (1)  0
2x3 – 19x2 + 27x + 90 = (x – 5)(2x2 – 9x – 18) 2(1) 3  (1) 2  a (1)  b  0
∴ 2x3 – 19x2 + 27x + 90 = (x – 5)(x – 6)(2x + 3)
a  b  1  (1 )
∴  2 x 3  19 x 2  27 x  90   ( x  5)( x  6)( 2 x  3) g (1)  0
b(1) 3  2(1) 2  1  a  0
34. (a) f(–2) = 2(–2)4 + 11(–2)3 – 5(–2)2 – 98(–2) – 120
=0 a  b  3  ( 2)
∴ By the factor theorem, f(x) is divisible by x + 2.
24
(1) + (2): 2a  4 40. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + kx + 6.

a2 (a) When f(x) is divided by x + 2,
f ( 2)  R1
2b 1 2( 2) 3  5( 2) 2  k ( 2)  6  R1
b 1  16  20  2k  6  R1
2k  R1  30  (1 )
38. Let f(x) = ax3 – 11x2 + bx + 40 and Q(x) be the quotient. When f(x) is divided by x – 2,
By division algorithm, we have f ( 2)  R 2
f ( x)  ( x 2  2 x  8)  Q( x) 2( 2) 3  5( 2) 2  k ( 2)  6  R1  28
 ( x  2)( x  4)  Q( x)
16  20  2k  6  R1  28
∴ f(x) is divisible by x + 2 and x – 4.
By the converse of the factor theorem, 2k  R1  26  ( 2 )
f(–2) = 0 and f(4) = 0 (1) + (2): 4k  4
f ( 2 )  0 k  1
a ( 2) 3  11( 2) 2  b( 2)  40  0 (b) By the remainder theorem:
 8a  44  2b  40  0 3
Remainder  f  
4a  b  2  (1 ) 2
f ( 4)  0 3
3
3 3
2
 2   5      6
a ( 4)  11( 4)  b( 4)  40  0
3 2
 
2 2 2
64a  176  4b  40  0 0
16a  b  34  ( 2) (c) From (b), 2x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
(2) – (1): 12a  36 By long division,
a3 2 x 3  5 x 2  x  6  ( 2 x  3)( x 2  x  2)
By substituting a = 3 into (1), we have ∴ 2 x 3  5 x 2  x  6  ( 2 x  3)( x  1)( x  2)
4(3)  b  2
b   14 41. (a) f(3) = 4(3) 3 + 3(3)2 + 5k(3) + 15 = 15k + 150
g(3) = –(3)3 + k(3)2 + 46(3) – 21 = 9k + 90
39. Let the quotient be Q(x). By the remainder theorem,
By division algorithm, f (3)  g (3)
6 x 3  19 x 2  ax  b  (3 x 2  11x  4) Q ( x)  (3 x  2) 15k  150  9k  90
 ( x  4)(3 x  1) Q ( x)  (3 x  2) 6k  60
Put x = 4.
k   10
6( 4) 3  19( 4) 2  a ( 4)  b  ( 4  4)3( 4)  1Q ( 4)  3( 4)  2
(b) f(3) = 15(–10) + 150 = 0
384  304  4a  b  10 g(3) = 9(–10) + 90 = 0
4a  b  70  (1 ) ∴ By the factor theorem, x – 3 is a common factor
of f(x) and g(x).
1
Put x   . By long division,
3
3 2
f ( x)  ( x  3)(4 x 2  15 x  5)
 1  1  1
6    19    a    b g ( x)  ( x  3)( x 2  13 x  7)
 3  3  3
f ( x)  g ( x)  ( x  3)(4 x 2  15 x  5) 
 1   1    1    1  
    4  3    1 Q    3    2
 3   3    3    3   ( x  3)( x 2  13 x  7)
6 19 a  ( x  3)[(4 x 2  15 x  5) 
    b  3
27 9 3 (  x 2  13 x  7)]
a  3b  2  ( 2)
 ( x  3)(5 x 2  28 x  12)
(1) × 3 + (2): 13a  208
 ( x  3)(5 x  2)( x  6)
a   16
By substituting a = –16 into (1), we have
42. (a) By the remainder theorem,
4( 16)  b  70 remainder = f(–1+1) = f(0) = 03 + k = k
b  6 ∴ k 1
Alternative solution
f ( x  1)  ( x  1) 3  k  ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  k
∴ When f(x + 1) is divided by x + 1, the remainder
is k.
∴ k 1
25
(b) By the remainder theorem, 46. (a) By the remainder theorem,

remainder = f[2(2)] = f(4) = 43 + 1  65 remainder  f ( 1)
 ( 1) n  2( 1)  3
43. (a) By the remainder theorem,  1  2  3 (∵ n is a positive odd integer.)
remainder = f(2 – 1) = 4
f(1) = 4 0
12 + a(1) + b = 4 (b) By the remainder theorem, when f(x) is divided by
b  3  a  (1 ) x – 1, remainder  f (1)
(b) (i) ∵ f(x + 1) is divisible by x + 2.  1n  2(1)  3
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, 6
f ( 2  1)  0 Let Q(x) and ax + b be the quotient and the remainder
f ( 1)  0 respectively when f(x) is divided by x2 – 1.
( 1) 2  a ( 1)  b  0 f ( x)  ( x 2  1)Q ( x)  ( ax  b)
b  a  1  ( 2)  ( x  1)( x  1)Q ( x)  ( ax  b) (1)
(ii) By substituting (1) into (2), we have By substituting x = 1 into (1), we have
3  a  a 1 f (1)  (1  1)(1  1)Q(1)  [a(1)  b]
a2 6  ab (2)
By substituting a = 2 into (2), we have By substituting x = –1 into (1), we have
b = (2) – 1 = 1 f ( 1)  ( 1  1)(1  1)Q ( 1)  [ a ( 1)  b]
0  a  b  (3)
44. Let f(x) = x99 + 1. (2) + (3): 2b  6
(a) By the remainder theorem,
b3
remainder  f ( 1) By substituting b = 3 into (3), we have
 ( 1) 99  1 0  a  3
 1  1 a3
0 ∴ The remainder when f(x) is divided by x2 – 1 is
3x + 3.
(b) Let Q(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided by x + 1.
f ( x)  ( x  1)Q ( x) (by (a)) 47. (a) Let f(x) = 2x2 + px + q and g(x) = 2x2 + qx + p.
x 99  1  ( x  1)Q ( x) ∵ x – r is a common factor of f(x) and g(x).
x 99  ( x  1)Q ( x)  1  (1) ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
By substituting x = 6 into (1), we have f (r )  g (r )
6 99  (6  1)Q(6)  1 2r 2  pr  q  2r 2  qr  p
 7Q(6)  1 ( p  q)r  p  q
∴ If today is Monday, the day after 6 99 days is r 1 (∵ p and q are distinct
Sunday. real numbers.)
2016
(b) By (a), the required polynomial is 2x2 – 5x + 3.
45. (a) Let f(x) = x – 1. Another possible polynomial is (x – 1)(x + 5),
By the remainder theorem, i.e. x2 + 4x – 5.
remainder  f (1) (or any other reasonable answers)
 (1) 2016  1
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 7.38)
 1 1
1. Answer: A
0 Let f(x) = x3 – x2 + 2x + 1.
(b) Let Q(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided by x – 1. By the remainder theorem,
f ( x )  ( x  1)Q ( x ) (by (a)) remainder  f ( 2)
x 2016  1  ( x  1)Q ( x )  2 3  2 2  2( 2)  1
x 2016  ( x  1)Q ( x )  1  (1)  8  4  4 1
By substituting x = 25 into (1), we have 9
25 2016  ( 25  1)Q ( 25)  1
 24Q ( 25)  1 2. Answer: C
∵ f(x) is divisible by x + 1.
∴ If the time now is 18:00, the time after 25 2016
hours is 19:00.
f ( 1)  0
( 1) 2009  ( 1)  k  0
11 k  0
k 0
26
3. Answer: D 1
∵ f(–1) = 0 f 0
2
∴ 3( 1) 2  p ( 1)  1  0 3 2
3  p 1  0 1 1 1
2   a   b   4  0
p  4  
2  
2 2
a  2b  17  ( 2)
∴ f ( x)  3x 2  4 x  1
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
f (1)  3(1) 2  4(1)  1 2( 2b  17)  b  6
 3  4 1
5b  40
8
b  8
By substituting b = –8 into (1), we have
4. Answer: A
2a  ( 8)  6
 4
∵ f(1) = 0 and f     0 a  1
 3
∴ By the factor theorem, x – 1 and 3x + 4 are factors of
10. Answer: B
f(x).
Let Q(x) and ax + b be the quotient and the remainder
∴ The answer must be A. respectively when p(x) is divided by x2 – 1.
∴ p ( x)  ( x  1)Q ( x)  ( ax  b)
2
5. Answer: C
By the remainder theorem, we have  ( x  1)( x  1)Q ( x)  ( ax  b) ......(1)
f (k )  k When p(x) is divided by x – 1, the remainder is 1.
(  k  2)( k  3)  2  k ∴ p (1)  (1  1)(1  1)Q (1)  [ a (1)  b]  1
k2  k 6 2  k a  b 1 ......(2)
k2  4 When p(x) is divided by x + 1, the remainder is 3.
∴ p ( 1)  ( 1  1)(1  1)Q ( 1)  [ a ( 1)  b]  3
k  2 or  2 (rejected)
ab3 ......(3)
6. Answer: A (2) + (3): 2b = 4
Let Q(x) be the quotient when P(x) is divided by 4x – 1. b=2
By substituting b = 2 into (2), we have
∴ P ( x)  ( 4 x  1)Q ( x)  R a+2=1
 (1  4 x)[Q ( x)]  R a = –1
∴ When P(x) is divided by 1 – 4x, the remainder is R. ∴ The remainder when p(x) is divided by x2 – 1 is
–x + 2.
7. Answer: B
∵ Q(x) is divisible by x + 1. HKMO (p. 7.39)
∴ Q(x – 1) is divisible by (x – 1) + 1 = x. Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3.
8. Answer: A f ( 3)  f ( 1)  2
Let f(x) = 2x3 – ax2 + bx + 3. ( 3) 3  k ( 3) 2  3  ( 1) 3  k ( 1) 2  3  2
∵ x + 3 is a factor of 2 x 3  ax 2  bx  3 . 9k  24  k
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, 8k  24
f ( 3)  0 k 3
2( 3) 3  a ( 3) 2  b( 3)  3  0
 54  9a  3b  3  0 Investigation Corner (p. 7.40)
 3a  b  17
1. (a) (i) x 4  1  ( x 2  1)( x 2  1)
9. Answer: D  ( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1)
∵ f(x) is divisible by x + 2 and 2x – 1.
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, x 3  1  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
1
f ( 2)  0 and f    0 x 2  1  ( x  1)( x  1)
2
f ( 2 )  0 (ii) From (a)(i), x + 1 is a common factor of x4 – 1,
x3 + 1 and x2 – 1.
2 ( 2 ) 3  a ( 2 ) 2  b ( 2 )  4  0 (b) (i) f ( x)  F  Ax 4  Bx 3  Cx 2  Dx  E 
2a  b  6  (1)
( A  B  C  D  E)
 A( x 4  1)  B ( x 3  1) 
C ( x 2  1)  D ( x  1)
From (a)(i), x + 1 is a common factor of x4 – 1,
x3 + 1, x2 – 1.
∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x) – F.
27
(ii) From (b)(i), f ( x)  F  ( x  1)Q( x) , where Q(x)

is a polynomial in x.
f (10)  F  (10  1)Q(10)
f (10)  11Q(10)  F
If F is divisible by 11, then F = 11M where M is
an integer.
∴ f (10)  11Q (10)  11M
 11[Q (10)  M ]
∴ f(10) is divisible by 11.
2. For an identity number ‘ABCDE’, since

f(10) = A  104 + B  103 + C  102 + D  10 + E
= the value of the 5-digit number ‘ABCDE’,
by the fact in 1(b)(ii), if A – B + C – D + E is divisible
by 11, then the identity number is divisible by 11.
3. Consider the 5-digit number 31 658.

A = 3, B = 1, C = 6, D = 5 and E = 8.
F =A–B+C–D+E
=3–1+6–5+8
= 11
∵ F is divisible by 11.
∴ 31 658 is divisible by 11.
Consider the 5-digit number 35 618.
A = 3, B = 5, C = 6, D = 1 and E = 8.
F =A–B+C–D+E
=3–5+6–1+8
= 11
Consider the 5-digit number 61 358.
A = 6, B = 1, C = 3, D = 5 and E = 8.
F =A–B+C–D+E
=6–1+3–5+8
= 11
∴ 31 658 or 35 618 or 61 358 are divisible by 11.
(or any other ‘ABCDE’ with (B = 1 and D = 5)
or (B = 5 and D = 1))
28

7 More About Polynomials (I) : Review Exercise 7 (P. 7.5)

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7 More About Polynomials (I) : Review Exercise 7 (P. 7.5)

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7 More about Polynomials (I)

7 More about Polynomials (I) 5. (a) ( x 2  3x  1)( x 2  3x  1)

(b) (6 x 3  3x 2  1)  (2 x 3  x 2  3x  2) 6. (a) (3 x  4) 2  ( 4 x  3) 2

9. h(3)  (3) 2  4(3)  a ∵ f (6)  6 3  2(6) 2  5(6)  6

∵ f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  5( 1)  6

(b) x2  2x  2 Quick Practice 7.2 (p. 7.9)

2x2 6x4  4x2  x  1 Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.9)

Quick Practice 7.17 (p. 7.29) 3. 2x  5

Quick Practice 7.18 (p. 7.30)

Further Practice (p. 7.19) When f(x) is divided by x + 2,

  27 By substituting c = 10 into (1), we have

4. (a) f(3) = 2(3)3 – 8(3)2 + 7(3) – 3 Exercise

Further Practice (p. 7.30) x  1 x 2  3x  5

16. Let p(x) be the required polynomial. ∴ Quotient = 2 x  5

26. (a) By division algorithm, we have 4x2  6x  2

29. (a) By division algorithm, we have

By comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides, (1) – (2):

7. Let f(x) = 27x3 + 18x2 – 6x + 5. 13. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 7x2 + kx – 5.

15. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + 4kx – 7.

16. Let f(x) = x2 + ax – (a + 2).

12. Let f(x) = 2x3 + kx2 + 5x + 4. 18. Let f(x) = x100 – 1.

19. Let f(x) = x1997 – 1. 24. Let f(x) = x3 + (a + 4)x2 – 2x – 1.

22. Let f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3. By substituting a = 4 into (1), we have

27. (a) When g(x) is divided by x – 3,

When g(x) is divided by 2x – 1, By substituting a = 8 into (1), we have

28. Let f(x) = x2 – mx + 3 and g(x) = 2m – x. Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)

8. Let f(x) = x3 – a3.

15. Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 – x – b.  4  4

f (1)  0 (1) – (2) × 2: 55b  220

a  b  1  ( 2) By substituting b = 4 into (1), we have

6. Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30. ∴ 5 x 3  65 x  60  5( x  4)( x  1)( x  3)

∵ f (1)  13  4(1) 2  11(1)  30  36

Revision Exercise 7 (p. 7.35) 6. Let p(x) be the required polynomial.

4. 2x 2  2x  2 9. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 7x + 1.

15. Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 – 5x + 6. 21. Let f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – 2x – 24.

16. Let f(x) = kx3 – 3x2 – 8kx + 6.

23. Let f(x) = x3 + 2ax – b. 27. 2x2  x  4

30. Let f(x) = 8x2 + 2x – 1. (b) By long division,

37. Let f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – ax + b and g(x) = bx3 – 2x2 – x + a.

(1) + (2): 2a  4 40. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + kx + 6.

(b) By the remainder theorem, 46. (a) By the remainder theorem,

(ii) From (b)(i), f ( x)  F  ( x  1)Q( x) , where Q(x)

2. For an identity number ‘ABCDE’, since

3. Consider the 5-digit number 31 658.

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