ES III/ADGE 1 - Final - Module 10/Week 10

Objectives: At the end of this module, you will be able to:

a. explain the gas laws; argue the differences between ideal

and non-ideal gas behavior.
b. calculate problems involving the relationships between volume
and pressure, volume and temperature, temperature and
pressure, or any combination of these factors.
c. discuss and apply colligative properties to determine ways of
expressing solution concentrations.

Topics: The Gaseous State of Matter

 Solving Problems involving Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law
 Charles’ Law
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Combined Gas Law
 Ideal or Perfect Gas Law
 Avogadro’s Law
 Density of Gas

OBSERVABLE PROPERTIES OF GASES

1. Gases exert pressure.
2. Gases expand.
3. Gases are highly compressible.
4. Gases diffuse.
5. Gases have low densities.

FOUR QUANTITIES RELATING TO A GAS SAMPLE:

1. Volume – the amount of space an object occupies, expressed in L, Ml or
cc. The constant value at STP (Standard Temperature Pressure) is 22.4 L.
2. Temperature – the degree of hotness or coldness of the body or a
substance. The basic unit in the metric system is Kelvin.
273 K – constant value at STP
3. Pressure – refers to a force acting on a unit area.

Values and Units of Pressure Equivalent to One Atmosphere (1 atm )

Numerical Equivalent Unit

76 cmHg
760 mmHg
760 Torr
29.9 In.Hg
14.7 Lb/sq.in. or psi
101.325 kPa (kilopascals)

4. Number of moles

THE GAS LAWS

1. BOYLE’S LAW: A PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Robert Boyle, an Irish chemist and physicist, proposed a law
that describes the behavior of gases when their volume or pressure
changes at constant temperature.
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Boyle’s Law states that at constant temperature, the volume
of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to pressure.

General Equation:

V1P1 = V2P2 where: V1 = initial volume

V2 = final volume
P1 = initial pressure
P2 = final pressure

Example:
A certain amount of gas has a volume of 5000 mL at 760 mmHg.
What will its volume be if the pressure is increased to 790 mmHg
at constant temperature?
Given: V1 = 5000 ml Required: V2 in ml
P1 = 760 mmHg
P2 = 790 mmHg

Solution:

V2 = V1P1
P2
V2 = 760 mmHg x 5 000 Ml
790 mmHg
V2 = 4 810 ml

2. CHARLES’ LAW: A VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP

Jacques Charles, a French physicist showed the

mathematical relationship between the volume of a gas and its
temperature at constant pressure. Charles’ Law states that the
volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute (Kelvin)
temperature, provided the amount of gas and its pressure are held
constant.

General Equation:

V1 = V2 where: V1 = initial volume

T1 T2 V2 = final volume
T1 = initial temperature
T2 = final temperature
Example:
The gas in a balloon measures 160 ml at 30 0C. What will be its
final volume if it is heated to 40 0C?

Given: V1 = 160 ml Required: V2 in ml

T1 = 30 0C + 273
= 303 K
T2 = 40 0C + 273
= 313 K

Solution:
V2 = 160 ml x 313 K
303 K
= 165.28 ml

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3. GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW: A PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP

Gay-Lussac’s Law states that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas

is directly proportional to its temperature provided the volume is held
constant. (Joseph Louis Gay Lussac)

General Equation:
P1 = P2 where: P1 = initial pressure P2= final pressure
T1 T2 T1= initial temperature T2= final temp.
Example:
A sample of gas confined in a steel cylinder has a pressure of 1 atm at
27 0C. Calculate the pressure if the temperature is raised to 67 0C?

Given: P1 = 1 atm Required: P2 in atm

T1 = 27 0C + 273
= 300 K
T2 = 67 0C + 273
= 340 K
Solution:
P2 = 1 atm ( 340 K)
300K
= 1.13 atm

4. THE COMBINED GAS LAW: PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE

RELATIONSHIPS

General Equation:
P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
Example:
A sample of gas measures 500 ml at 27 0C and 1 atm pressure.
What will be the volume if the gas is heated to 77 0C and the pressure
increases to 1.3 atm?
Given: V1 = 500 ml Required: V2 in ml
T1 = 27 C + 273
0

= 300 K
P1 = 1 atm
T2 = 77 0C + 273
= 350 K
P2 = 1.3 atm
Solution:
V2 = P1V1T2
T1P2
= 1 atm (500ml) (350K)
300 K (1.3 atm)
= 448.72 ml
5. AVOGADRO’S LAW: A VOLUME(V) – NUMBER OF MOLES (n)

Avogadro’s Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same

temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

General Equation:
V1 = V2 where: V1 = initial volume V2 = final volume
n1 n2 n1= initial no. of mole n2= final no. of mole
Example:
A 0.098 mole of gas has a volume of 1.6 L at a certain temperature
and pressure. Calculate the volume of 0.12 mole of gas under the same
conditions?
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Given:
n1 = 0.098 mole
V1 = 1.6 L
n2 = 0.12 mole
Solution:
V2 = 1.6 L (0.12 mole)
0.098 mole
= 1.96 L

6. THE IDEAL OR PERFECT GAS LAW

General Equation: PV = nRt where: P = pressure

V = volume
n = number of moles
R = universal gas constant
t = temperature
Example:
Calculate the volume of 0.05 mole of methane (CH4) at 27 C and
760 torr.
Given:
n = 0.05 mole
T = 27 0C + 273
= 300 K
P = 760 torr
Since P is expressed in torr, use R = 62.4 L-torr
K-mole
Solution:
PV = nrt
V = nrt
P

760 torr K-mole

V = 1.23 L

The value of the gas constant, R, depends upon the units used. They are
R = 0.082 L-atom or R = 62.4 L-torr
K-mole K – mole

7. DENSITY OF GAS – varies inversely with the absolute temperature and

directly with the pressure.
α 1 and α Þ
T

General Equation:
Þ1T1 = Þ2T2
P1 P2
Where: Þ1 - initial density
T1 - initial temperature
P1 - initial pressure
Þ2 - final density
T2 - final temperature
P2 - final pressure
Example: Calculate the density in g/L if:
a.) A gas has a density of 2.3 g/L @ 50 0C and 760 torr pressure.
Its temperature and pressure are changed to 0 0C and 640
mmHg respectively.
b.) The density of a certain gas at STP IS 1.43 G/L. Its temperature
and pressure are changed to 40 0C and 600 torr, respectively.

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 Given: Required:
Þ1= 2.3 g/L Þ2 = ?
T1 = 50 0C + 273 = 323 0K
P1 = 760 torr
T2 = 0 0C + 273 = 273 0K
P2 = 640 mmHg or 640 torr

Solution A:

Þ2 = Þ1T1P2
T2P1

Þ2 = (2.3 g/L) (323 0K) (640 torr)

(273 0K) (760 torr)

= 2.29 g/ml

Solution B:

Given: Required:
Þ1= 1.43 g/l Þ2 = ?

P1 = 760 torr at STP

T2 = 40 0C + 273 = 313 0K
P2 = 600 torr

Þ2 = Þ1T1P2
T2P1

Þ2 = (1.43 g/l) (273 0K) (600 torr)

(313 0K) (760 torr)

Þ2 = 0.985 g/ml

STUDENT ASSESSMENT TASKS:

Solve the following problems with solution:

1. Boyle’s Law
A certain gas measures 250 ml at a pressure of 72 torr. Calculate
the final pressure if the volume is decreased to 140 ml at constant
temperature?
2. Charle’s Law
A balloon has an initial volume of 1600 ml at 27 0C. Compute the
final volume if the balloon is
a. Heated to 95 0C
b. Cooled to – 17 0C
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
A quantity of gas in a steel cylinder has a pressure of 700 atm at
26 0C. At what temperature in kelvin will the pressure in the
cylinder be equal to 760 mmHg?
4. The Combined Gas Law
A 1500 cc balloon containing a gas at 27 0C and 800 mmHg is
placed in the freezer. The volume shrinks to 1300 cc and the
pressure becomes 770 mmHg. Find the temperature in the freezer(
in degree kelvin)?
5. Avogadro’s Law
A 25 L balloon contains 1.12 moles of gas. How many moles of gas
would be required to expand the balloon to 37 L at constant
temperature and pressure?
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6. Ideal Gas Law
Calculate the volume of 4 g of O2 at Standard Temperature
Pressure?
7. Density of Gas
a.) The density of Oxygen is 1.43 g/L at STP ( 00C, 760 mmHg).
Determine the final density of Oxygen at 17 0C and 700 mmHg.

b.) If the density of a certain gas at 300C and 768 mmHg is 1.253
g/L, find its final density at STP?

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