UNIT - 2

ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

PART - A

(ii) ( 0)
− j2 πft δ f −f
1. What is the inverse Fourier transform of (i) e
[May 2016]
1
X ( jΩ )e jΩt dΩ
2π ∫
(i) x(t)
=

1
x(t) = ∫ e− j2 πΩt0 e jΩt dΩ = ∞
2π
1
2π ∫
(ii) x(t)
= X( jΩ)e jΩt dΩ

1 1 jΩ 0 t 1 jΩ 0 t
δ ( Ω − Ω0 )e jΩt d= (or) F−1  2πδ ( Ω − Ω0=
)
2π ∫
x(t)
= Ω e e
2π 2π

2. Give the Laplace transform =

of x(t) 3e −2t u(t) − 2e − t u(t) with
ROC [May 2016]
3 2 1
X(s)
= − e − at u(t)  =
s + 2 s + 1 ROC: 𝛔 > -1 s + a

3. Find the Fourier coefficients of

x(t) = 1 + sin 2ωt + 2 cos 2ωt + cos [3ωt + π / 3] [May 2015]
Expanding x(t) in terms of complex exponentials,
1 j2 ω0 t 1 1 j 3ω t +π /3]
x(t) =
1+
2j
e ( )
2
( 2
)
− e − j2 ω0 t + 2. e j2 ω0 t + e − j2 ω0 t + e [ 0 ( +e[ 0
j 3ω t +π /3]
)
Collecting terms we get,
 1  1 1  1 
x(t) =1 + 1 +  e j2 ω0 t + 1 −  e − j2 ω0 t +  e j( π /3)  e j3ω0 t +  e − j( π /3)  e − j3ω0 t
 2 j   2 j   2   2 
Thus the Fourier coefficients are
1 1 1 1
c0 = 1⇒= 1 + = 1 − ; c1 = 1 − = 1+ ;
2j 2 2j 2

 Signal System

1 ( π / 4) 2 1 2
c2 = e = (1 − i ) ;c2 = e−( π / 4) = (1 − i )
2 4 2 4

4. Draw the spectrum of a CT rectangular pulse. [ May ’15 ](R13)

The spectrum of a CT rectangular pulse is a sinc function.

5. Given x(t)=δ(t);find X(s) & X(ω). [ May ’15 ] (R13)

= LT [ x(t)
X(s) = ] 1 & X(
= ω) FT [ x(t)
= ] 1

6. State any 2 properties of ROC of LT X(s) of a signal x(t).

[May ’14 ]
1 s
i)LT  x ( t − τ )  e −=
xτ
X(s) ii) LT  x ( at )  X 
a a

7. State the Time-Scaling property of LT. [ May ’13 ]

1 s
LT [ x(at) ] = X  
a a

8. What is the FT of a DC signal of amplitude 1? [ May ’13 ]

1
FT [1]= 2πδ(Ω)  F−1 δ ( Ω )  =
2 π

9. Draw the single sided spectrum for x(t)=7 + 10cos[40πt+ π/2].

[ Nov ’11 ]
Expanding x(t) into complex sinusoid pairs,
10 10
7 + e j( 2 π.20 t + π / 2) + e − j( 2 π.20t + π / 2)
x(t) =
2 2
The freq pairs that define the two-sided line spectrum are { (0,7),
(20,5ejπ/2), (20,5e-jπ/2) }
70 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

10. What are the LTs of δ(t) & u(t)? [ Nov ’11 ]
LT[δ(t)] = 1 & LT[u(t)] = 1/s

11. Give synthesis & analysis equations of CTFT. [ Nov ’12 ]

Analysis equation of CTFT

CTFT [ x(t)=
] X ( jΩ=) ∫ x(t)e
− jΩt
dt

Synthesis equation of CTFT
1
InvCTFT  X ( jΩ ) = x(t)= X ( jΩ )e jΩt dΩ
2π ∫

12. Define the region of convergence of the LT. [ Nov ’12 ]

∞
W.K.T LT  x ( t )  = X ( s ) exits if ∫ x(t)e σt
<∞
−∞
The range of σ for which the LT converges is known as ROC.

13. State Dirichlet’s conditions. [ Nov ’13 ]

The Fourier Transform does not exist for all periodic functions. The
conditions for x(t) to have FT are;
(i) x(t) is absolutely integrable over (-∞,∞) i.e., ∫ x(t) dt < ∞
(ii) x(t) has finite number of maxima and minima in every finite time
interval.

14. Give the equation for Trignometric fourier series. [ Nov ’13 ]
∞
x(t) = a 0 + ∑ a n cos ( nΩ0 t ) + b n sin ( nΩ0 t ) 
n =1
 Signal System
15. State the convergence of Fourier series rep’n of CT periodic sigs.
[ Nov ’14 ](R13)
Most of the results presented for 2π periodic functions extend easily
to functions 2L- periodic functions. So we only discuss the case of 2π
periodic functions.
Definition. The function f(x) defined on [a,b], is said to be piecewise
continuous if and only if, there exits a partition {x1, x2,… xn} of [a,b]
such that
(i) f(x) is continuous on [a,b] except may be for the points xi, (ii) The
right-limit and left-limit of f(x) at the points xi exist.

16. Find the ROC of the LT of x(t) = u(t). [ Nov ’14 ](R13)
∞
1
∫ x(t)e=dt ∫ u(t)e dt ∫=
− st − st − st
= e dt
s
0

: σ Re [s ] > 0
ROC=

17. What is the relation between Fourier Transform & Laplace Trans-
form? [ Nov ’14 ]
∫ x(t)e ∫ x(t)e
− st − jΩt
dt at s = jΩ = dt
X(jΩ) = X(s) at s = jΩ

18. Obtain the Fourier series coefficient for x(n)= sin ω0 n

The Discrete – time Fourier series is given by

x[n] = ∑ae
k =( N )
k
jkω0 n
;

2π
where, ωn =
N

19. State the initial & final value theorems of LTs.

* Initial value theorem : x(0) = Lim sX ( s )
s →∞

* Final value theorem : x ( ∞ ) =Lim sX(s)

s →0

20. Obtain the fourier series coefficients for x(n)=sinωon. [ May ’11 ]
The Discrete-time Fourier series is given by,
2π
= x[n] ∑ a e=
where ω
k
jkω0 π
0
n
k=N
72 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Expanding x(n) = sinω0 n as a sum of 2 complex exponentials, we get
 2π   2π 
1 j N  n 1 − i  N  n
x[n]
= e − e
2j 2j

Comparing with the definition we see that, the Fourier series coef-
ficient are
1 1
a1 = a −1 = −
2j 2j

21. Define Nyquist rate. [ May ’12 ]

The min rate at which a signal can be sampled & still be reconstructed
from its samples is called the Nyquist rate. It is always equal to 2fm,
where fm is the max freq component present in the signal.

22. Determine the Fourier series coefficients for the signal cosπt.
[ May ’12 ]
The complex Exponential Fourier series representation of a peri-
odic signal with fundamental period T0 is given by,
∞
2π
= x(t) ∑ e jk= ω0 t
. where ω0
T0
k = −∞

To evaluate the complex Fourier coefficients of cos πT, we can use

Euler’s formula.
1 jπt 1 jπt 1 − jπt
cos=
πt
2
( e + e − j=
πt
) 2
e + e
2
i.e.,
1 jπ −1
c1
Comparing with the formula, we get= = e &
2 2
1 − jπ −1
=c −1 = e
2 2

23. Determine the LT of the signal δ(t-5) & u(t-5). [ May ’12 ]
Using time – shifting property LT [X(t − τ)] = e − xτ X(s)

i) LT δ ( t − 5 )=
 e −5x  LT δ ( t )=
 X(s)
= 1

1
ii) LT  u ( t − 5 )  = e −5x  LT [ u(t) ] = X(s) =
s
 Signal System
UNIT-II
Fourier series
Continuous time Fourier Transform
Laplace Transform

FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME PERIODIC

SIGNALS:-
Trignometric fourier series representation
Exponential fourier series representation
Cross fourier series representation

TRIGNOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES:

The series of sine and cosine terms is known as trigonometric fourier
series and is written as
∞
x ( t ) = a 0 + ∑ a n cos ( nΩ0 t ) + b n sin ( nΩ0 t ) 
n =1

a0,am, bn → Fourier series coefficients (constants)
a1cosΩt + b1sinΩ0t → First harmonic
a2cos2Ω0t + b2sin2Ω0t → second harmonic
ancosnΩ0t + bn sinnΩ0t → ‘n’ the harmonic
t0 + T
1
a0 =
T ∫ x ( t ) dt
t0
t 0 + T − t 0 = T → fundamental period

t0 + T
2
am
T ∫ x ( t ) cos ( nΩ t )dt
t0
0

t0 + T
2
bn
T ∫ x ( t ) sin ( nΩ t ) dt
t0
0

EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES:

In this form, the function x(t) is expressed as weighted sum of complex
exponential function e jnΩ0 t
 74 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

∞
x (t) = ∑Ce n
jnΩ0 t
2π
n = −∞ Ω0 =
t0 + T 1
1
∫ x (t)e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T t0

Cn→ Fourier coefficient of exponential fourier

COSINE FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION:

∞
) A 0 + ∑ A n cos ( nΩ0 t + θ n )
x ( t=
n =1

where
A0 = a 0
An
= a n 2 + bn 2
b 
θ n =− tan −1  n 
 an 

An → Amplitude coefficients of fourier series
Θn → phase coefficient of fourier series
1. Find the trigonometric fourier series representation of the trian-
gular wave shown below [May 2016]
X(t)

-π/2
-π t
-2π π/2 π 2π

-1

Solution:
T= π –(-π) = 2π Ω0 =1
  t+π π
−2  π  ; −π≤ t ≤ − 
2
  
 2t π π 
=x (t)  ; − ≤t≤ 
π 2 2 
  π−t  π 
2   ; ≤t≤π 
  π  2 
 Signal System
∞
a 0 + ∑ ( a n cos nt + b n sin nt )
x ( t) =
n = −∞

1
π
1 
−π/2
−2 ( t + π ) π/2
2t
π
2(π − t) 
∫
a 0= x ( t ) dt
=  ∫ dt + ∫ dt + ∫ dt 
T −π 2π  − π π −π/2
π π/2
π 
2  t 
−π/2 −π/2 π/2 π π
t t
=  − ∫ dt − ∫ dt + ∫ dt + ∫ dt − ∫ dt 
2π  − π π −π −π/2
π π/2 π/2
π 
1  −t 2 −π/2 −π/2
t 2 π/2 π
t 2 π

=  −t + +t − 
π  2π − π −π 2π − π / 2 π/2 2π π / 2 

1  −π 2 π2 π π2 π2 π π2 π2 
=  + + −π + − +π− − + 
π  2π 2π 2 8π 8π 2 2π 8π 
a0 = 0
t0 + T π
2 2
∫ x ( t ) cos x ( t ) cos nt dt
2π −∫π
=an = nΩ0 t dt
T t0

1
−π/2
−2 ( t + π ) π/2
 2t π
2(π − t)
= 
π ∫ π
cos nt dt + ∫  cos nt dt + ∫ cos nt dt
−π −π/2 π π/2
π

 −π /2 π /2 π 
2
( ) ( ) 
π 2  −π∫ ∫ dt π∫/2 u
= − t + π cos nt dt + t cos nt dt + π − t cos nt dt
u dv −π /2 u dv 
 
2 sin nt 
−π /2 −π /2 π /2 π /2 π π
sin nt sin nt t sin nt sin nt sin nt
= 2 − ( t + π) + ∫ dt + − ∫ + (π − t) +∫ dt 
π  n −π −π
n n −π /2 −π /2 n n π /2 π /2
n 
 nπ nπ nπ 
sin sin sin
2 π 
−π /2 π /2 π
= 2 + 2 + 0 − cos nt +
π 2 − π sin nt + cos nt + 0−
π 2 − cos nt

π  2 n n2 −π 2 n 2 n n2 −π /2 2 n n2 π /2 
 
 nπ nπ nπ 
cos + cos nπ cos − cos
2 π nπ 2 2 2 π n π cos n π + cos n π 
= 2  sin − + − sin − 
π  2n 2 n2 n2 2n 2 n2 
 
 
an = 0
t0 + T
2
=bn
T ∫ x ( t ) sin nΩ t dt
t0
0

π
1
x ( t ) sin nt dt
π −π∫
=
 76 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

1  −2 ( t + π ) 2(π − t) 
−π /2 π /2 π
2t
= ∫ sin nt dt + ∫ sin nt dt + ∫ sin nt dt 
π  −π π −π /2
π π /2
π 
2 
−π /2 π /2 π

= 2  ∫
− ( t + π ) sin nt dt + ∫ t sin nt dt + ∫ ( π − t ) sin nt dt 
π  −π u dv −π /2
u dv π /2 u dv 
2 cos nt 
−π /2 −π /2 π /2 π /2 π π
cos nt cos nt dt t cos nt cos nt cos nt
2 (
= t + π) − ∫ − + ∫−π /2 n dt − ( π − t ) n − ∫ dt 
π  n −π −π
n n −π /2 π /2 π /2
n 

 nπ nπ 
  −π /2 π / 2cos π /2 cos nπ π 
2 π cosnπ / 2 sin nt π cosnπ / 2 sin nt π sin nt
= 22  π cos n−π0 −/ 2 2 −sin nt − π / 2+ π cos2 n+π / 22 π − 0/+2 cos 22 − 2sin nt  π/2
π
cos
=π 22 n n − 0−π − 2 2 n − n n −π+/2 2 n +n π /22  − 0+
π  2 n n −π 2 n n n  −π/2 2
  

 nπ nπ nπ  sin nπ − sin  n π 
sin − sin nπnπ sin + sin n π nπ   nπ  
2   sin 2 − sin n
2 π 2 −  + sin 2    sin nπ − sin 2  
sin
= 2 2 +
= π 2  n 2 2 2 n2 +
2
n2
2 −
 
π  n n2  n2 
   

 nπ 
4sin  nπ 
2   4sin 8 nπ
= bn = 2 2 2  22 2 sin 8 nπ
= b n π 2 = 2 n  2π n  2 2 2 sin
π  n  π n 2
 
 
∞
8 nπ
x ( t ) = ∑ 2∞ 2 sin 8 sin nt nπ
x ( t )n ==−∞ n∑ π 2 2 2 sin sin nt
n = −∞ n π 2

2. Find the trigonometric fourier series for the periodic signal x(t)
shown below. [Nov 2013]
Solution:
T=3-(-1)=4 (or) T=4-0
T=4 =4
Interval t =-1 to -3 interval t = 0 to 4
Integrals:-2 integrals :-3
∴ we choose the interval t=-1 to -3
2π π 1 ; − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1
Ω0= = x ( t=
)  
1 2  −1; 1 < t ≤ 3 
∞
  nπ   nπ  
∴ x ( t) =
a 0 + ∑ a n cos  t  + b n sin  t
n =1 
 2   2  
t +1 3
1 0 1
x ( t ) dt x ( t )dt
T t∫0 4 −∫1
=a0 =
 ∞ 
∞
 nπ   nπ  
∴
∴ Sx
x (
(
ignalt
t )
) =
= a
a S +
+
ystem ∑
∑
∞  a cos  nπ t  + b sin  nπ t  
a nn cos  nπ t  + b nn sin  nπ t  
∴ x ( t) = a0 + ∑
0
0 n =1 
n =1  n
a cos  2 t  + b n sin  22 t  
 2
t 0 +1 n =1 
3 2   2 
1 t 0 +1 1 3
=
= aaa 00 T
11=
= ∫∫ xxx ((( ttt ))) dt
t 0 +1
dt 1 ∫ xx (( tt ))dt
1
∫
3 dt
1 x ( t )dt
= 0 T =
T t 00
t
t∫0
dt 4
4
4 −1∫
−
− 1
 11 3
  11 3

11  x ( t ) dt + x ( t ) dt  =111  1 1.dt − 3 1.dt 
1 3 3
=
= ∫1
x ( t ) dt + ∫3
x ( t ) dt = ∫
=44  −∫∫1 x ( t ) dt + ∫∫1 x ( t ) dt  =44  −∫∫11.dt − ∫∫1 1.dt  1.dt − ∫ 1.dt
4  −−11 1
1  4  −−11 1
1 
1 1 1
1
== 1  tt ||11−1 − t |13 = 1 [ 2 − 22]== 00
3 1
= 44  t |−−11 − − tt ||113 == 44 [[ 22 − − 2]]= 0
4
a0 = 4
∴
∴ aa 00 =
∴ 00
=t 0 +0 T 3
2 tt 00 ++ TT 1 33  nπ 
=a 2
2 ∫ x
T t∫∫0 x ( t ) cos =
(
( t )
) cos (
=
( n Ω t )
0 t ) dtdt 1
1 ∫ x ( tt ) cos
( ) cos  nnππ t  dt
=a x t cos =
( nΩ00 t ) dt 22 −∫∫1 x ( t ) cos  22 tt  dt
n Ω x
n
=a nn T dt
T tt 00 2 −−11  2 
22  11 
1 3
 nnπ π   nπ 
3 1cos  nπ t  ⇒dt 
3
= 2 
 ∫ 1.cos  n π t  dt − ∫  nπ t  ⇒dt 
 −∫11.cos  22 t  dt − −−∫∫111cos  2
=  1.cos 

 t 

 dt − 1cos
T  −−∫11
= T T 2 t  ⇒dt 
2 −1
2  

1 2  nπ 
1
2  nπ  
3

 sin  t − sin  t 
2  nπ  2  −1 nπ  2  1 
1 2  nπ  2  nπ  2 3nπ 2  nπ  
= sin   + sin   − sin + sin   
2  nπ  2  nπ  2  nπ 2 nπ  2 
1 6  nπ  2 3nπ  nπ 3nπ
= sin   − sin w.k.t sin − sin
=
2  nπ  2  nπ 2  2 2
1 6  nπ  2 nπ 
sin   + sin 
2  nπ  2  nπ 2 
4 nπ
an = sin
nπ 2
t0 + T
2
=bn
T ∫ x ( t ) sin ( nΩ t ) dt
t0
0

3
2 nπ
x ( t ) sin
4 −∫1
= t dt
2
1 
1 3
nπ nπ
=
2  −∫1
 1sin
2
t dt + ∫ ( −1) sin 2
t dt 
1 
 nπ nπ 3  1
− cos t cos t 
1 2 2
=  + 
2 nπ nπ 
 2 −1 2 1 
 nπ nπ 3nπ nπ 
− cos + cos cos − cos
1 2 2 2

2 
=  +
2 nπ nπ 
 2 2 
 
 3nπ nπ 
cos − cos
1 2 2  3nπ nπ
=  w.k.t cos cos
2 nπ  2 2
 − cos + cos 3nπ nπ
cos − cos 
1 2 2 2 2 
=  +
2 nπ nπ 
78  2 Unit2Wise Solved
 Question Papers
 
 3nπ nπ 
cos − cos 
1 2 2 3nπ nπ
=  w.k.t cos cos
2 nπ  2 2
 2 
bn = 0

a 0 = 0,
 
0 ; ' n 'even 
 
 4 
=a n = ; n 1,5,9,13 
 n π 
 −4 
 nπ ; n = 3, 7,11,15,...

bn = 0
∞
 nπ 
x ( t ) = ∑ a n cos   t
n =1
 2

3. Find the trigonometric fourier series for the periodic signal x(t)
[Nov 2009]
X(t)
1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 t

T=2
2
Solution:
T=2 Ω0=π
x(t) = {t -1≤t≤1}
t0 + T 1 1
1 1  π2 
x ( t) =
a 0 + ∑ x ( t ) dt ==
2 −∫1
t dt  
t0 2  2  −1
∴a 0 = 0
t0 + T 1
2 2
∫ x ( t ) cos= x ( t ) cos nπt dt
2 −∫1
=an nΩ0 t dt
T t0

∫ u dv= uv − ∫ v du
u=t
1
du = dt
= ∫ t cos nπt dt
 ∴aa 0 =
∴ 00
=
0
t +T 1
22 22 x ( t ) cos nπt dt
t 0 0+ T 1
=
Signal
= ∫ xx((tt))cos
aann TS∫ystem cos=
nnΩΩ00ttdtdt
=
∫ ∫x ( t ) cos nπt dt
T t 0t 0 22−−11

∫∫uudvdv== uvuv−−∫∫vvdudu
uu==tt
1
1 du==dtdt
du
=
= ∫∫ttcos
cosnnππttdtdt
−1
−1 =∫dvdv ∫∫cos
∫= cosnnππ++dtdt
sinnnππtt
sin
vv== nπ
nπ
1
sin nπt 11 1 sin nπt
= ttsin nπt −− ∫sin nπt dtdt
nnππ −−11 −∫−11 nnππ
=

sinnnππ−−((−−11))sin
sin sin((−−nnππ)) cosnnππtt 11
cos
+
+ n22 π22
nnππ n π −−11
sin nπ − sin nπ cos nπ − cosnnππ
= sin nπ − sin nπ ++cos nπ −2 cos
= 2
nnππ nn2 ππ2
==00
∴ bb n =
∴ =00 n

t0 + T 1
2 2
∫ x ( t ) sin nΩ0 t=
2 −∫1
bn
= dt t sin nπt dt
T t0

u=t
1
du = dt
= ∫t
−1
u
sin nπt dt
dv ∫ dv
= ∫ sin nπt dt
cos nπt
v= −
nπ
1
cos nπt 1 cos nπt
−t
=
nπ −1
+ ∫
−1
nπ
dt

1
− cos nπt − cos nπ sin nπ
+ 2 2
nπ n π −1

2 cos nπ sin nπ + sin nπ

=− + sin nπ = 0
nπ n 2π2
2 cos nπ 2
∴b n = − bn = − ( −1) n
nπ nπ
a0 = 0
an = 0
2
bn =
− ( −1) n
nπ
∞
−2
x ( t) = ∑ ( −1) n sin nπt
n = ∞ nπ
 an = 0
2
80 b n =
− ( −1) n Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
nπ
∞
−2
x ( t) = ∑ ( −1) n sin nπt
n= ∞ nπ

4. Obtain Fourier series representation of periodic train of impuls-

es. [Nov 2008]
1

-2T -T 0 T 2T
T
∞
x ( t)
= ∑ s ( t − nT )
n = −∞

( or )
0 ;− T / 2< 0 
 
=x ( t ) =
s ( t) ;t 0 
0 ;0 < t ≤ T / 2 
 
t +T T/2
1 o 1
Cn = ∫ x ( t )e − jnΩ0 t dt ∫ x ( t ) e − jnΩ0 t dt
T t0 T −T / 2
1
= s ( t ) e − jnΩ0 t 
T t →o

1
Cn =
T
∞
1 − jnΩ0 t
∴ x (t) =∑
n = −∞ T
e

∞
1 − jn 2Tπ t
x (t) = ∑ e
n = −∞ T
 Signal System
CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM:
For a signal x(t), flower transform is
∞

X ( jΩ ) =∫ x ( t ) e − jΩt dt
−∞

Inverse fourier transform is

∞
1
x (=
t) ∫ X ( jΩ) e dΩ
jΩt

2π −∞

5. Find fourier transform of x(t) = e-atu(t), a>0 also find magnitude

spectrum and phase spectrum. [May 2016]
Solution:
=x ( t ) e − at u ( t ) , a > 0
∞

x ( jΩ ) =∫ x ( t ) e − jΩt dt
−∞
∞ ∞

= e − at u ( t ) e − jΩt dt
∫= ∫e
− at
u ( t ) e − jΩt dt
−∞ −∞
∞ − t ( a + jΩ ) ∞
− t ( a + jΩ ) e
= ∫=
e dt
0
− ( a + jΩ ) 0

1
X ( jΩ ) =
a + jΩ

Magnitude spectrum,
If a= X + jY
a − jΩ
X ( jΩ=
) a
= X2 + Y2
( a + jΩ)( a − jΩ)
 1
a = tan −1  
 x
a − jΩ
=
a 2 + Ω2
a Ω
= 2 −j 2
a + Ω2 a + Ω2
2
 a   Ω 
x ( jΩ )
=  2  + 
a + Ω2   a 2 + Ω2 
82 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

a2 Ω2
= +
(a ) (a )
2 2 2
+ Ω2 2
+ Ω2

a 2 + Ω2 1
=
(
a 2 + Ω2 ) a 2 + Ω2

1
x ( jΩ ) =
a + Ω2
2

1 1 + j0
x (=
jΩ ) =
a + jΩ a + jΩ

 0  Ω
x ( jΩ ) tan −1   − tan −1  
=
 1 a
 Ω
= tan −1 ( 0) − tan −1  
a
 Ω
= 0 − tan −1  
a
 Ω
x ( jΩ ) =− tan −1  
a

Magnitude spectrum :-

1 |x(jΩ)|
a

1
2a

-∞ -a 0 a ∞

1
Ω 0; x (=
= jΩ )
a
1
Ω a ; x (=
= jΩ )
2a
1
Ω = − a ; x ( jΩ ) =
2a
1
Ω = ±∞, x ( jΩ ) = = c
±∞
Ω a ; x (=
= jΩ )
2a
1
−a ; S
ΩS=ignal ( jΩ ) =
x ystem
2a
1
Ω = ±∞, x ( jΩ ) = = c
±∞

Phase spectrum:
X( jΩ)
π/4
π/2

π/4

-a 0 a

-π/4

-π/2

Ω = a ; x ( jΩ ) = − tan −1 (1) = − π / 4
Ω = −a ; x ( jΩ ) = − tan −1 (−1) = tan −1 (1) = π / 4
=Ω 0; x (=
jΩ ) tan −=
1
(0) 0
1 , t < T1 
 
x ( t) =  

 0 , t > T 
1

6. Obtain Fourier transform of x(t) (or) Obtain Fourier transform

of rectangular pulse. [Nov 2009]
Solution:
X(t)

-T1 0 T1
∞ T1 T1
e − jΩt
x ( jΩ )
= ∫ x ( t )=
e − jΩt dt ∫=
1e − jΩt dt
−∞ − T1
− jΩ − T1

− jΩT1 jΩT1 jΩT1 − jΩT1

e −e e −e
= =
− jΩ jΩ
2sin ΩT1
x ( jΩ )
= , Ω≠0
Ω
84 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
For Ω=0 ; x(jΩ) =0/0 (Indeterminate)
Applying L’ Hospital’s rule,
d
d Ω
( 2sin ΩT1 ) 2 cos ΩT1 × T1
x ( jΩ ) =
d 1
( Ω) Ω → 0 Ω→ 0

dΩ
= 2T1 cos ΩT1 |Ω→ 0

|x(jΩ)|

x ( jΩ
= ) 2T1 ,=
Ω 0

 2sin ΩT1 
 , Ω ≠ 0
x ( jΩ ) = Ω 
2T , Ω =0 
πθ
sin πθ  θ  sin π
( θ)
sin c= ∴ sin c =  πθ
πθ π
π
 θ  sin θ
∴ sin c   =
π θ
 ΩT1 
2T sin c , Ω ≠ 0
∴ x ( jΩ ) = 1 π 
 2T , Ω =0 
 1

7. Obtain fourier transform of signum (t) [May 2007]

Solution:
1, t > 0
 
= sgn(t) =0, t 0
 −1, t < 0 

 Signal System

-∞ 0 ∞

-1

x ( jΩ ) =∫ x ( t )e − jΩt dt
−∞

 0 ∞
−e − jΩt 0
e − jΩt
∞

∫ ( −1) e dt + ∫ (1) e dt =
− jΩt − jΩt
 F.T{sig(t)} = + = 1 − ∞ = ∞
 −∞ 0
− jΩ −∞ − jΩ 0 

We find that F.T {sgn(t)} =a

i.e integration is no absolutely integrate
Hence, we modify sgn (t).
∴ sgn(t) = e-a|t|sgn(t) a→0
sgn(t)= e − at sgn ( t ) u ( t ) + eat sgn ( t ) u ( − t )
∴F.T{sgn
= ( t )} F.T{e− at sgn ( t ) u ( t )} + F.T{eat sgn ( t ) u ( t )}
∞ ∞

=  ∫ e − at sgn ( t ) u ( t ) e − jΩt dt + ∫ eat sgn ( t ) u ( − t ) e − jΩt 
 −∞ −∞ 
 ∞ − at 0

=  ∫ e (1) e − jΩt dt + ∫ eat ( −1) e − jΩt dt 
0 −∞  a →0
∞ 0

=  ∫ e − t ( a + jΩ) dt − ∫ e t ( a − jΩ) dt 
0 −∞  a →0
 e − t ( a + jΩ ) ∞
e t ( a − jΩ ) 0

 − 
 − ( a + jΩ ) 0 ( a − jΩ )  a →0
−∞ 

1 1 a − jΩ − a − jΩ
= − =
a + jΩ a − jΩ a 2 + Ω2 a→0
−2 jΩ −2 jΩ −2 j
= = =
a 2 + Ω2 a → 0 Ω2 Ω
2
=
jΩ
2
 a + jΩ a − jΩ a 2 + Ω2 a→0
−2 jΩ −2 jΩ −2 j
=86 a 2 + Ω 2 a= = Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
→0 Ω2 Ω
2
=
jΩ
2
∴F.T{sgn(t)} =
jΩ

8. Obtain fourier transform of u(t)

Solution:
u(t) = 0 → ∞
u ( t − 1) = 1 → ∞
u(t) = 0.5+0.5 sgn(t)

0.5 0.5
1
= +

-∞ 0 ∞ -∞ 0 ∞ -∞ 0 ∞

-0.5
F.T{u
= ( t )} F.T{0.5} + F.T{0.5sgn (t)}
w.k.t, F.T{a} = 2πaδ ( Ω )
∴F.T{0.5} = 2π × 0.5δ ( Ω )
= πδ ( Ω )
2
F.T{sgn(t} =
jΩ
1
F.T{0.5sgn(t)} =
jΩ
1
∴F.T{u ( t )} = πδ ( Ω ) +
jΩ

9. Find the fourier transform of

= x ( t ) e −2( t −1) u ( t − 1)

Solution:
∞

x ( jΩ )
= ∫e
−2 ( t −1)
u ( t − 1) e − jΩt dt
−∞
∞

= ∫ e −2( t −1) e − jΩt dt

1
 Signal System
∞ ∞

∫=
2 −2t − jΩt
e e e dt e 2 ∫ e − t ( 2 + jΩ) dt
1 1
∞
− t ( 2 + jΩ )
2
 e   − ( 2 + jΩ ) 
2 e
e=   e  
 − ( 2 + jΩ ) 1  2 + jΩ 
2  e .e 
−2 − jΩ
e − jΩ
e=  
 2 + jΩ  2 + jΩ
e − jΩ
∴F.T e −2( t −1) u ( t − 1)  =
2 + jΩ

10. Find the fourier transform of e-2|t-1|. Also plot magnitude and phase
spectrum. [May 2008]
Solution:
u ( t − 1) + e −2( − (t −1) u ( − ( t − 1) )
−2 ( t −1)
e −2|t −1| e
=
u ( t − 1) + e u ( − t + 1)
−2 ( t −1) −2 ( − t +1)
= e
u ( t − 1)} + F.T{e u ( − t + 1)
−2|t −1| −2 ( t −1) −2 ( t +1)
F.T{e
= } F.T{e
∞ ∞
u ( t − 1) e − jΩt dt + u ( − t + 1) e − jΩt dt
−2 ( t −1) −2 ( − t +1)
= ∫e ∫e
−∞ −∞

∞ 1
−2 ( t −1) − jΩt −2 ( − t +1) − jΩt
∫e
1
e dt +
−∞
∫e e dt

u(t-1) u(t+1) u(-t+1)

1 ∞ -1 0 ∞ -∞ 0 1
∞ ∞

∫ e e e dt + ∫ e e e
2 −2t − jΩt −2 2t − jΩt
=
1 1
∞ 1
2 − t ( 2 + jΩ ) −2 t ( 2 − jΩ )
= ∫e e
1
dt + ∫e
−∞
e dt

∞ 1
 e − t ( 2 + jΩ )  −2 e
2
 t ( 2 − jΩ ) 
= e   +e  
 − ( 2 + jΩ ) 1  2 − jΩ  −∞
 e −1( 2 + jΩ)  −2  e( 2 − jΩ) 
= e2   +e  
 2 + jΩ   2 − jΩ 
−2 − jΩ 2 − jΩ
 1 −∞
∞ 1
− t ( 2 + jΩ )
 e2
  t ( 2 − jΩ ) 
−2 e
88 e   + e   Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
 − ( 2 + jΩ ) 1  2 − jΩ  −∞
 e −1( 2 + jΩ)  −2  e( 2 − jΩ) 
e2  +e  
 2 + jΩ   2 − jΩ 
 e −2 e − jΩ  −2  e 2 e − jΩ 
e2   +e  
 2 + jΩ   2 − jΩ 
e − jΩ e − jΩ
= +
2 + jΩ 2 − j Ω
e − jΩ ( 2 − j Ω ) + e − jΩ ( 2 + j Ω )
=
4 + Ω2
2e − jΩ − jΩe − jΩ + 2e − jΩ + jΩe − jΩ
=
4 + Ω2
4e − jΩ
=
4 + Ω2
4e − jΩ
F.T{e −2|t −1| } =
4 + Ω2
Magnitude spectrum
4e − jΩ 4 ( cos Ω − jsin Ω )
x (=
jΩ ) = 2
4+Ω 4 + Ω2
4
= [cos Ω − jsin Ω]
4 + Ω2
4 
x ( jΩ )
= cos 2 Ω + sin 2 Ω 
4 + Ω2  
4
x ( jΩ ) =
4 + Ω2
=Ω 0, x (=
jΩ ) 1
Ω = ±1, x ( jΩ ) = 0.8
Ω = ±4, x ( jΩ ) = 0.2
Ω = ±∞, x ( jΩ ) = 0

Phase spectrum

1
0.8

0.2
-∞ -4 0 4 ∞

Ω
 Signal System

 4 
− sin Ω
 4 + Ω2  −1  0 
x ( jΩ ) tan  −1
 − tan  4 + Ω 2 
4
 cos Ω 
 4 + Ω2 
= tan ( − tan Ω ) − tan −1 ( 0)
−1

X( jΩ)
π/4

-90 -1 0 1 90

x ( j=
Ω ) tan −1 ( − tan Ω )

Ω 0; x (=
= jΩ ) tan −1 ( − tan
= 0) 0
Ω = 1; x ( jΩ ) = tan −1 ( − tan1) = − 1
Ω = −1 ; x ( jΩ ) = tan −1 ( − tan ( −1) ) = 1
Ω = 50; x ( jΩ ) = −50 Ω = −50; x ( jΩ ) = + 50
Ω = 90; x ( jΩ ) = − ∞; Ω = −90; x ( jΩ ) = ∞

11. Find the F.T of x(t) = δ(t+1) + δ(t-1)

Solution:
x ( jΩ )= F.T{δ(t + 1) + δ(t − 1)}
∞

∫ ( δ ( t + 1) + δ ( t − 1) ) e
− jΩt
= dt
−∞

=δ ( t + 1) + δ ( t − 1)  e − jΩt |t = −1,1

=δ ( 0 ) e jΩ + δ ( 0 ) e − jΩ
= ( e jΩ + e − jΩ ) δ ( 0 ) δ [ 0] = 1
jΩ − jΩ
= e +e
 −∞

=δ ( t + 1) + δ ( t − 1)  e − jΩt |t = −1,1

90 =δ ( 0 ) e jΩ + δ ( 0 ) e − jΩ Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

= ( e jΩ + e − jΩ ) δ ( 0 ) δ [ 0] = 1
jΩ − jΩ
= e +e
x ( jΩ=
) 2 cos Ω

0 , t < −1/ 2 
 
12. Consider the signal x ( t ) =  t + 1/ 2, − 1/ 2 ≤ t ≤ 1/ 2
1 , t > 1/ 2 
 
(a) obtain x(jΩ)
(b) what is F.T of g(t) = x(t)-1/2?
Ans:
∞ −1/ 2 1/ 2 ∞
 1  − jΩt
x ( jΩ )
= ∫ x (=
t ) e − jΩt dt ∫ 0.e − jΩt dt + ∫  t +  e dt + ∫ 1.e dt
− jΩt

−∞ −∞ −1/ 2
2 1/ 2
1/ 2 ∞
 1  − jΩt
∫  t +  e dt dt + ∫ e dt
− jΩt
=
−1/ 2
2 1/ 2
u
1/ 2 1/ 2 ∞
 1  e − jΩt e − jΩt e − jΩt
 t + 
=
2 − jΩ −1/ 2
− ∫
−1/ 2
− jΩ
dt +
− jΩ 1/ 2

Ω Ω
j− 1/ 2 j−
+e e − jΩt
2
e 2
= + +
− ( jΩ )
2
− jΩ −1/ 2 jΩ
Ω Ω
−j j
e 2
−e 2
=
Ω2
 jΩ −j 
Ω
−e 2 − e 2 
 
= 2
Ω
Ω
−2 jsin
x ( jΩ ) = 2
Ω2

g(t) = x(t)-1/2 ?
 Signal System

1
G ( jΩ )= x ( jΩ ) − FT  
2
w.k.T,
F.T{a} = 2πa δ ( Ω )
1 1
∴ F.T   = 2π × δ ( Ω )
2
  2
1
F.T   = πδ ( Ω )
2
Ω
−2 jsin
∴
=G ( jΩ ) 2 − πδ ( Ω )
Ω2

x ( t ) e −αt cos Ω0 t u ( t )
13. Find fourier transform of=

[Nov/Dec 2016] [Nov 2012]

Solution:
∞ ∞
x ( jΩ )
= ∫ x ( t )=
e − jΩt dt ∫e
−αt
cos Ω0 t u ( t ) c − jΩt dt
−∞ −∞

∫e
−αt
= cos Ω0 t e − jΩt dt
0
∞
 e − jΩ0 t + e − jΩ0 t  − jΩt
= ∫ e −αt   e dt
 2 
0

1  − t ( α + jΩ0 − jΩ) − t α + jΩ0 + jΩ ) dt 

∞ ∞

dt + ∫ e (
2  ∫0
=  e 
0 
1 e (
− t α + jΩ0 − jΩ )
e (
− t α + jΩ0 + jΩ )
∞ ∞

 + 
2  − ( α + jΩ0 − jΩ ) 0 − ( α + jΩ0 + jΩ ) 0 
1 1 1 
=  + 
2  α + jΩ0 − jΩ α + jΩ0 + jΩ 

1  α + jΩ0 + jΩ + α + jΩ0 − jΩ 
=  
2  [ α + jΩ0 − jΩ ][ α + jΩ0 + jΩ ] 

1 2α + jΩ0 
=  
2  [ α + jΩ0 − jΩ ][ α + jΩ0 + jΩ ] 
α + jΩ0
x ( jΩ ) = 2
α + 2αjΩ + Ω0 2 − Ω 2

 92 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
14. Find the fourier transform of x(t) = e-3|t|sin2t [Nov 2013]
Solution:
x ( t=
) e −3t sin 2t u ( t ) + e3t sin 2t u ( − t )
=x ( jΩ ) L.T{e −3t sin 2t u ( t )} + L.T{e3t sin 2t u ( − t )}
∞ 0

∫ e sin 2t e dt + ∫e
−3t − jΩt 3t
= sin 2t e − jΩt dt
0 −∞

 ∞ −3t  e j2t − e − j2t  − jΩt 0

3t  e
j2t
− e − j2t  − jΩt 
∫ e  e dt + ∫  2 j  e dt 
e
0  2j  −∞ 
 ∞ e − t ( +3− 2 j+ jΩ) − e − t ( +3+ 2 j+ jΩ) 0
e t ( 3 + 2 j − jΩ ) − e t ( 3 − 2 j − jΩ ) 
= ∫ dt + ∫ dt 
0 2j −∞
2j 

11  ee − t ((3+ j( Ω− z))) ∞∞
− t 3 + j( Ω− z ) − t ( 3 + j( Ω+ 2) ) t ( 3 + j( 2 −Ω) ) t ( 3 − j( Ω+ 2) )
0 0 
ee (
− t 3 + j( Ω+ 2) )
ee (
t 3 + j( 2 −Ω) )
ee (
0 t 3 − j( Ω+ 2) ) 0
= 
= 2j  − 3 + j Ω − 2 − +
− − 3 + j Ω + 2 + 3 + 2j ( 2 − Ω ) − 3 − j ( Ω + 2) − 
2j  − (( 3 + j (( Ω − 2)) )) 00 − (( 3 + j (( Ω + 2)) )) 3 + 2j ( 2 − Ω ) −∞ −∞ 3 − j ( Ω + 2) −∞ 
−∞ 

11  11 11 11 11 
=
= 2j  3 + j ( Ω − 2) −− 3 + j ( Ω + 2) ++ 3 + j ( 2 − Ω ) −− 3 − j ( Ω + 2) 
2j  3 + j ( Ω − 2) 3 + j ( Ω + 2) 3 + j ( 2 − Ω ) 3 − j ( Ω + 2) 
11  11 11 11 11 
=
= 2j  3 + j ( Ω − 2) −− 3 + j ( Ω + 2) ++ 3 − j ( Ω − 2) −− 3 − j ( Ω + 2) 
2j  3 + j ( Ω − 2) 3 + j ( Ω + 2) 3 − j ( Ω − 2) 3 − j ( Ω + 2) 
11  11 11 11 11 
=
= 2j  3 + j ( Ω − 2) −− 3 − j ( Ω − 2) −− 3 + j ( Ω + 2) −− 3 − j ( Ω + 2) 
2j  3 + j ( Ω − 2) 3 − j ( Ω − 2) 3 + j ( Ω + 2) 3 − j ( Ω + 2) 
11  33 −− jjΩ
Ω ++ 2j 2j ++ 33 ++ jjΩΩ −− 2j 2j − 33 −− jjΩ Ω −− 2j 2j −− 33 ++ jjΩ Ω 


 − 
99 ++ (( Ω
Ω −− 22)) 99 ++ (( ΩΩ ++ 22))
2 2
2j
2j  2 2



1  6 6 
=  − 2
2 j  9 + ( Ω − 2) 9 + ( Ω + 2) 
2

3 1 1 
x ( jΩ )
=  − 2
j  9 + ( Ω − 2) 9 + ( Ω + 2) 
2

 Signal System

1 + cos πt , t ≤ 1
 
15. Find fourier transform of x ( t ) =  
0
 , t > 1

Solution:
∞ 1

x ( jΩ=
) ∫ x ( t ) e − jΩt dt= ∫ (1 + cos πt ) e
− jΩt
dt
−∞ −1
1 1 1 1
(e jπt
+ e − jπt )e
∫ e dt + ∫ cos πt e dt= ∫ e dt + ∫
− jΩt − jΩt − jΩt − jΩt
= dt
−1 −1 −1 −1
2
1 1
e − jΩt 1 1 1
= + ∫ e − jt ( π −Ω) dt + ∫ e − jt ( π + Ω) dt
− jΩ −1 2 −1 2 −1
1 1
e − jΩ − e jΩ 1  e jt ( π −Ω)  1  e − jt ( π+Ω) 
= +   +  
− jΩ 2  j ( π − Ω )  −1 2  − j ( π + Ω )  −1

e jΩ − e − jΩ 1  e j( π −Ω) − e − j( π −Ω)  1  e − j( π+Ω) − e j( π+Ω ) 

=+  +  
jΩ 2 j( π − Ω)  2  − j( π + Ω) 
2 jsin Ω 1  2 jsin ( π − Ω )  1  2 jsin ( π + Ω ) 
=+  +  
jΩ 2  j( π − Ω)  2  j( π + Ω) 
2sin Ω sin ( π − Ω ) sin ( π + Ω )
= + +
Ω π−Ω π+Ω
2sin Ω ( π + Ω ) sin ( π − Ω ) + ( π − Ω ) sin ( π + Ω )
= +
Ω π 2 − Ω2
2sin Ω π sin ( π − Ω ) + Ω sin ( π − Ω ) + π sin ( π + Ω ) − Ω sin ( π + Ω )
= +
Ω π 2 − Ω2
2sin Ω 2π sin ( π − Ω )
x (=
jΩ ) +
Ω π 2 − Ω2

Problems based on properties of fourier transform

16. Find F.T of x1(t) = x(1-t) + x(-1-t) [May 2015]

Solution:
( jΩ) F.T{x (1 − t )} + F.T{x ( −1 − t )}
x1=

Time shifting properly of F.T
94 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

If x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
then x ( t − t 0 ) →
F.T
e − jt 0 Ω x ( jΩ )

Time scaling property of F.T :-

If x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
then x ( − t ) →
F.T
x ( − jΩ )

∴x ( t ) 
Time
→ x ( t + 1) 
Time
→ x ( − t + 1)
F.T{x(t)} shifting scaling

F.T{x ( t=
)} x ( jΩ)
) x ( t − ( −1))=} e jΩ × ( jΩ) → By time shifting property
F.T{x ( t + 1=
F.T{x ( − t + 1=
)} e− jΩ × ( − jΩ) → By time reversal property
F.T{x (1 − t=
)} e− jΩ × ( − jΩ)

F.T{x(-1-t)}
x ( t ) 
Time
Shifting
→ x ( t − 1) 
Time
reversal
→ x ( − t − 1)
F.T{x ( t=
)} x ( jΩ)
F.T{x ( t − 1=
)} e − jΩ × ( jΩ) → Time shifting property
F.T{x(-t-1)}= e jΩ × ( − jΩ ) → Time reversal property
∴x1 ( jΩ=
) e − jΩ × ( − j Ω ) + e jΩ × ( − j Ω )
= x ( − jΩ ) e jΩ + e − jΩ 

x1 ( jΩ ) = 2 × ( − jΩ ) cos Ω

d
17. Find F.T of ( t)
x= {u ( −2 − t ) + u ( t − 2)}
dt

Solution:
Differention in time property
If x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
d
then {x ( t )} →F.T
jΩ × ( jΩ )
dt
d 
x ( jΩ ) F.T  {u ( −2 − t ) + u ( t − 2)}
=
 dt 
d  d 
= F.T  {u( −2 − t)} + F.T  {u ( t − 2)}
 dt   dt 
 Signal System
Applying differentiation in time property,
x ( jΩ ) = jΩ F.T{u ( −2 − t )} + jΩ F.T{u ( t − 2)} → ( A)

F.T { u ( t )} ∴u ( t ) 
Time
Shifting
→ u ( t − 2) 
Time
reversal
→ u ( − t − 2)
1
F.T { u ( t=
)} + πδ ( Ω )
jΩ
F.T { =
u ( t − 2)} e −2 jΩ F.T{u ( t )} → Time shifting property
 1 
= e −2 jΩ  + πδ ( Ω ) 
 jΩ 
 1 
F.T { u=
( − t − 2)} e2 jΩ  + πδ ( −Ω )  → Time reversal
 − j Ω 
From (A),
 −1   1 
∴ x ( jΩ ) = jΩe 2 jΩ  + πδ ( −Ω )  + jΩe −2 jΩ  + πδ ( Ω ) 
 j Ω   j Ω 
2 jΩ
= −e +e −2 jΩ
+ πjΩ e δ ( −Ω ) + e δ ( Ω ) 
 2 jΩ −2 jΩ


x ( jΩ ) = −2 jsin 2Ω + πjΩ e 2 jΩ δ ( −Ω ) + e −2 jΩ δ ( Ω ) 

18. Find F.T of x1(t) = x(3t-6) [May 2007]

Solution:
x1(jΩ) = F.T {x(3t-6)}
x ( t ) → x ( t − 6) 
Time
Shifting
Time
scaling
→ x ( 3t − 6)
F.T { x ( t =
)} x ( jΩ)
F.T { x ( t − 6=
)} e −6 jΩ × ( jΩ) → Time shifting
1
F.T { x ( 3t=
− 6)} F.T { x ( t − 6)} → Time scaling property
3
If x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
1
x ( at ) →
F.T
× ( jΩ )
a
1 −6 jΩ
F.T { x ( 3t − 6=
)} e × ( jΩ )
3
96 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

d2
x ( t)
19. Find F.T of= x ( t − 1)
dt 2
Solution:
 dz  d  d 
x ( jΩ ) F.T  2=
= x ( t − 1) F.T   x ( t − 1) 
 dt  
 dt dt  
d 
= jΩ F.T  x ( t − 1) → Differentiation in time property
 dt 
j xjΩ F.T { x ( t − 1)}
=Ω
= − Ω 2 F.T { x ( t − 1)}
= − Ω 2 e − jΩ F.T { x ( t )} → Time shifting property
x ( jΩ ) = − Ω 2 e − jΩ × ( jΩ )

INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM:-

∞
1
x (=
t) ∫ x ( jΩ) e dΩ
jΩt

2π −∞
20. Find the inverse fourier transform of [Nov 2013]
1,
 Ω < w

x ( jΩ ) = 
0,
 Ω > w


Solution:
X(jΩ)

-w 0 w Ω
∞
1
x ( t=
) ∫ x ( jΩ)e dΩ
− jΩt

2π −∞
w w
1 1  e jΩt 
∫
jΩt
= 1.e= dΩ  
2π − w 2π  jt  −w

1 e jwt
−e − jwt

=  
2π  jt 
1  2 jsin wt 
=
2π  jt 
 Signal System

sin π
sin c ( θ ) =
sin wt πθ
x ( t) =
πt  θ  sin θ
sin c   =
 π θ
( or )
w sin wt
x ( t=
) ×
w πt
w sin wt
= ×
π wt
w  wt 
x ( t) = sin c  
π  π

X(t)
w/π

-π/w π/w
0

21. Determine I.F.T of x(jΩ) = 2πδ(Ω) + πδ(Ω-4π) + πδ(Ω+4π)

Solution:
∞
1
x (=
t) ∫ x ( jΩ) e dΩ
jΩt

2π −∞
∞
1
( t)
x= ∫  2πδ ( Ω ) + πδ ( Ω − 4π ) + πδ ( Ω + 4π )  e jΩt dΩ

2π −∞
1
=  2πδ ( Ω ) + πδ ( Ω − 4π ) + πδ ( Ω + 4π )  e jΩt
2π 
= 0, 4π, −4π
Ω
 
1 
x ( t)
= 2πδ ( 0) e0 + πδ ( 4π − 4π ) e j4 πt + π δ ( −4π + 4π ) e − j4 πt 
2π  ↑ ↑ ↑

 Ω= 0 Ω= 4 π Ω= −4 π 
1
=  2πδ [ 0] + πδ ( 0) e j4 πt + πδ ( 0) e − j4 πt 
2π 
1
=  2π + πe j4 πt + πe − j4 πt 
2π 
e j4 πt + e − j4 πt
= 1+
2
x ( t) =
1 + cos 4πt
 98 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

2, 0 ≤ Ω ≤ 2 
22. Determine I.F.T of x ( jΩ ) =  −2, − 2 ≤ Ω < 0
0, Ω > 2 


Solution:
X(jΩ)

-2 0 2 Ω

-2

∞
1
x (=
t) ∫ x ( jΩ) e dΩ
jΩt

2π −∞
1  
0 2

 ∫ −2e dΩ + ∫ 2e dΩ 
jΩt jΩt
=
2π  −2 0 
1  e jΩt 0
e jΩt 2

=  −2 +2 
2π  jt −2 jt 
0

1  −2 2 
= 1 − e −2 jt  + e 2 jt − 1 
2π  jt  jt 
1  2 2 −2 jt 2 2 jt 2 
= − + e + e − 
2π  jt jt jt jt 

1  −4 2 2 jt 
=  + e + e −2 jt  
2π  jt jt 
1  −4 4 cos 2t 
= +
2π  jt jt 
2
=x ( t)
πjt
[ cos 2t − 1]
 Signal System

j x ( jΩ )
23. Determine I.F.T of x ( jΩ=
) x ( jΩ ) e where

x ( jΩ
= ) 2 { u ( Ω + 3) − u ( Ω − 3)}
3
x ( jΩ ) = − Ω + π
2

Determine the values of t for which x(t)=0

Solution:
j x ( jΩ )
x ( jΩ=
) x ( jΩ ) e
3 

= 2 ( u ( Ω + 3) − u ( Ω − 3) ) e
+ j Ω+ π
2 

 −3   −3 
+ j Ω+ π + j Ω+ π
= 2u ( Ω + 3) e  2 
− 2u ( Ω − 3) e  2 

3
−j Ω
= 2e 2
e jπ  u ( Ω + 3) − u ( Ω − 3) 
3
−j Ω
= 2e 2
( −1)  u ( Ω + 3) − u ( Ω − 3) 
3
−j Ω
x ( jΩ ) = − 2e 2
 u ( Ω + 3) − u ( Ω − 3) 

I.F.T,
∞
1
x (=
t) ∫ x ( jΩ) e dΩ
jΩt

2π −∞
∞ 3
1 −j Ω
x ( t) = − 2 × ∫  u ( Ω + 3) − u ( Ω − 3) 
 e 2
e jΩt dΩ
2π −∞
3
 − jΩ  3 − t  
1  e 2  
3 3   
1 − jΩ  2 − t
=− ∫ e dΩ = −  
π −3 π 3 
 − j  2 − t  
−3

u(Ω) u(Ω -3) u(Ω +3)

u(Ω +3) – u(Ω – 3)
1

1 1

5 Ω 3 -3 Ω -3 0 3 Ω
 100 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

 − j3 3 − t 3 
j3 − t 

1 e 2  − e 2  
 

=−  
π 3  
 j  − t 
2 
3 
2 jsin 3  − t 
1 2 
=−
π 3 
j  − t
2 
3 
sin 3  − t 
2 2 
x ( t) = −
π 3 
 − t 
2

Extra problems:-
24. Consider the signal x(t)=te-|t| Find x(jΩ) [Nov 2015]
Solution:
x ( t=
) t e− t u ( t ) + t et u ( − t )

{ } {
x ( jΩ ) F.T t e − t u ( t ) + F.T t e t u ( − t )
= }
By using differentiation in frequency property,
x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
d d
then t x ( t ) →
F.T
j.
F.T{x(t)}
= j x ( jΩ )
dΩ dΩ
d d
∴ x ( jΩ ) j
=
dΩ
{
F.T e − t u ( t ) + j
dΩ
}
F.T e t u ( − t ) { }
1
{
w.k.T, F.T e − at u ( t ) =
a + jΩ
}
1
{
F.T eat u ( − t ) =
a − jΩ
}
 Signal System

d 1  d  1 
x ( jΩ ) j
= +j
dt 1 + jΩ  dΩ 1 − jΩ 
d  1 1  d  1 − jΩ + 1 + jΩ 
= j  + =  j  
dΩ 1 + jΩ 1 − jΩ  dΩ  1 + Ω2 
d  2 
=j
dΩ 1 + Ω 2 
2Ω × 2 −4 jΩ
=− j × =
2 2
( ) ( )
2
1+ Ω 1 + Ω2

−4 jΩ
x ( jΩ ) =
( )
2
1 + Ω2

( or )
∞ ∞

x ( jΩ )
= ∫ x ( t=
) e − jΩt dt ∫  te u ( t ) + te u ( − t ) e
−t t − jΩt
dt 
−∞ −∞

0 ∞

= ∫
−∞
te t e − jΩt dt + ∫ t e − t e − jΩt dt
0
0 ∞

= ∫
−∞
t e t e − jΩt dt + ∫ t e − t e − jΩt dt
u dv
0
u dv

t e t (1− jΩ) e t (1− jΩ) t e − t (1+ jΩ) t e t (1+ jΩ)

0 0 ∞ ∞

=
1 − jΩ −∞
− ∫ 1 − jΩ − (1 + jΩ)
−∞
dt +
0
−∫
0
− (1 + jΩ )
dt

0 t (1− jΩ ) ∞ − t (1+ jΩ )
e e
−∫
= dt − ∫ dt
1 − jΩ − (1 + jΩ )
−∞ 0

−e t (1− jΩ) e − t (1+ jΩ)

0 ∞
+
(1 − jΩ) 2 −∞ − (1 + jΩ )
2
0

− (1 + jΩ ) + (1 − jΩ )
2 2
−1 1
= + =
(1 − jΩ) 2 (1 + jΩ) 2 (1 − jΩ) 2 (1 + jΩ) 2
−1 + Ω 2 + 2 jΩ + 1 − Ω 2 − 2 jΩ
=
((1 − jΩ)(1 + jΩ))
2

−4 jΩ
=
(1 + Ω ) 2 2

−4 jΩ
∴ x ( jΩ ) =
( )
2
1 + Ω2
 102 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
25. Find Fourier transform of x(t)=t e-at u(t) [May 2016]
Solution:
X(jΩ) = F.T {t e-at u(t)} → (1)
By using differentiation in frequency,
x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
d d
t x ( t ) →
F.T
j F.T{x
= ( t )} j x ( jΩ)
dt dΩ
From (1)
d
∴x ( jΩ ) =j
dΩ
{
F.T e − at u ( t ) }
d  1 
=j
dΩ  a + jΩ 
j 1
j−
= =2
( a + jΩ ) ( a + jΩ )
2

1
{ }
F.T t e − at u ( t ) =
( a + jΩ ) 2

similarly,
t 2 − at 1
e u ( t ) →
F.T

2! ( a + jΩ ) 3
t n −1 − at 1
e u ( t ) →
F.T

( n − 1) ! ( a + jΩ ) n

26. Find fourier transform of x(t) = cosΩ0t

Solution:
e jΩ0 t + e − jΩ0 t
x ( t )= cos Ω0 t=
2
1
x ( jΩ )
=  F.T e jΩ0 t  + F.T e − jΩ0 t  
   
2
1
x ( jΩ )
=
2
( )
 F.T e jΩ0 t .1 + F.T e − jΩ0 t .1 
 ( )
By using shifting in frequency property,
e jΩ0 t x ( t ) →
F.T
(
x j ( Ω − Ω0 ) )
 Signal System
From (1),
1
x ( jΩ )
= F.T [1]Ω= Ω−Ω + F.T [1]Ω= Ω+ Ω  → ( 2)
2 0 0 

w.k.T, F.T{a} = 2πaδ ( Ω )

F.T{1}= 2πδ ( Ω )
F.T{1}Ω= Ω−Ω0 = 2πδ ( Ω − Ω0 )
F.T{1}Ω= Ω+Ω0 = 2πδ ( Ω + Ω0 )

From (2),
1
x ( j=
Ω)  2πδ ( Ω − Ω0 ) + 2πδ ( Ω + Ω0 ) 
2
= π δ ( Ω − Ω0 ) + δ ( Ω + Ω0 ) 

27. Find Fourier transform of x(t)=sinΩ0t

Solution:
e jΩ0 t − e − jΩ0 t
x ( t ) = sin Ω0 t=
zj
1
x ( jΩ )
= { } {
 F.T e jΩ0 t − F.T e − jΩ0 t 
2j   }
1
( ) (
 F.T e jΩ0 t .1 − F.T e − jΩ0 t .1 
2j   )
As in the previous problems,
1 
=x ( jΩ ) F.T [1]Ω= Ω−Ω − F.T [1]Ω= Ω+ Ω 
2j  0 0 

1
x(=
jΩ )  2πδ ( Ω − Ω0 ) − 2πδ ( Ω + Ω0 ) 
2j 
π
x ( jΩ=
) δ ( Ω − Ω0 ) − δ ( Ω + Ω0 ) 
j
104 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

 
d  e zjΩ 
28. Determine inverse fourier transform of x ( jΩ ) =j 
sΩ Ω
1+ j 
 3

Solution:
 
d  e zjΩ 
x ( jΩ ) =j 
sΩ Ω
1+ j 
 3

By using differentiation in frequency property
 
 e z jΩ 
x ( jΩ ) =t.In Fourier Transform  
1 + j Ω 
 3
By using time scaling property
 
1  e 2 jΩ 
x ( jΩ ) =t.3. .I.F.T  
3 1 + j Ω 
 3
 e 2 jΩ

= t.3 I.F.T  
1 + jΩ  t = 3t
By using Time shifting property,
 1 
= t.3 I.F.T  
1 + jΩ =t 3t + 2

{
= t.3 e − t u ( t ) } =t 3t + 2

= 3t e − ( 3t + 2)
u ( 3t + 2)

x ( jΩ ) 3t e − (3t + 2) u ( 3t + 2)
=

 Signal System
29. Evaluate x(jΩ) using property

x(t)
1.5

1 2 3 4 t

Solution:
Let x1(t) =
1

-1/2 1/2 t

Let x2(t) =
1

-3/2 3/2 t

3 1.5
x1 ( t − 2.5) = 1.5
2
+ 1

0 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
t
X2(t-2.5) = 1

0 1 4

3
∴x ( t )= x1 ( t − 2.5) + x 2 ( t − 2.5)
2
3 
x ( jΩ ) F.T  x1 ( t − 2.5) + x 2 ( t − 2.5)
=
2 
3 
= F.T  x1 ( t − 2.5) + F.T { x 2 ( t − 2.5)}
 2 
3
= F.T { x1 ( t − 2.5)} + F.T { x 2 ( t − 2.5)}
2
By using Time shifting property,
If x ( t ) →
F.T
x ( jΩ )
then x ( t − t 0 ) →
F.T
e − jΩt 0 x ( jΩ )
3 − j2.5Ω0
∴ x ( jΩ )
= e x1 ( jΩ ) + e − j2.5Ω0 x 2 ( jΩ )
2
3 
x ( jΩ ) e − j2.5Ω0  x1 ( jΩ ) + x 2 ( jΩ ) 
=
2 
 106 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

1, t < T1 
 
x1(t) and x2(t) are square pulses of the x ( t ) = 0, t > T 

 1
from
 1 Ω
1, t <  2sin
 2 2
=x1 ( t )  =  x 1 ( jΩ )
T1 =1/ 2 0, t >  1 Ω
 2 
 3 3Ω
2sin
1, t <  2
=x2 ( t)  = 2  x 2 ( jΩ )
T1 = 3/ 2 0, t > 0  Ω
 
(From previous results)
 Ω 3Ω 
 3 2 sin 2 2sin 2 
∴x ( Ω ) =e − j2.5 Ω0
 × + 
2 Ω Ω 
 
 Ω 3Ω 
− j2.5 Ω0
 3sin 2 2sin 2 
= e  + 
 Ω Ω 
 
 Ω 3Ω 
 3sin 2 + 2sin 2 
x ( jΩ ) =e − j2.5Ω0  
 Ω 
 

LAPLACE TRANSFORM:
Laplace transform is transformation of a signal in time domain to a
signal in complex frequency domain (s-plane)
S = σ +jΩ
s-plane
jΩ

Laplace transform of a signal x(t) is

 Signal System
∞

x ( σ + j=
Ω) x =
( s) ∫ x ( t) e
− st
dt
−∞ ROC(Region of convergence)
‘σ’ is the real part of s
‘Ω’ is the imaginary part of s

30. Find the laplace transform of x(t) = e-atu(t). [Nov 2011]

Solution:
∞ ∞

=x ( s) x ( t ) e − st dt
∫= ∫e
− at
u ( t ) e − st dt
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞

= ∫=
e e dt ∫ e
− at − st − t (s + a )
dt → (1)
0 0

e − t (s + a ) ∞ 1
= =
− (s + a ) 0 s+a

To find ROC, eqn(1) should converge eqn (1) converges only when s+a>0
jΩ
…∞
-a 0 σ

Re{s} > −a
1
∴ x ( s) =
s+a
Note: u(t) is a Right sided signal
S=-a is the pole
∴ROC is Re{s} > −a
1
{
L.T e − at u ( t ) = } s+a
Re{s}> − a

31. Find Laplace transform of x(t)=-e-atu(-t)

Solution:
U(-t) is a left sided signal
108 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
∞ ∞

x ( s) =
∫ x ( t ) e dt =
− st
∫ −e u ( − t ) e dt
− at − st

−∞ −∞
0 0

∫ −e e dt =
= − at − st
− ∫ e t ( − s − a ) dt
−∞ −∞

et(−s −a) 0 1
= =
( −s − a) −∞ s + a
s = − a is pole

x(t) is left sided signal because of u(-t)

∴ROC is Re{s} < −a
1
{
∴ L.T −e − at u ( − t ) =
s+a
} Re{s}< − a

jΩ

-∞… -a ∞ σ

32. Find Laplace transform of x(t) = 3e-2tu(t)-2e-tu(t) [May 2007]

Solution:
= {
x ( s ) 3L.T e −2t u ( t ) − 2 L.T e − t u ( t ) } { }
1
{
w.k.T, L.T e − at u ( t ) = }
s + a Re{s}> − a
1
L.T e −2t  u ( t ) = Re{s}> −2
s+2
1
L.T e − t u ( t )  =
s + 1 Re{s} > −1
3 2
∴=x ( s) −
s + 2 Re{s} > −2 s + 1Re{s} > −1
3 ( s + 1) − 2 ( s + 2) 3s + 3 − 2s − 4
= =
( s + 1)( s + 2) s 2 + 3s + 2
s −1 s = −1
x ( s) = 2
s + 3s + 2 s = −2 are the two poles

3e-2tu(t) and 2e-tu(t) are both right sided signals.

 Signal System
Note:- If a signal is the sum of two or more right sided signals, then the
ROC is to the right of the rightmost pole
jΩ

…∞
-2 -1 0 σ

∴ROC Re { Re} > −1

s −1
∴ x ( s) =2
s + 3s + 2 Re{s} > −1

33. Find the L.T of x(t) =e-2tu(t)+e-tcos3t u(t)

Solution:
= { }
x ( s ) L.T e −2t u ( t ) + L.T e − t cos 3t u ( t ) { }
1
{
L.T e −2t u ( t ) = } s + 2 Re{s} > −2
∞

{
L.T e − t cos 3t u ( t ) = } ∫e −t
cos 3t u ( t ) e − st dt
−∞
∞ ∞
−t  e + e − j3t  − st
j3t
=
0
∫= ∫0  2 e dt
e − t cos 3t e − st dt
e

1  − t (1− 3 j+ s) 
∞ ∞

= ∫ e dt + ∫ e − t (1+ 3 j+ s) dt 
2 0 
0

1  − t (s +1+ 3 j) 
∞ ∞

∫ e dt + ∫ e − t (s +1− 3 j) dt 
2 0 0 
1  e − t (s +1+ 3 j)
∞
e − t ( s + 1 − 3j) ∞

 + 
2  − ( s + 1 + 3j) 0 − ( s + 1 − 3j) 0 

1 1 1 
+
2  s + 1 + 3j s + 1 − 3j 
1  s + 1 − 3j + s + 1 + 3j 
=  
2  ( s + 1)2 + 9 
1  2s + 2  s +1
=  
2  ( s + 1) + 9  ( s + 1) 2 + 9
2
110 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Poles are s1 = -1-3j Re{s1} =-1
1-s2 = -1 +3j Re{s2} = -1
e cos3t u (t) is a right sided signal
-t

∴ ROC is Re{s} >-1

s +1
{
L.T e − t cos 3t u ( t ) = } Re {s} > −1
( s + 1) 2 + 9
s+a
{
L.T e − at cos bt u ( t ) = }
( s + a )2 + b2 Re {s} > − a

1 s +1
x ( s)
∴= +
s + 2 Re{s} > −2 ( s + 1) 2 + b 2
Re {s} > −1
In general ,
=
( s + 1) + 9 + ( s + 1)( s + 2)
2

( s + 2) ( s + 1) 2 + 9
s 2 + 1 + 2s + 9 + s 2 + 2s + s + 2
=
( s + 2) ( s + 1) 2 + 9

2s 2 + 5s + 12
x ( s) =

( s + 2) ( s 2 + 2s + 10)
Poles are s1=-2 Re{s1}=-2
s2 == -1-3j Re{s2}=-1
s3 = -1+3j Re{s3}=-1
e-2tu(t) and e-t cos 3t u(t) are both right sided signals. ROC is to the right
of the right most pole.
2s 2 + 5s + 12
∴x ( s ) =
(
( s + 2) s 2 + 2s + 10 ) Re {s} > −1

jΩ
S3 = -1 +3j …∞
S1
σ
-2
S2 = -1 -3j
 Signal System
34. Find L.T of δ(t)
Solution:
X(t) = δ(t)
∞

x ( s) =
∫ δ ( t ) e dt =
− st
δ ( t ) e − st
−∞
t=0
= δ ( 0) e0
x ( s ) = 1 ROC entire s − plane

∴L.T { δ ( t )} =
1ROC entire s − plane

35. Find L.T of u(t)

Solution:
x(t) = u(t)
∞ ∞ ∞
e − st
x ( s)
= ∫ u ( t )=
e dt ∫=
− st
e dt − st

−∞ 0
−s 0

1
=
s
s = 0 is pole

u(t)is a right sided signal

1
∴ L.T { u ( t )} =
s Re{s}> 0

4 1
36. Find L.T of x ( t ) =
δ ( t ) − e − t u ( t ) + e 2t u ( t )
3 3
Solution:
4 
x ( s ) = L.T { δ ( t )} − L.T  e − t u ( t ) + L.T e 2t u ( t )
3 
{ } → (1)

w.k.t , L.T δ ( t )  = 1 ROC entire s − plane

1
L.T e − t u ( t )  =
s + 1 Re{s} > −1
∞ ∞

L.T e 2t u ( t ) 
= e u ( t ) e dt ∫ e
∫=
2t − st 2t − st
e dt
−∞ 0

e − t ( s − 2) ∞
∞ ∞
1
= e − t (s − 2) dt
∫= =
0
− ( s − 2) 0 s − 2
112 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Pole s=2
e2t u(t) is a right sided signal
ROC is to right of rightmost pole
1
∴ L.T e 2t u ( t )  =
s − 2 ROC Re{s}> 2
1
In general , L.T eat u ( t )  =
s − a Re{s} > a
1
L.T  − eat u ( − t )  =
s − a Re {s} < a

From (1),
4 1
( s ) 1entire s − plane −
∴ x= +
3 ( s + 1) Re{s}>−1 3 ( s − 2 ) Re{s} > 2
3 ( s + 1)( s − 2 ) − 4 ( s − 2 ) + s + 1
=
3 ( s + 1)( s − 2 )
3 ( s − s − 2 ) − 4s + 8 + s + 1
2

=
3 ( s + 1)( s − 2 )
2
3s − 6s + 3
=
3 ( s + 1)( s − 2 )

s 2 − 2s + 1
x ( s) =
( s + 1)( s − 2)
=
( s − 1) 2
( s + 1)( s − 2)
Poles s=-1 , s=2
e-tu(t) & 1/3 e2tu(t) are both right sided signal.
∴ ROC is to the right of rightmost pole

∴x ( s ) =
( s − 1) 2

( s + 1)( s − 2) Re {s} > 2

jΩ

-1 0 1 2 σ
 Signal System
Zeros s=1(second order pole)

37. Find L.T of x(t) =e2tu(-t) + e3tu(-t) . Determine x(s) & pole-zero
plot. [May 2010]
Solution:
x ( s ) L.T {e 2t u ( − t )} + L.T {e3t u ( − t )}
=
1
w.k.t, L.T {−eat u ( − t )} =
s + a Re{s}<− a
1
∴ L.T {e 2t u ( − t )} =
−
s − 2 Re{s}< 2
1
L.T {e3t u ( − t )} =
−
s − 3 Re{s}<3
1 1
∴ x ( s) =
− −
s − 2 Re{s} < 2 s − 3 Re{s} < 3
s − 3 − ( s − 2 ) −s 2 + 3 + s 2 + 2
=
− =
( s − 2)( s − 3) ( s − 2)( s − 3)
−2s + 5
=
( s − 2)( s − 3)
Poles are s=2 , s=3 → First order poles e2tu(-t) and e3tu(-t) are left sided
signal
∴ ROC is to the left of the leftmost pole.
Zeros:
-2s+5=0
S=5/2 → First order zero
−2s + 5
∴x ( s ) =
( s − 2)( s − 3) Re{s} < 2
jΩ S-plane

-∞
0 2 2.5 3 σ
 114 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

e − at , 0<t<T 
38. x ( t ) =   Find L.T of x(t)
0 , otherwise

Solution:
∞ T

=x ( s) ∫=
e − at e − st dt ∫e
− at − st
e dt
−∞ 0

e − t (s + a )
T T
= e − t (s + a ) dt
∫=
0
− (s + a ) 0
− T (s + a ) − T (s + a )
e −1 1− e
= =
− (s + a ) s+a
1 − e − T (s + a )
x ( s) =
s+a
0
When s=-a, x ( s) = (Indeterminate)
0
∴ Applying L Hospital’s rule,
d  − T (s + a )

ds 1 − e 
x ( s) =
d
ds
[s + a ]
lt s →− a

−e − T (s + a ) × −T
=
1 lim s →− a

= Te − T (s + a ) lim s →− a
x ( s) = T
x ( s ) = TROC∴entire s − plane

Note:-If x(t) is of finite duration and is absolutely integrable, then ROC

is the entire s-plane.

39. Find L.T of x(t)=e-b|t| [Nov 2015], [Nov 2013], [Nov 2012]
Solution:
x ( t=
) e− bt u ( t ) + ebt u ( − t )
{ }
s ) L.T e − bt u ( t ) + L.T e bt u ( − t )
x (= { } → (1)
1
{
w.k.t, L.T e − bt u ( t ) = } s + a Re{s} > − a
1
{
L.T − eat u ( − t ) = }
s − a Re{s} < − a
 xx (=
ss ) L.T
(=
− bt
{{ L.T ee bt uu (( −
) L.T ee − bt uu (( tt )) ++ L.T
bt
}} − tt )) {{ }} → ((11))
→
11
w.k.t,
Signal
w.k.t, L.T
L.TSystem {{
ee −− btbt uu ( tt ) = }}
( ) = s + a Re{s} > − a
s+a Re {s} > − a
11
L.T
L.T − {{
− ee uu (( −
− tt ))
at
at }} =
=
ss −
− aa Re{s} < − a
Re {s} < − a
11
∴L.T
∴ L.T − {{
− ee uu (( tt ))
− bt
− bt }} =
=
ss +
+ bb Re{s} − b
Re {s} − b
11
L.T {{
L.T ee uu (( tt ))
bt
bt }} == −
− s − b Re{s} < b
s−b Re {s} < b

From(1),
1 1
( s)
∴ x= −
s+b Re{s} >− b
s − b Re{s} < b
s −b− s −b
=
( s + b)( s − b)
−2b
x ( s) =
s − b2
2

Note: If a signal is a sum of right sided & left sided signals, then the ROC
will be between the extreme poles.
e-bt u(t) and ebtu(-t) are right sided and left sided signals.
∴ ROC will lie between the poles –b & b

jΩ

-b b σ

ROC:- b<Re{s}<b
−2b
∴x ( s ) =
s − b 2 − b < Re{s} < b
2

−2b
{ }
L.T e − b t =
s 2 − b 2 − b < Re{s} < b
 116 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

e t sin 2t ; t ≤ 0
40. Find L.T of x ( t ) =   and indicate location of poles
0 ; t > 0

& zeroes, ROC [Nov 2013]

Solution:
∞ ∞

=x ( s) x ( t ) e − st dt
∫= ∫e
t
sin 2t e − st dt
−∞ −∞
0

∫ee
t − st
= sin 2t dt
−∞
0
 e j2t − e − j2t 
∫ee
t − st
=  2j  dt
−∞

1  t (1+ 2 j− s) 
0 0

∫ e dt − ∫ e t (1− 2 j− s) dt 
2 j  −∞ −∞ 

1  e t (1+ 2 j− s) 0
e t (1− 2 j− s) 0

=  − 
2 j 1 + 2 j − s −∞ 1− 2j − s 
−∞ 

1  1 1 
= −
2 j 1 + 2 j − s 1 − 2 j − s 


1  1 1 
= − + 
2 j  ( s − 1) − 2 j ( s − 1) + 2 j 

1  − ( s − 1) + 2 j + s − 1 − 2 j 
=   
2 j  ( s − 1) 2 − ( 2 j) 2 
1  −4 j 
=  2
2 j  s + 1 − 2s + 4 
−2 −2
=x ( s) =

s 2 − 2s + 5 ( s − 1 − 2 j)( s − 1 + 2 j)
jΩ
1+2j
-∞
0 σ
1-2j
 Signal System
Poles are
S1 = 1+2j Re{s1} =1
S2 = 1-2j Re{s2} = 1
t≤0
signal is left sided ∴ Re{s} <1
no zeros.
−2
∴x ( s ) =2
s − 2s + 5 Re{s} <1

41. Find L.T of x(t) = cos bt u(t)

Solution:
∞

x ( s) = ∫ cos bt u ( t ) e
− st
dt
−∞
∞ ∞
(e jbt
+ e − jbt )e
∫=
cos bt e − st dt ∫
− st
= dt
0 0
2

1  − t (s − jb) 
∞ ∞
− t ( s + jb )

2  ∫0 ∫e
=  e dt + dt 
0 
− t ( s − jb )
1 e ∞
e − t (s + jb) ∞

=  + 
2  − ( s − jb ) 0 − ( s + jb ) 0 
1 1 1 
= +
2  s − jb s + jb 
1  s + jb + s − jb 
=
2  s2 + b2 
s
= 2
s + b2
Poles are s1 = +jb
S2= -jb
Re{s1} = 0
Re{s2} = 0
Cos bt u(t) is a right sided signal
∴ Re{s}>0
118 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

jΩ
+jΩ

0 σ

-jΩ

s
∴L.T { cos bt u ( t )} =
s + b 2 Re{s}> 0
2

42. Find L.T of sinbt u(t)

Solution:
∞

∫ sin bt u ( t ) e
− st
dt
−∞
∞
 e jbt − e − jbt  − st
=∫  e dt
0
2j
 1 ∞ − t (s − jb) 
 ∫ e
2j 0
( )
− e − t (s + jb) dt 


1  e − t (s − jb) ∞
e − t (s + jb) ∞

=  − 
2 j  − ( s − jb ) 0 − ( s + jb ) 0 

1  1 1 
= −
2 j  s − jb s + jb 

1  s + jb − s + jb 
=
2 j  s 2 + b 2 
1  2 jb  b
= =  s 2 + b 2  s 2 + b 2
2 j

Poles are
S1=+jb
S2=-jb
Re{s1,s2} = 0
Sinbtu(t) is a right sided signal
 Signal System

b
∴x ( s ) =
s 2 + b 2 Re{s} > 0

jΩ
+jΩ

0 σ

-jΩ

b
L.T { sin bt u ( t )} =
s 2 + b 2 Re{s} > 0

43. Find L.T of x(t) = te-at u(t) [May 2015]

Solution:
∞ ∞

=x ( s) x ( t )e − st dt
∫= ∫ te e u ( t ) dt
− at − st

−∞ −∞
∞ ∞

= ∫=
te − at e − st dt ∫t e − t (s + a ) dt
u dv
0 0

e − t (s + a ) e − t (s + a )
∞ ∞

= t −∫ dt
− (s + a ) 0 0
− (s + a )
− t (s + a ) ∞
e 1
=
− =

( ) 0 ( a )2
s + a
2
s +

te-atu(t) is a right signal

s=-a is a second order pole
ROC is Re{s}>-a
1
{
∴ L.T te − at u ( t ) = }
( s + a ) 2 Re{s} > − a
 t n −1 at  1
lllly L.T  e u ( t ) =
 ( n − 1) !  ( s + a ) Re{s} > − a
n
120 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
44. Find L.T of x(t) = u(t-2) [May 2011]
Solution:
∞ ∞

x ( s) =∫ u ( t − 2) e dt =
− st
∫ e dt
− st

−∞ 2

e − st
e ∞ −2s
pole s = 0
= =
−s 2 s ∴Re { s} = 0
e −2s
L.T  u ( t − 2)  =
s Re{s} > 0

Inverse Laplace Transform:-

1
45. x ( s ) = Find x(t).
( s + 1)( s + 2) Re{s} > −1
Solution:
1
x ( s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2)
A B
= +
s +1 s + 2
A ( s + 2) + B ( s + 1) 1
=
( s + 1)( s + 2) ( s + 1)( s + 2)
A ( s + 2) + B ( s + 1) =
1

S = -2 ; B = -1
S = -1 ; A = 1
1 1
( s)
∴ x= −
s + 1Re{s} > −1 s + 2Re{s} > −2

Taking Inverse L.T,

 1 
x (t) =
e − t u ( t ) − e −2t u ( t ) I.L.T   e − at u ( t )
=
 s + a  Re{s} >− a
 Signal System

1
46. x ( s ) = ( s + 1)( s + 2) Find x(t)
Re {s} < −2

Solution:
1 A B
(s )
x= = +
( s + 1)( s + 2 ) s + 1 s + 2
1 1
=x(s) −
s + 1 Re{s}<−1 s + 2 Re{s}<−2
I.L.T,
 1 
x (t) =− e− t u ( − t ) + e−2t u ( − t ) I.L.T   =− e − at u ( − t )
 s + a  Re{s}<− a

1
∴ x ( s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2) −2 < Re {s} < −1

A B
( s)
x= +
s +1 s + 2
1 1
= −
s + 1 Re{s} < −1 s + 2 Re{s} > −2
 1 
I.L.T , I.L.T   − e − at u ( − t )
=
 s + a  Re{s} < − a
 1 
x ( t) =− e − t u ( − t ) − e −2t u ( t ) I.L.T   =e − at u ( t )
 s + a  Re{s} > a

s
47. Find Inverse L.T of x ( s ) = 2 for all possible ROC’s
s + 5s + 6
[Nov 2012]
Solution:
s
x ( s) = 2
s + 5s + 6
s
=
( s + 3)( s + 2)
poles s = -2
s = -3
The Possible ROC’s:-
’’ Re{s}>-2 → Both are right sided
122 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
’’ Re{s}<-3 → Both are left sided
’’ -3<Re{s}<-2 → One is left sided & other right sided.
A B
( s)
x= +
s+3 s+2
A ( s + 2) + B ( s + 3) s
=
( s + 3)( s + 2) ( s + 3)( s + 2)
A ( s + 2) + B(s + 3) =
s

s = -2 ; B = -2
s = -3 ; A = 3
(i) ROC : − Re {s} > −2 → Right sided
3 2
=x (s ) −
s + 3 Re{s} >−3 s + 2 Re{s} >−2
I.L.T,
x ( t ) =−3e −3t u ( − t ) − 2e −2t u ( − t )
(ii) ROC : − Re {s} < −3 → Left sided
3 2
=x (s ) −
s + 3 Re{s}<−3 s + 2 Re{s}<−2
I.L.T,
x ( t )= 3e −3t u ( t ) + 2e −2t u ( − t )

3s 2 + 8s + 6
48. Find I.L.T of x ( s ) = for all possible ROC’S.
( s + 2) ( s 2 + 2s + 1)

Solution:
3s 2 + 8s + 6
x ( s) =
( s + 2) ( s 2 + 2s + 1)
3s 2 + 8s + 6
=
( s + 2)( s + 1) 2
A B C
= + +
s + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2

A(S+1)2+B(S+1)(S+2)+C(S+2)=3S2+8S+6
S = -2 ; A = 2 Coefficient of s2 ; A+B = 3
 Signal System
S = -1 ; C = 1 B=1
2 1 1
x ( s) = + +
s + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2

Poles s = -2
S = -1
The Possible ROC’s:-
’’ Re{s}>-1 →Right sided
’’ Re{s}<-2 →Left sided
’’ -1<Re{s}<-2 → Both left & right sided.
(i) Re {s} > −1 → Right sided
2 1 1
x ( s) = − +
s + 2 Re{s} >−2 s + 1Re{s} >−1 ( s + 1) 2
Re {s} >−1

Taking I.L.T,
x ( t )= 2e −2t u ( t ) + e − t u ( t ) + te − t u ( t )
(ii) Re {s} < −2 → Left sided
2 1 1
x ( s) = − +
s + 2 Re{s} <−2 s + 1Re{s} <−1 ( s + 1) 2
Re {s} <−1

Taking I.L.T,
 1 
x ( t ) =− 2e −2t u ( − t ) − e − t u ( − t ) − te − t u ( − t ) I.L.T   − e − at u ( − t )
=
 s + a  Re{s} <− a
(iii) − 2 < Re {s} < −1 → Both sided
2 1 1
x (s ) = − +
s + 2 Re{s} >−2 s + 1Re{s}<−1 ( s + 1)2
Re{s} <−1

Taking I.L.T,
x ( t ) 2e −2t u ( t ) − e − t u ( − t ) − te − t u ( − t )
=
124 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

2 ( s + 2)
49. Find the inverse L.T of x ( s ) =
s 2 + 7s + 12 Re{s} > −3

Solution:
2 ( s + 2)
x ( s) = 2
s + 7s + 12
2 ( s + 2)
=
( 4)( s + 3)
s +
A B
= +
s+4 s+3
A ( s + 3) + B ( s + 4) = 2 ( s + 2)

S = -3 ; B = -2
S = -4 ; A = 4
4 2
x ( s)
∴= −
s+4 Re {s} > −4
s+3 Re {s} > −3

Taking Inverse L.T,

x ( t ) 4e −4t u ( t ) − 2e −3t u ( t )
=

50. X(t) = e-5tu(t-1)

a) Evaluate x(s) and its ROC
b) Determine the values of the finite numbers A and t0 such that
the L.T G(s) of g(t) = Ae-5t u(-t-t0) has the same algebraic form as
x(s). What is the ROC corresponding to G(s)?
Solution:
(a) x(t) = e-5t u(t-1)
Apply L.T,
∞

x ( s) = ∫ x ( t) e
−5t
dt
−∞
∞

x ( s)
= ∫e
−5t
u ( t − 1) e − st dt
−∞
∞ ∞
− t ( s + 5) t
= ∫=
1
e −5t e − st dt ∫e 1
dt

e − t ( s + 5) ∞
=
− ( s + 5) 1
 x ( s)
= ∫e u ( t − 1) e dt
−∞
∞ ∞
− t ( s + 5) t
= ∫=
e −S5tystem
Signal e − st dt
1
∫e
1
dt

e − t ( s + 5) ∞
=
− ( s + 5) 1

e − (s + 5) s= -5 is pole x(t) is right sided signal Re{s}>-5

x ( s) =
s+5

e − ( s + 5)
∴ x ( s) =
s + 5 Re{s} > −5

(b) g(t) = Ae-5t u(-t-t0)

L.T{g(t)} has same form as L.T{x(t)}
X(s) = G(s)
g(t) = Ae-5t u(-t-t0)
e − ( s + 5)
∞

x (=
s ) G (=
s) = ∫ Ae
−5t
u ( − t − t 0 ) e − st dt
s+5 −∞
− ( s + 5) − t0
e
= ∫ Ae −5t e − st dt
s + 5 −∞
e − ( s + 5) 0 −t

= ∫ Ae + t ( − s − 5) dt
s + 5 −∞
A e t ( − s − 5)
− t0

=
( − s − 5) −∞
− ( s + 5) − t 0 ( − s − 5)
e Ae
=
s+5 ( − s − 5)
μ (t)
μ (t – t0)
μ (-t – t0)

- ∞ …..
0 ∞ 0 t0 ∞ - t0 0

e − ( s + 5) Ae t 0 (s + 5) → (1)

From eqn (1), we can observe that

A = -1 ; t0 = -1
ROC of G(s) is Re{s} <-5 since u(-t-t0) is a left sided signal.
126 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
MORE PROBLEMS ON FOURIER SERIES:-
51. Find the exponential fourier series representation of half wave rec-
tified sine wave [Nov 2013] [Nov 2012] [May 2011]
v

0 π 2π 3π
T0 = 2π

Solution:
 v sin Ω0 t 0 ≤ t ≤ π 
x ( t) =  
0 π ≤ t ≤ 2π 
2π 2π
Ω=
0 =
T0 2π
t0 + T
1
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
∴ Ω0 1 =
= Cn dt
T t0

2π
1
∫ v sin Ω t e
− jnΩ0 t
=Cn 0 dt
2π 0
2π
v
∫ sin t e
− jnt
= dt
2π 0

v  
π 2π

2π  ∫0 ∫ 0.e
− jnt − jnt
 sin te dt + dt 
π 
v  e −e  − jnt 
π jt − jt

2π  ∫0  2 j  e dt 
= 

v   e jt (1− n ) − e − jt (1+ n )  
π

2π  ∫0   dt 
= 
2j  
π
v  e jt (1− n ) e − jt (1+ n ) 
=  + 
2π  j (1 − n ) j (1 + n )  0

−v π
= (1 + n ) e jt (1− n ) + (1 − n ) e − jt (1+ n ) 
(
4π 1 − n  2
)  0

−v π
= (1 + n ) e jt e − jnt + (1 − n ) e − jt e − jnt 
(
4π 1 − n  2
) 0

−v
= (1 + n ) e jπ e − jnπ − (1 + n ) + (1 − n ) e − jπ e − jnπ − (1 − n ) 
(
4π 1 − n 2  )
e jπ = cos π + jsin π = −1
− jπ
 (
4π 1 − n 2  )  0

−v π
(1 + n ) e jt e − jnt + (1 − n ) e − jt e − jnt 
= Signal 2System
4π 1 − n ( ) 0

−v
= (1 + n ) e jπ e − jnπ − (1 + n ) + (1 − n ) e − jπ e − jnπ − (1 − n ) 
(
4π 1 − n 2  )
e jπ = cos π + jsin π = −1
e − jπ = cos π − jsin π = −1
v
=  − (1 + n ) e − jnπ − 2 − (1 − n ) e − jnπ 
4π (1 − n 2
)
−v
 2 (1 + n ) e − jnπ + (1 − n ) e − jnπ 
4π (1 − n 2 ) 
−v  2e − jnπ + ne − jnπ + e − jnπ − ne − jnπ 
4π (1 − n 2 )  

v
 2 (1 + e − jnπ ) 
4π (1 − n 2 )  

v
1 + e − jnπ 
4π (1 − n 2 ) 
v
1 + e − jnπ / 2 e − jnπ / 2 
4π (1 − n 2 ) 
v
e + jnπ / 2 + e − jnπ / 2 
4π (1 − n 2 ) 

veijnπ / 2 nπ 
Cn = 2 cos 
2π (1 − n 2 )  2

Exponential Fourier series is

nπ
−j
∞
ve 2
nπ − jnt
x ( t) = ∑ π 1− n cos e
n = −∞ ( 2
) 2

52. Find exponential fourier series of full wave rectified sine wave
Solution:

-3π -2π -π 0 π 2π 3π
T0 T0 = π
 128 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

2π 2π
Ω0= = = 2
T0 π
Ω0 =2
( t)
x= { v sin Ωo t o ≤ t ≤ π}
x ( t ) = v sin 2t
t0 + T
1
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T0 t0

v   e j2t − e − j2t  − jn 2t 
π π
1
π ∫0 π  ∫0 
− jn 2t
= v sin 2t e dt   e dt 
2t 
v  
π
2 jt (1− n )
=  ∫ e − e +2 j(1+ n ) t  dt 
2π  0 
π
v  e 2 j(1− n ) t e +2 j(1+ n ) t 
=  − 
2π  2 j (1 − n ) +2 j (1 + n )  0
π

=
v e

2 j(1− n ) t
(1 + n ) − e2 j(1+ n ) t (1 − n ) 
2π 
 (
2 j 1 − n2 )  0

−v
= (1 + n ) e2 jπ (1− n ) + (1 − n ) e −2 j(1+ n ) π − (1 + n ) − (1 − n ) 
(
4π 1 − n 2  ) 

−v
e2 jπ e −2 jnπ (1 + n ) + e −2 jπ e −2 jnπ (1 − n ) − 1 − n − 1 + n 
(
4π 1 − n 2  )
j2 π
e= cos 2π + jsin=
2π 1
j2 π
e −= cos 2π − jsin =
2π 1
−v
e −2 jnπ (1 + n ) + e −2 jnπ (1 − n ) − 2
(
4π 1 − n 2  )
−v e −2 jnπ + ne −2 jnπ + e −2 jnπ − ne −2 jnπ − 2
(
4π 1 − n 2  ) 

−v
 2e −2 jnπ − 2
(
4π 1 − n 2  )
−v
= e −2 jnπ − 1
(
2π 1 − n 2
)
−v
= 1 − e −2 jnπ 

(
2π 1 − n 2
)
v
= 1 − e − jnπ e − jnπ 
(
2π 1 − n 2
)
− jnπ
ve jnπ − jnπ
 (
2π 1 − n 2  ) 

−v
1 − e −2 jnπ 
(
S2ignal
π 1 − nS2ystem )
v
1 − e − jnπ e − jnπ 
(
2π 1 − n 2  )
− jnπ
ve
e jnπ − e − jnπ 
(
2π 1 − n 2
)
− jnπ
ve
= × 2 jsin nπ
(
2π 1 − n 2 )
jve − jnp
=Cn sin nπ for all ‘n’ Fourier series is
(
π 1 − n2 )
∞
= x ( t) ∑ jve − jnπ sin nπ e − jnt
n = −∞

53. Find the fourier series representation of periodic square wave.

Solution:
1 , t < T1 
 
x ( t) =  T
 0 , T1 < t < 
 2

-T −T -T1 0 T1 T
2 2
T
T  −T  Fundamental period
−  = T →
2  2 
t0 + T
1
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T t0

1 1 
T/2 −T T1
1
= ∫ x ( t) e − jnΩ0 t
dt  ∫ 0.e
− jnΩ0 t
dt + ∫ 1.e − jnΩ0 t dt 
T −T/ 2 T  − T / 2 − T1 
1 1 
T

=  ∫ e − jnΩ0 t dt 
T  − T1 
T1
1 e − jnΩ0 t
=
T − jnΩ0 − T1
130 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

1  jnΩ0 T1
= e − e − jnΩ0 T1 
nTjΩ0  
1
= × 2 jsin nΩ0 T1
nTjΩ0
1
= × 2 jsin nΩ0 T1
2π
nTj ×
T
1
=
nπ
[ sin nΩ0 T1 ]
1
Cn = sin nΩ0 T1 , n ≤ 0
nπ
Forn=0, Cn = 0/0 (Indeterminate)
∴ Apply L’Hospital’s rule, differentiate w.r.t n,
cos nΩ0 T1 × Ω0 T1
Cn =
π n→0

2π
cos 0 Ω0 T1 Ω0 T1 × T1
= = = T
π π π
2T1
Cn =
T
1 
 nπ sin ( nΩ0 T1 ) ; n ≠ 0
∴ Cn = 2T 
 1 ;n = 0 
 T 

Fourier series is
∞
1 2T
x ( t)
= ∑ sin ( nΩ0 T1 ) e jnΩ0 t + 1 e jnΩ0 t
n = −∞ nπ T n=0
except n = 0
∞
1 2T
x ( t)
= ∑ sin ( nΩ0 T1 ) e jnΩ0 t + 1
n = −∞ nπ T
except n = 0
 Signal System
54. Find the exponential fourier series of the wave given below
[May 2010]
1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 t

T=2

T=2

Solution:
T=2
2π
x ( t ) ={ t , − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1} Ω0 = =π
T
∴Ω0 = π
t0 + T
1
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T t0
1
1
2 −∫1
= t e − jnπt dt

1  te − jnπt e − jnπt 
1 1

 −∫ dt 
2  − jnπ −1 −1
− jnπ 
1  e − jnπ e jnπ e − jnπ e jnπ 
=  − + 2 2 − 2 2
2  − jnπ jnπ n π n π 
1  −2 cos nπ 1 
=  − 2 2 2 jsin nπ 
2 jnπ n π  sin nπ =0
for all ' n '

1  −2 cos nπ 
=
2  jnπ 

− cos nπ jcos nπ
=Cn = Cn
jnπ nπ
Fourier series ,
∞
jcos nπ jnπt
x (t) = ∑
n = −∞ nπ
e
132 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
55. Find the exponential fourier series of the wave drawn below:
x(t)
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
T = 3-(-2)=5

Solution:
t + 2 , − 2 ≤ t ≤ −1
1 , − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1 

x ( t) =  
2 − t , 1≤ t ≤ 2 
0 , 2 ≤ t ≤ 3 
2π 2π
t0 + T Ω0= =
1 T 5
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T 2π
t0
∴Ω0 =
5
1 
−1 2π 1 2π 2 2π
− jn t − jn t − jn t
=  ∫ ( t + 2) e dt + ∫ 1.e 5 dt + ∫ ( 2 − t ) e 5 dt 
5
5  −2 −1 1 

 2π
− jn t
2π 2π 2π 2π 
−1 − jn 5 t − jn t − jn t 2 − jn 5 t
1 e 5 −1 e e 5 1 e 5 2 e 
= ( t + 2) −∫ dt + + (2 − t) −∫ ( −dt )
5 2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π 
− jn −2 −2 − jn −j −1 − jn 1 1 − jn
 5 5 5 5 5 
 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π

 − jn 5 t − jn t −1 − jn t − jn t − jn t − jn t 2
1 e e 5
e 5
e 5
e 5
e 5
=  + − + + + 
5 2π  2 π
2
 −2 jn 2 π 2 π 2 π  2π  1 
2
− jn jn jn

 5 −  jn 5  5 5 5  jn 5  

 jn 2 π jn
2π
jn
4π
− jn
2π
jn
2π
− jn
2π
− jn
4π
− jn
2π 
1 e 5 e 5 e 5 e 5 e 5 e 5 e 5 e 5 
=  + − − + + − + 
5 2π 4π 2 4π 2 2π 2π 2π 4π 2 4π 2 
− jn n2 n2 jn jn jn n2 n2
 5 25 25 5 5 5 25 25 
1  25  jn 25π − jn 25π  25  jn 45π − jn 45π  
=  2 2 e +e  4n 2 π 2  e
− +e  
5  4n π  
5 n 2π 5 n4π
= 2 2
× 2 cos − 2 2 × 2 cos
4n π 5 4n π 5
 Signal System

5  2nπ 4nπ 
=Cn cos 5 − cos 5 
2n 2 π 2
Fourier series ,
2π
∞
5  2nπ 4nπ  jn 5 t
= x ( t) ∑  cos − cos e

2 2
n = −∞ 2n π 5 5 

56. Find the exponential fourier series of the wave

x(t)
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

T = 1 – (-2) = 3

Solution:
t + 2 − 2 ≤ t ≤ 0
x ( t) =  
2(1 − t) 0 ≤ t ≤1 
T=3
2π 2π
Ω=
0 =
T 3
t0 + T
1
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T t0

1 
0 2π 1 2π
− jn t − jn t
=  ∫ ( t + 2) e dv dt + ∫ 2 (1 − t ) e dv dt 
3 3
3  −2 u 0 u 
 2π 2π 2π 2π

 − jn t 0 − jn t 0 − jn t 1 − jn t 1 
1 e 3 e 3
e 3
e 3
= ( ) 2π
t + 2 − + 2 (1 − t )
2π
+ 2. 
3  2π 
2
 2π 
2

 − jn −2
 − jn 
−2 − jn 0
 − jn 
0

 3 3 3 3 
 jn
4π
− jn
2π 
1 2 1 e 3 2 e 3 2 
= − + − + −2 + 
3 2π 4π 2 4π 2 2π 4π 2 4π 2 
jn n2 n2 jn −n 2 n2
 3 9 9 3 9 9 
 jn
4π
− jn
2π 
1 3 e 3 2e 3 
=  − − 
3  2 4π 2 4π 2 4π 2 
n n2 n2
 9 9 9 
 jn
4π
− jn
2π

1  27 9e 3 18e 3 
= − − 2 2
3  n 2 4π 2 n 2 4π 2 n 4π 
 
4π 2π
jn − jn
9 3e 3 6e 3
= 2 2 − 2 2 − 2 2
n 4π n 4π n 4π
  jn
4π
− jn
2π

1  27 9e 3 18e 3 
= − − 2
134 3  n 2 4π 2 n 2 4π 2 n 4π 2 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
 
4π 2π
jn − jn
9 3e 3 6e 3
= 2 2
− 2 2
− 2
n 4π n 4π n 4π 2
3  jn
4π
− jn
2π

C
= n 2 
2
3 − e 3 − 2e 3 
n 4π  

Fourier series x(t)
∞
 j
4nπ
j
2nπ
 jn 25π t
x ( t)
= ∑n 2 2  3 − e
3
− 2e 3
 e
= −∞ 4

57. Find the exponential fourier series of the wave given below
[May 2015]

-2 -1 0 1 2 3
T=1

Solution;-
2π 2π
Ω0= =
T 1
Ω0 = 2π
( t)
x= {t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1}
t0 + T
1
∫ x ( t) e
− jnΩ0 t
Cn = dt
T t0
1
`1
1 ∫0
= t e − jn 2 πt dt

1 1 1
te − jn 2 πt e − jn 2 πt
= −∫
− jn2π 0 0
− jn2π 0

e − jn 2 π e −2 jnπ 1
= + 2 2− 2 2
− jn2π 4n π 4n π
j2nπ
e −= cos 2nπ − jsin =
2nπ 1
j2nπ1 1 1 π 1
e=−= cos
+ 2n2π −2 −jsin =
2n
−21jnπ 4n1π 4n12 π2
= + −
−2 jnπj 4n 2 π2 4n 2 π2
Cn =
2njπ
Cn =
2nπ
 Signal System
∞
j
x ( t) = ∑ 2nπ e j2nπt

n = −∞

58. Find Fourier transform of Triangular pulse:

x(t)

−T1 T1
2 2

 2t T 
1 − ; t < 1 
x ( t ) =  T1 2 
0 ;otherwise 

∞
x ( jΩ ) =∫ x ( t ) e − jΩt dt
−∞
π/ 2
 2t  − jΩt
= ∫ 1 −
−π / 2 
T1
 e dt

0 T1/2
 2t   2t 
= ∫ 1 +  e − jΩt dt + ∫ 1 − T  e
− jΩt
dt
− T1  T1  dv 0 1 dv
2 u u

 2t  e − jΩt 0
2
0
e − jΩt  2t  e − jΩt T1 / 2
2
T1 / 2
e − jΩt 
× ( −dt ) 
T1 − T∫1 / 2 − jΩ ∫
=  1 +  − dt + 1 −  −
 T1  − jΩ − T1/2  T1  − jΩ 0 T1 0
− jΩ 
0 T1 / 2
1 2 e − jΩt 1 2 e − jΩt
=
− − ( 0) − + ( 0) − −
jΩ T1 ( − jΩ ) 2 − T1 / 2 − jΩ jT1Ω ( − jΩ ) 0

T
+ j 1  − jΩ T1 
1 2 2 e 2 1 2  e 2 − 1
= − + + + −
jΩ T1Ω 2 T1 −Ω 2 jΩ jT1Ω  − jΩ 
 
T T
2 2 jΩ 1 2 − jΩ 1 2
=2 − 2
e 2 − 2
e 2 +
T1Ω T1Ω T1Ω T1Ω 2
4 2  jΩ T21 − jΩ 1 
T
=−  e + e 2

T1Ω 2 T1Ω 2  
  jΩ T1 − jΩ
T1
 
4   e 2 +e 2 
= 2 
1−
T1Ω  2 
   
4  ΩT1 
=
T1Ω 2 1 − cos 2 
 
136 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

4  ΩT1 
( jΩ )
x= 1 − cos 2 
T1Ω 2   1− cos 2 θ= 2 sin 2 t

 4  ΩT1  
= 1 − cos 2  4  
 T1Ω 2 
4 2 ΩT1
= × 2 sin
T1Ω 2 4
8 ΩT1
= sin 2
T1Ω 2 4

8 ΩT1
x ( jΩ ) =T1 sin 2
T12 Ω 2 4
8 ΩT1
= T1 2
sin 2
 ΩT1  4
16 × 
 4 
2 ΩT1
T1 sin 4
=
2  Ωπ  2
 
4 
2
 ΩT1 
T1  sin 4  sin θ
= = sin cθ
2  Ωπ  θ
 
 4 
T ΩT1
x ( jΩ ) = 1 sin c 2
2 4