SPE 142512

Successful Application of Novel Fiber Laden Self-Diverting Acid System

during Fracturing Operations of Naturally Fractured Carbonates in Saudi
Arabia
Jairo Leal Jauregui, Ataur R. Malik, J. Ricardo Solares, Walter Nunez Garcia, SPE, Saudi Aramco;
Tomislav Bukovac, Brian Sinosic and M. Nihat Gürmen, SPE, Schlumberger

Copyright 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference held in Manama, Bahrain, 25–28 September 2011.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
Acid fracturing treatment performance is largely determined by the achieved effective etched fracture length. Evolution of
fracture length during such treatments leads to progressively increasing the acid leakoff rate up to a point when the fracture
stops extending. Zonal coverage and fluid loss control in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs with high permeability
contrast are the key challenges during acid fracture treatment.
Nonreactive and reactive polymer based fracturing fluids and diverters were historically accepted as systems that could
efficiently control fluid leakoff. The performance of such fluids relies on wall building fluid loss additives, such as polymers.
Their deposition on the fracture face forms filter cake that decreases fluid leakoff into the formation. Filter cake on the etched
fracture wall could cause skin. Nondegradable particulate fluid loss additives used in naturally fractured reservoirs can be a
good leakoff control tool; however, particulates could permanently shut natural fractures off and obliterate their production
contributions. Finding the right balance between induced fracture damage and conductivity is a challenge, and avoiding this
damage by using nondamaging fluid with major fluid leakoff control properties is the logical problem solution.

A novel fiber laden polymer-free self-diverting acid system was introduced in Saudi Aramco as an acid fracturing diverter to
control fluid leakoff, and enhance the diversion process by combining the aspects of both particulate and viscosity based
diversion techniques. The fluid system has a distinct advantage in that it does not contribute to formation damage because the
viscoelastic surfactant will breakdown upon contact with hydrocarbons, and the fiber will degrade with time and temperature.

More than 25 acid fracture treatments using the novel acid system have been successfully implemented in gas bearing
carbonate reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. Unlike the approach used in acid fracture treatments using conventional fluid systems,
the degree of diversion was dynamically adjusted to maintain the treating pressure above the fracturing pressure throughout
the entire period in these treatments. The bottom-hole pressure (BHP) measurement confirmed superior fluid leakoff control
leading to an outstanding diversion performance with excellent gas production increments.

This paper provides details about treatment design, field implementation, and post-stimulation performance for two out of the
more than 25 wells treated using this novel acid system.

Introduction
The vast carbonate reservoirs in Saudi Arabia epitomize the prime location for stimulation treatments using acid based fluid
systems. From simple acid washes to major acid fracturing operations, every carbonate stimulation technology has found an
application over the years in these reservoirs. Saudi Aramco’s rigorous evaluation in the lab and in the field ensured that only
the most useful technologies survived the test of time. The systematic optimization of the acid based stimulation treatments
will be discussed in the context of acid fracturing in the text.

With a large number of high volume acid fracturing treatments performed in the past decade, both Saudi Aramco and service
providers have gained significant knowledge in this type of major stimulation operations, and have consistently introduced
optimization steps. The majority of the acid fracturing treatments targeted the multilayered carbonate formations that are
2 SPE 142512

interbeded with impermeable layers separating the net pay. Significant heterogeneities in stress profile and reservoir quality
are present throughout the field, which combined with the deep and hot nature of the reservoir, has made achieving uniform
and effective stimulation of all targeted layers in these wells a challenging task1.

Treatment designs comprising alternating stages of polymer pad, diesel emulsified acid for deeper penetration and in-situ
gelled acid, a polymer based system for diversion and leakoff control, have been extensively used in most of the fracturing
treatments. In an attempt to control excessive progressive leakoff during the treatment, degradable fibers were added to the
crosslinked polymer pad stages. These particulate solids helped reduce leakoff by bridging wormholes and natural fractures,
thereby allowing acid entry into targeted stimulation zones. Field implementation results showed significant treatment design
and cost optimization leading to improved gas production performance1. Although, during many of those treatments, the
bottom-hole treating pressure (BHTP) could not be maintained above the fracturing pressure limit throughout the duration of
the treatment, which suggested that the created fracture closed during the treatment, and that the desired fracture geometry
was not ultimately achieved.

The recent advances in stimulation fluids and diverter technologies gave Saudi Aramco engineers the ability to further
improve post-stimulation well performance while simultaneously enhancing treatment economics. Subsequently, this task
became more challenging as the ongoing gas development program targeted tighter zones, which require maximum reservoir
contact and effective stimulation to achieve production targets.

The effectiveness of the newly developed diverting agents relies on wall building fluid loss additives like polymers, which
deposit on the fracture face during the treatment, and form a filter cake that reduces fluid leakoff into the formation. The
problem is that the filter cake can cause skin damage, and the nondegradable particulate fluid loss additives used widely in
naturally fractured reservoirs can provide good leakoff control, but they can also permanently shut natural fractures off and
significantly impact well productivity.

Finding the right balance between induced fracture damage and conductivity is a challenge. Avoiding this damage by using
nondamaging fluid with superior fluid leakoff control properties is an ideal solution, which is now available after the
introduction of an innovative fiber laden self-diverting acid system.

Reservoir Description
Most of the current gas production in Saudi Arabia comes from carbonated reservoirs located in the eastern part of the
country. The reservoirs are heterogeneous, with variations in permeability and porosity and a formation composition
comprising mainly of calcite and dolomite interbeded with streaks of anhydrites, which act as nonproducing sections and
possible barriers. Pressure, temperature and gas composition in these reservoirs vary significantly throughout the field at
different depths2.

Treatment Design Optimization

Acid fracturing treatment designs in the carbonate reservoirs have evolved through time in parallel with advances in
stimulation fluids and technologies. The most common acid fracturing technique used is alternating stages of viscous
nonreactive pad fluid with stages of acid, which is designed to limit wormhole growth once it begins. The first pad stage
pumped initiates the fracture geometry, followed by the first acid stage, which etches a portion of the fracture and creates
significant wormholing resulting in high fluid leakoff that must be controlled. The second pad stage then fills up the already
created wormhole network, and prevents the second acid stage from entering the established network. This acid stage etches
the added fracture length, and extends the wormhole network. This process is repeated until the designed treatment volumes
are placed into the formation. The higher the viscosity of the nonreactive pad fluid, the more difficult it is for acid to displace
the gelled fluid and restart wormhole growth. This acid fracturing treatment technique also implicitly employs viscous
fingering as a secondary deep penetration mechanism; therefore, the primary intent of this technique is to increase hydraulic
fracture width and to provide acid leakoff control3.

The physical and chemical processes controlling acid fracturing clearly indicate that fluid leakoff control and diversion
capability of stimulation fluids are the most significant drivers in achieving successful results from stimulation treatments in
these challenging reservoirs.

Several techniques to achieve effective acid leakoff control and diversion have been used by Saudi Aramco throughout the
gas development program. Nonreactive and reactive polymer based fracturing fluids and diverters were first used, followed
by polymer based self-diverting acid systems, and more recently by polymer-free viscoelastic acid systems. Significant
optimization steps, derived from field experience and post-stimulation results have also been consistently applied, so a
reduction of up to 70% of the initial pad volume was implemented without negatively impacting fracture requirements and
performance while still reducing pumping time and fluid costs4.
SPE 142512 3

Utilization of associative polymers showed diversion improvement in a number of treatments, but the BHTP could not be
maintained above fracturing pressure throughout the whole treatment, so the practice was discontinued5. The relatively recent
use of viscoelastic surfactant based diverter technology, along with degradable fibers for leakoff control, have significantly
improved post-treatment performance as indicated by studies comparing well performance in areas of the field with similar
reservoir characteristics.

As the gas development program continues to expand beyond the crestal areas of the field, new wells are targeting sections of
the reservoir, which require effective stimulation to achieve production targets. Furthermore, the heterogeneous nature of the
reservoir has increased the need to closely monitor treatment parameters and reservoir response, and make adjustments on-
site and in a real-time basis. Therefore, an efficient and adjustable strategy, designed to minimize diversion efficiency in
zones with low permeability contrast and maximize it in those with high contrast, became a necessity in the quest for
effective and successful stimulation. The fiber laden self-diverting acid system was first tested in a number of matrix acid
stimulation treatments, all of which yielded excellent results, so the transfer of the experience and lessons learned from these
field trials to acid fracturing treatments became the next logical step in the further application of this technology6.

Self-Diverting Acid Fluid System Description

The new fluid system combines degradable fiber and a polymer-free viscoelastic diverting acid. It is designed to temporarily
decrease or block fluid leakoff into natural fractures and wormholes in carbonate reservoirs by creating bridges with the
fibers, and increasing viscosity as the acid spends. The innovative combination of the self-diverting acid and fiber enhances
the diversion process by combining the aspects of both particulate and viscosity based diversion techniques.

After the stimulation treatment, during the well shut-in period, the base fluid system breaks either by contact with
hydrocarbons in the reservoir, or with preflush or overflush fluids mixed with a mutual solvent. The fibrous component,
which degrades as a function of temperature and time, requires the presence of a small amount of water supplied by the base
fluid to degrade completely. As the fibrous material degrades and hydrolyzes, it creates a weak acid that continues to
stimulate the formation. The soluble byproducts, reduced to a size that does not impair flow rate, then flows back and can be
handled at the surface using conventional techniques, while the undamaged stimulated reservoir is producing.

“Wall building” capability comparison tests of the acid system were performed during the development phase, and are shown
in Fig. 1. The two polymer free systems were pumped through a 0.078” wide nonreactive slot, imitating a natural fracture.
After some initial spurt loss, the new fluid system was capable of building a “fiber cake” at the entrance of the slot as
indicated by the wall building section of the plot. The non-fiber laden viscoelastic diverting acid in this test leaked through
the slot opening at a constant rate throughout much of the experiment, and never demonstrated a wall building phase7.
4 SPE 142512

Fig. 1 — Laboratory tests results showing the “wall building” capability of the new fluid system.

In acid fracturing applications, fluid efficiency depends on the effectiveness of the created filter cake or on the formation and
reservoir fluid characteristics. The novel acid system reduces fluid leakoff in fissures and natural fractures by creating a
degradable fiber network. The fiber network is created at the entrance and inside of the fissure/wormhole, which is also
augmented by filtrate viscosity buildup as the acid spends. This acts as a filter cake, controlling the leakoff and enabling more
retarded and efficient spending of the acid resulting in longer fractures. The degradable fibrous component of the acid
diverting system can be premixed into the fluid for small treatments, or continuously mixed during the pumping operation,
enhancing operational flexibility and efficiency.

Based on its described unique chemistry, the use of the new fiber laden self-diverting acid system offers the following
potential improvements in acid fracturing treatment performance:

• No additional reservoir contamination with guar or polyacrylamide based polymers commonly used in polymer
based acid diverters.
• No reservoir contamination with the iron originating from iron based crosslinker that could in sour gas environment
contribute to iron sulfide scale deposition.
• Increased diverter efficiency leading to lower diverter and pad fluid volumes needed to achieve desired fracture
geometry.
• Ability to adjust the degree of diversion throughout the treatment, depending on observed reservoir response to
stimulation treatment.
• Faster well cleanup due to diverter that loses its viscosity on contact with hydrocarbon from the reservoir or with
preflush or overflush fluids containing a mutual solvent.

Field Application Experience

More than 25 acid fracturing treatments using the new acid system had been implemented by Saudi Aramco by the time this
paper was prepared8. Eight acid fracturing stages were performed in three wells equipped with open-hole multistage
fracturing (MSF) completion that enables continuous placement of treatments. The rest of the jobs were performed as single
stage acid fracturing treatment in vertical or deviated wells completed with cemented and perforated liners. For illustration
purposes, the field implementation experience in two wells from the larger pool of wells stimulated using the new system are
described in detail next. Well X was selected for inclusion in this paper, because actual downhole pressure data was collected
from it during an acid treatment and the effect of the self-diverting acid system can be clearly observed. Well Y was selected,
SPE 142512 5

because it exemplifies the reservoir characteristics and post-stimulation results achieved in the majority of wells treated with
the new acid system.

Well X
This is an open-hole horizontal gas producer equipped with a MSF completion designed for three acid fracturing treatments.
The well was drilled in a tight gas carbonate reservoir to a true vertical depth (TVD) of 17,010 ft and fitted with a completion
designed for acid fracturing stages in three sections isolated mechanically by open-hole packers. The toe section of the
wellbore shown in Fig. 2, which was identified as the tightest zone from open hole logs, had a total of 379 ft of reservoir
contact, and was the first out of three acid fracturing stages performed in this well.

Fig. 2 — Toe section of Well X showing location of isolating packer and frac port.

Prior to the treatment, gauge hangers with bottom-hole gauges were set in the vertical section at 11,361 ft TVD, 62 ft above
the top of the MSF completion, to record the bottom-hole pressure (BHP) and temperature during treatments. An injectivity
test including a MiniFrac was performed ahead of the main acid fracture stimulation job to calibrate treatment parameters.
Results from the test are shown in Fig. 3.
6 SPE 142512

<<Pressure G slope>>
psi Press deriv>> psi
12000 3000
ISIP= 11351 (0.89psi/ft)
Pcl = 9455 (0.7431psi/ft)
PNet= 1900
11000 Eff = 0.13 2500
P*=6436
m3/4=6636
10000 mGc=3857;fc=1.58 2000
mGc.fc=6083
Pseudo_poisson=0.69

9000 1500

8000 1000

Ovbd

7000 500

6000 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
G function

Fig. 3 — MiniFrac test data analysis for Well X.

The first acid fracture treatment stage was successfully performed by the treatment schedule shown in Table 1 into the
formation at maximum treating surface pressure and a rate of 11,625 psi (estimated BHTP of 13,625 psi) and 30 barrels per
minute, respectively. Degradable fiber was dynamically adjusted during the treatment and fiber concentration ranged from 75
lbs/1,000 gal to 100 lbs/1,000 gal in the final diverter stage. Furthermore, at the end of the acid fracturing treatment, a closed
fracture acidizing stage was pumped to maximize conductivity in the near wellbore area.

Treatment Schedule
Pump Stage Fluid Acid
Stage Name Rate Fluid Name Volume Conc.
(bbl/min) (gal) (%)
Pad 25.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 5,000 0
Acid 25.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 6,000 28
Pad 30.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 2,500 0
Diverter 1 30.0 Diverting System (75#) 2,000 15
Pad 30.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 5,000 0
Acid 30.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 6,000 28
Pad 30.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 2,500 0
Diverter 2 30.0 Diverting System (75#) 2,000 15
Pad 35.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 5,500 0
Acid 35.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 7,000 28
Pad 40.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 2,500 0
Diverter 3 40.0 Diverting System (100#) 2,500 15
Pad 40.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 6,000 0
Acid 40.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 9,000 28
Overflush1 40.0 Overflush 10,000 0
CFA Diverter 10.0 Diverting System (100#) 2,500 15
CFA 10.0 HCl-28_CFA 9,000 28
Overflush2 10.0 Overflush 10,000 0
Flush 10.0 Water 10,612 0
Table 1 — First stage treatment schedule pumped in Well X.

The stimulation treatment was performed as per design, maintaining BHTP above fracturing pressure during the entire
treatment. The bottom-hole gauge reading (pressure and temperature) as seen in Fig. 4 showed substantial BHTP increase
when the fiber laden acid diverter stages entered the formation, which indicated effective fluid diversion even in the long
open hole interval.
SPE 142512 7

Fig. 4 — Actual pressure and temperature data during acid fracture treatment in Well X.

Post Treatment Results in Well X

The post-stimulation estimated gas rate during the short flowback cleanup period is shown in Fig. 5 at a measured flowing
wellhead pressure (FWHP).

Fig. 5 — Post-stage 1 stimulation estimated gas rate at measured FWHP.

A nodal analysis model, using the tight reservoir characteristics in the area, was built to match the well performance using the
Modified Gray tubing correlation, and normalized to a representative FWHP of 1,400 psi as shown in Fig. 6, and the
productivity index (PI) for the well was also calculated and shown in Fig. 7.
8 SPE 142512

Fig. 6 — Nodal analysis performance curve for Well X.

Fig. 7 — Estimated productivity index for Well X.

Results from these analyses clearly showed that the stage 1 stimulation treatment was successful and achieved
excellent and better than expected results from this tight section of the well.

Well Y
This highly slanted well with a 65° inclination was drilled, cemented and perforated in three net pay zones spread over a 240
ft gross interval in the central sector of the field. Reservoir parameters obtained from open-hole logs indicated that an acid
fracturing treatment designed to effectively stimulate all three perforated zones was required to meet the gas rate target. To
achieve full zonal coverage it was critical to have effective acid leakoff control, so a treatment schedule combining the fiber
laden self-diverting acid system, along with the conventional system used by Saudi Aramco to stimulate vertical gas
producers was designed. The actual treatment schedule pumped is shown in Table 2. The treatment schedule for this job was
SPE 142512 9

optimized based on data analysis from previous treatments, and an overall smaller treatment volume, including a 70%
reduction of the diverting system was pumped.

Treatment Schedule
Pump Stage Fluid Acid
Stage Name Rate Fluid Name Volume Conc.
(bbl/min) (gal) (%)
Pad 20.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 9,000 0
ACID 20.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 9,000 28
Pad 30.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 3,000 0
Diverter 1 30.0 Diverting System (75#) 3,000 15
Pad 30.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 9,000 0
ACID 2 30.0 Emulsified Acid 9,000 28
Pad 35.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 3,000 0
Diverter 2 35.0 Diverting System (100#) 3,000 15
Pad 40.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 9,000 0
ACID 3 40.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 9,000 28
Pad 40.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 3,000 0
Diverter 3 40.0 Diverting System (125#) 3,000 15
Pad 40.0 CROSSLINKED 35 LB GEL 10,000 0
ACID 3 40.0 EMULSIFIED ACID 9,000 28
OVERFLUSH 1 40.0 Overflush 7,000 0
CFA Diverter 10.0 Diverting System (175#) 3,000 15
CFA 10.0 HCl-28_CFA 7,000 28
OVERFLUSH 2 10.0 PF/OF-Water 5,000 0
FLUSH 10.0 Water 11,200 0
Table 2 — Treatment schedule pumped in Well Y

During the treatment execution, record-breaking BHP gains were observed after the self-diverting acid system stages came
into contact with the formation. A calculated BHP increase of over 4,500 psi was recorded, which was the first time that such
a high pressure level was achieved during an acid fracturing treatment in the same carbonate reservoir, thereby indicating
excellent fluid leakoff control and diversion performance. Moreover, the BHTP was maintained above the fracturing pressure
throughout the treatment as shown in Fig. 8, which has not been possible to achieve in previous treatments without the self-
diverting acid system. This excellent treatment performance was accomplished by dynamically adjusting degradable fiber
concentration starting from 75 lbs/1,000 gal up to 175 lbs/1,000 gal of diverting fluid during the final stages of the treatment.
To achieve the desired fiber concentration in the continuous high-rate pumping operation during the treatment, a special
blending unit was locally developed and built. This blending unit provided the ability to make accurate fiber concentration
adjustments, and deliver properly mixed fluid to the high pressure pumps, thereby minimizing leftover fluid or “dead
volume.”

Fig. 8 — Actual pressure and temperature data during acid fracture treatment in Well Y.
10 SPE 142512

Post-treatment Results in Well Y

The well flowed at a post-stimulation gas rate of 23 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd) with a FWHP of 2,230 psi,
compared with a pre-stimulation rate of 8 MMscfd with a FWHP of 2,060 psi as shown in Fig. 9, which corresponded to an
almost threefold increase in well productivity.

Fig. 9 — Post-stimulation well performance.

The use of a polymer-free degradable acid system enabled faster cleanup of the loaded fracturing fluid after the treatment. In
this case, a basic sediment and water of 22% was reached in 24 hours. A full cleanup was achieved in less than three days,
which was a 40% reduction in the average of 4-5 days that it takes to cleanup a well treated with the conventional acid system
recipe previously used for wells in the area. A comparison between the pre- and post-stimulation well PI is shown in Fig. 10.
The excellent post-stimulation performance in this well is comparable to the performance of the majority of gas producers
stimulated with the new acid system, the subject of a future technical paper.

Fig. 10 — Comparison between the pre- and post-stimulation PI of Well Y.

SPE 142512 11

Conclusions
1. Measured BHTP data showed a clear indication of effective diversion in a high-pressure/high temperature carbonate gas
bearing reservoir, whenever the fiber laden fluid entered the formation. Although no measured BHTP has been obtained
in more wells, the surface treating pressure trend observed in the overwhelming majority of wells treated with the new
acid system has clearly shown the effect of positive diversion.
2. As the chemistry of this fluid does not contain iron-bearing components, use of this fluid is preferred in sour gas
reservoirs over the conventional polymer based diverting acids.
3. Due to the high efficiency of this system, the acid fracturing treatment fluid systems require smaller diverter fluid
volumes, and therefore, less fluid volume is loaded into the formation.
4. The degradable fibers used in the acid system can be pre-mixed or continuously mixed during the treatment, thereby
allowing a real-time fluid property adjustment according to treating conditions.
5. Wells treated with the new fluid system consistently showed a significant reduction in the time required to achieve full
well cleanout.
6. Excellent post-stimulation gas production results were achieved in the majority of wells treated with the new fiber laden
self-diverting acid system.
7. The application of this technology has now become routine in acid stimulation treatments thanks to the excellent results
achieved since the start of its implementation.
8. Further detailed analysis of collected data is required to implement additional optimization steps in future treatments.
9. New design approaches coupled with new fluid technologies will likely be needed to improve the stimulation efficiency
in tight gas reservoirs.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the management of Saudi Aramco and Schlumberger for their permission to publish this
paper.
12 SPE 142512

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