3 | Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete (Computation)1

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3.0 Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, you should be to create a design of T-beams and
doubly reinforced beams

3.1 Introduction
This is additional topics in Learning Packet 3 (LP 3). Beams are flexural
members such as singly reinforced, slabs, T-beams and doubly reinforced
beams.
This LP 3 is a self-directed learning materials for students in CE 515
Reinforced Concrete Design. This is supported by the books, videos and other
references found in SSU LMS via ssuonline.net. In case, my dear students you
cannot download these materials from the SSU LMS, please let me know, and a
hard or soft copy will be provided to you through any means of communication
like messenger or call via mobile phone or via LBC.
However, CE 515 students are encouraged to go online as your training
in the real world life of technology.

3.2 Design a T-beams and doubly reinforced beams

Why T-beams are used in the buildings?

The monolithic method of pouring concrete in a reinforced concrete floor

system made slab and beams act together to resist the loads that generated extra
widths on top of the beams called flanges. The beam has a T-shape called T-
beam.
Now, we are going to examine how the slab acts as a part of the beam.
The analysis of T-shaped beam section is the position of the stress block. The
most efficient T-beam section is when the flange is placed in compression,
because the beam will be designed exactly the same as rectangular beam. This
situation comes from the argument that the typical T-section is wide, the depth
of stress block will be smaller, so that the result of the location of the neutral
axis will be located in the flange near the top fibers of the concrete.

Source: McCormac & Brown, 2014

This section is the most efficient and designed as rectangular beam
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Source: McCormac & Brown, 2014

The compression block of this section covers part of the web, then the
rectangular formula does not apply. Hence, this is designed as T-beam.

3.2.1 Case 1: When the stress block is within the flange

When a < t a = depth of compression block

Where: t = slab thickness

a = depth of compression block
bf = width of flange

From the figure:

T=C
As fy
As fy = 0.85 f’c bf a simplify, a =
0.85 f′c bf

Mn = T ( d – a/2)

Mn = As fy ( d- a/2)

M u = Ø Mn
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Balanced steel ration
0.85 f’c β1 cb b
ρb =
bd fy

β1 = factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress

block to depth neutral axis.

3.2.2 When the stress block falls on the web

When a > t a = depth of compression block

Our objective in design of T-beam is to get the value of Mu

Mu = ØMn Mu = ØMn1 + ØMn2

Where:

ØMn1 = solution follow in Case 1

ØMn2 = C2 y2 = 0.85 f’c bw z y2

Area of steel reinforcement,

T = C1 + C2

As fy = 0.85 f’c [ bf t + bw z]

0.85 f’c [ bf t + bw z]
As =
fy

Use, As max = 0.75 [ Area of steel at balanced state]

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Student Task 3 – 08 T- beams and Doubly Reinforced Beam
1. Write in a paper the provisions for T-beam geometry, Section 406.3.2, NSCP
2015. Include other provision on dimensional limits for effective overhanging

2. Other provisions related to T-beams and doubly reinforced beams.

Deadline: February 16, 2022

3.2.3 Example Problem on T-beams

Source: Gillesania, D. (2013). Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design. Cebu, DG Print, Inc.

Given the following elements of T-beam:

Flange width, bf = 900 mm f’c = 20.7 MPa

Flange thickness, t = 110 mm fy = 414 MPa
Width of web, bw = 310 mm β1 = 0.85 since f’c < 30 MPA
Effective depth, d = 460 mm

The beam will be reinforced for tension only. Determine the

1. The balanced steel area;
2. The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity; and
3. The maximum steel area and maximum ultimate moment.

Solution:

1. Balanced steel area

600d 600 (460)

cb = cb = cb = 272.2 mm
(600+fy) (600+414)

Solve for the depth of the compression block, a:

a = β1 cb a = 0.85 (272.2 mm) = 231.4 mm > t = 110 mm

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Figure 1. Example Problem

How to solve balanced steel area, Asb

T = C1 + C2

Asb fy = 0.85 f’c (A1 + A2)

0.85 f′ c ( A1 + A2 )
Asb = Where: A1 = (bf )t = (900 mm)(110 mm)
fy
= 99,000 mm2

A2 = (bw) z = (310mm) ( 121.4 mm)

= 37, 622 mm2

Let us solve balanced steel area, Asb:

0.85 (20.7 )( 99,000 + 37,622 )

Asb = = 5,806 mm2
414

Therefore, the balanced steel area is 5,806 mm2

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2. The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity

How to solve nominal moment , Mn :

Refer to the figure in this problem:

Mn = [C1 y1 + C2 y2] where: y1 = d – t/2 = 460 mm- 110mm/2 = 405 mm

= 405 mm

y2 = d – t – z/2 where: z = a – t
z= 231.4mm–110 mm
z= 121.4 mm
y2 = 460 – 110 – 121.4/2 = 289.3 mm

y2 = 289.3 mm

Mn = 0.85 f’c ( A1 y1 + A2 y2 )

Mn = 0.85 (20.7) {(99,000)( 405) + (37, 622) (289.3)}

Mn = 897 KN - m

Nominal balanced moment is 897 KN-m

The ultimate balanced moment, Mu = ØMn

Mu = 0.90 (897 kN–m ) = 807. 3 kN - m

maximum
3. Maximum steel area and maximum ultimate moment.
steel area
Let us compute maximum steel area,

As max = 0.75 Asb = 0.75 ( 5806) = 4,354.5 mm2

Why need to solve for As

max? Your answer must be
discussed during our online
class…..
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Let us compute the maximum ultimate moment, Mu, max = ØMn

Balanced area of concrete, Acb = A1 + A2 = 99,000 + 37, 622 = 136,622 mm2

Maximum Area of concrete, Ac, max = 0.75 Acb = 0.75 (136,622)

= 102,466 mm2 > A1 = 99,000 mm2

Thus, a > t. It is proven that the depth of the stress block is greater than
the depth of slab.

Let us solve the exact location of z using Ac, max = A1 + A2

Ac, max = A1 + A2 Where: Ac, max = 102,466 mm2

A1 = 99,000 mm2
A2 = 310 z mm2(Refer to the figure)

102,466 = 99,000 + 310 z

z = 11.2 mm

Let us solve the new A2:

A2 = 102, 466 – 99,000 = 3,466 mm2, then

Please refer to the Figure 1. Let us solve y2 = d- t – z/2

= 460 mm – 110 mm – 11.2mm/2
= 344.4 mm

Let us compute Mn, max using the A2 and y2

Mn, max = C1 y1 + C2 y2

Mn = 0.85 f’c ( A1 y1 + A2 y2 )

Mn = 0.85 (20.7) {(99,000)( 405) + (3,466) (344.4)}

Mn = 726.47 kN-m

Thus, the ultimate maximum moment is Mu = ØMn Use Ø = 0.90

Mu = ØMn = 0.90 (726.47) = 653.82 kN-m.

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Student Task 3-09
1. Determine the ultimate moment of the beam shown. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy =
420 MPa. Use Ø= 0.90. Compute the balanced concrete steel ratio. Use Ɛt ≥ 0.005.

2. Determine the nominal moment and maximum ultimate moment of the T-beam
shown. Use f’c = 34 MPa and fy = 420 MPa, Ø= 0.90.

3. The T-beam section below has an ultimate moment, Mu = 475 kN.m. Determine
the balanced steel area for the beam shown if f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
Check Ɛt ≥ 0.005.

4.A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective depth of 600 mm and has a
reinforcement area of 4926 mm2 at the bottom. The web has a width of 300 mm and
the slab thickness is 100 mm. The beam has a span of 6 m and has a spacing of 1.8 m
center to center of the beam. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa. Determine: 4.1)
effective width of the flange; 4.2) the depth of compression block; and 4.3)ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.

Deadline: February 21, 2022

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3.2.4 Design of Compression Steel (Doubly reinforced beams)

The compression steel is used on the compression block of the beam.

When beam has both tensile and compressive steel, the beam is called Doubly
Reinforced Beam.

What do you think my dear student the reasons compression steel are
needed?

▪ Due to space and aesthetics, beam sizes are limited that

compression steel is needed in addition to tensile steel;
▪ Increase moment capacity of a beam beyond that of tensile
reinforced beam with a maximum percentage of steel, that is Ɛt =
0.005;
▪ Increased ductility of the section;
▪ Compression steel makes beams tough and ductile, enabling them
to withstand large moments, deformations, and stress reversals
those may occur during earthquake; and
▪ Compression steel is very effective in reducing long-term
deflection due shrinkage and plastic flow.

Let us understand how a doubly reinforced beams analyzed and

designed?

According to Section 409.7.6.4 of NSCP 2015: Lateral Support of Compression

Reinforcement

409.7.6.4.1 Transverse reinforcement shall be provided throughout the

distance where longitudinal compression reinforcement is required. Lateral
support of longitudinal compression reinforcement shall be provided by
closed stirrups or hoops in accordance with Sections 409.7.6.4.2 through
409.7.6.4.4.

Student Task 3 – 10

Read the provisions of NSCP 2015 Sections 409.7.6.4.2 through 409.7.6.4.4.

Recitation will be done on February 23, 2022.

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3.2.4.1 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam

This figure shows a section with steel at both compression and

tensile portion – a doubly reinforced beam. The initial assumption is
made that the compression steel yields as well as the tensile steel. The
tensile steel is always assumed to yield because of the ductile
requirements of ACI Code as cited in McCormac and Brown (2014).

Based on the Figure in this section, the Mn = Mn1 + Mn2.

Mn1 is generated from the couple due to the compression

concrete and partial of tensile steel.

Mn2 is the couple due to the compression steel and the other
portion of the tension steel area.

How will you know that compression steel is required?

Compute Mu and ØMnmax;

If Mu > ØMnmax , then design the beam as Doubly Reinforced.

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Let us analyze the beam for reinforced for tension and compression

Mn = Mn1 + Mn2

Let us determine the moment Mn1:

Mn1 = T1 (d – a/2)

Mn1 = As1 fy ( d- a/2) Solve As1 = ρ bd

The second resisting moment is that produced by the additional tensile

steel ( As2) and compressive steel (As’ ).

Then, Mn2 = As2fy (d – d’)

Nominal Moment, Mn = Mn1 + Mn2

Ultimate Moment Mu = Ø Mn = Ø Mn1 + Ø Mn2

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How can you solve As and A’s?

1. Determine the maximum balanced steel ratio, ρmax

0.85f ′ cβ1 (600)

ρb =
(600 + fy )fy

ρmax = 0.75 ρb

2. Check the given of the problems, If Mu and beam properties are given.

fy
ω = ρ f′ and ØMnmax = Ø f’cω bd2 ( 1 – 0.59 ω)
c

As
ρ=
bd

3. Compare Mu and ØMnmax

If Mu ≤ ØMnmax , then design the beam is Singly Reinforced

If Mu ≥ ØMnmax, then design the beam as Doubly Reinforced

4. Design as Doubly Reinforced Beam

4.1 Solve for As1 = ρmax bd

4.2 Solve for Mn1, Mn2, and As2

Mn1 = Mnmax

ØMn2= Mu - ØMnmax

= Ø T2 ( d- d’ )

ØMn2= Ø As2 fy ( d – d’ )

As2 = _______
4.3 Solve for the stress of compression steel.
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Solve for a and c:

C1 = T1 0.85 f’c ab = As1 fy

A𝑠1 f𝑦
a = 0.85 f’c b

A𝑠1 f𝑦
also a = β1 c = 0.85 f’c b

c = _____

Stress: Refer to the figure above:

fs
Es 0.003
=
c − d′ c

c−d′
fs = 600 c

4.4 Compare values of fs to fy

If fs ≥ fy - compression steel yields, then use fs = fy

A’s = As2

If fs < fy - compression steel will not yield

fy
A’s = As2
f′s

Student Task 3 -11

1. Re-work Examples 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, and 5.12 on pages 133-138
McCormac and Brown (2014). If English units convert first to SI
before solving.

2. Solve the problems on page 152, Solve 5.50, 5.51, 5.52, 5.53, and 5.54

Deadline: February 25, 2022

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3.3 References

Besavilla, V. I. (2013). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete. Volume 3. Cebu City,

Philippines: VIB Publisher.

McCormac, J.C. and Brown, R. H. (2014). Design Reinforced Concrete, 7 th Edition.

New York: John Wiley & Sons.

National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015.

2.4 Acknowledgement

The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were
taken from the references cited above.