Samantha Anne Castañ eda STEM 5

Andrea Mei S. Pascua

Activity 1: Reading Check

Material: Article about Index fossils

Directions: Read the articles about Index fossils to identify subdivision of geologic
and answer the activity below.
A fossil is the remain or evidences of a living thing. The most common fossils are bones, skills,
teeth, leaves, spores and seeds of pollen grains. Most fossils are formed when the whole part of an
organism becomes buried in sedimentary rocks, which provide the most important evidence
about the evolution of plants and animals. Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long ago.
They also provide evidence about how Earth’s surface changed overtime. Fossils helps scientist
understand what past environments may have been like.

There are five main types of fossils namely: 1!) Petrified fossils are formed through petrification
that means turning into stones.it forms when minerals replace all part of an organism. (2) Molds
and casts, molds forms when hard parts of an organism are buried in sediments such as sand, silt,
or clay, a cast is forms as the result of mold. Minerals and sediments fills the mold’s empty spaces
and make a cast. (3) Carbon Films, all living things contain an element called carbon. When an
organism dies and is buried in sediments, the material that make up the organism break down.
Eventually, only carbon remains. (4) Trace fossils show the activities of organism. An animal
makes a footprint when it steps in sand or mud. Overtime the footprint is buried in layers of
sediment, then sediment becomes solid rock. (5) Preserved remains, some organisms get
preserved in or close to their original states. There are some ways it can happen; (a) Amber-an
organism, such as insect, is trapped in a tree’s sticky resins and dies. (b) Tar- an organism, such as
mammoth, is trapped in a tar pit and dies. (c) Ice-an organism, such as wooly mammoth, dies in
very cold regions.

Geologic time is divided into four large segments called Eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and
Phanerozoic. The Phanerozoic Eon (the eon of visible life) is divided into Eras: The names of the
eras are the Cenozoic ("recent life"), Mesozoic ("middle life") and Paleozoic ("ancient life"). The
longest geologic era was the Precambrian. It began with the formation of the earth about 4.53
billion years ago, and ended about 542 million years ago. So the Precambrian takes up about 90%
of the history of the earth.

Next to eons, the longest subdivisions are the eras, which marked by major, striking, and
worldwide changes in the types of fossils present. Eras are subdivided into periods. Periods are
units of geologic time characterized by the types of life existing worldwide at the time. Period can
be divided into smaller units of time called epochs. Epochs also are characterized by the
differences in life-forms, but some of these differences vary from continent to continent. Epochs of
period in the Cenozoic era have been given specific names. Epochs of other periods usually are
referred to simply as early, middle, or late. Epochs are subdivided into units of shorter duration
called system.
Assessment 1: Discussion/Analysis
1. How do fossils are formed?
When the whole part of an organism becomes buried in sedimentary rocks,
which provide the most important evidence about the evolution of plants
and animals.

2. How do index fossils help scientist to understand the past?

Scientists used it to study the rocks and species of the past. They help to give a
relative age for the rock layers and other fossils found in the same layer.

3. Which type of fossil contain carbon?

Fossil fuels

4. Which is the longest subdivisions of geologic time scale?

Precambrian Era

5. How long is Precambrian era?

It began with the formation of the earth about 4.53 billion years ago, and
ended about 542 million years ago.

Assessment 2: Elaborate
Direction: Arrange the major subdivisions of geologic time scale by choosing the
right option beside the illustration.

Eons Era

Periods

System

Geologic time Epochs

Assessment 3: Appraise- Match the types of index fossils in Column A with their
description in column B.
COLUMN A
1. D PERTIFIED FOSSIL
2. C MOLDS AND CAST
3. B CARBON FILMS
4. E TRACE FOSSILS
5. A PRESERVED REMAINS
COLUMN B
A. Some organisms get preserved in or
close to original states
B. All living things contain an element
called carbon.
C. Minerals and sediments that are left
in the mold make a cast
D. When minerals replace all or part of
an organism.
E. An animal makes a footprint when it
steps in sand or mud.

Activity 1: Identifying an index fossil:

Directions: Let’s find the index fossil in Figure 1 which shows 4 outcrops
separated by large distances. (An outcrop is section of Earth’s layers from a
particular area. Let’s revisit the 4 criteria to help us: 1. Easily Recognizable 2.
Widespread3. Short Lived 4. abundant

1. Was Fossil #1 the index fossil? No Why: It was not the

index fossil because it was not abundant ; this means it
did not show up in all the outcrops.

2. Was Fossil #2 the index fossil? No

Why: It was not the index fossil because it was not; this
means it showed up in more than one in an outcrop.

3. Was Fossil #3 the index fossil?

Why: It was abundant and widespread; It was in column
and in each column it was in on row.

4. Was Fossil #4 the index fossil? No

Why: It was not the index fossil because it was
not; this means it showed up in more than one
Assessment 1: “Fill Me Up”
Directions: Filled up the blank and choose your answer on the box provided.
Write your answer on separate paper.
preserved remains past climates sedimentary rock
motions of plates permineralization replacement
molds and casts major geological events Compression
microfossils Living fossils must be easily recognizable
adaptations Fossilization lived for only a short time
mass extinction variation geographically widespread

1. Fossils are our best form of evidence about the history of life on Earth, in
addition, fossils can give us clues about past climates, motion of plates, and
major geological events.

2. Index fossils are the preserved remains of specific species found in the strata of
sedimentary rock.

3. Most fossils are preserved in one of five processes; preserved remains,

permineralization, molds and casts, replacement, and compression.

4. Ammonites, trilobites, and graptolites are often used as index fossils, as are
various microfossils, or fossils of microscopic organisms.

5. Living fossils are organisms that have existed for a tremendously long
period of time without changing very much at all.

6. To be considered an index fossil, it must meet 3 criteria: The fossilized

organism
(1). must be easily recognizable
(2). lived for only a short time
(3). geographically widespread

7. The process of a once living organism becoming a fossil is called fossilization.

8. An amazing diversity of organisms on Earth and it is called as variation.

9. The characteristics of an organism that help it survive in a given environment
are called adaptation.

10. The eras of the Phanerozoic Eon are separated by events called mass
extinction.

Assessment 2: “Vocabulary Words to Remember!”

Directions: Arrange the following jumble vocabulary words. Write your answer
on separate paper.

1. B E R A M AMBER
Fossilized tree sap.

2. S O F L I S FOSSILS
Any remains or trace of an ancient organism.

3. A T O R I C P L TROPICAL
A climate that is warm and humid.

4. T A C S CASTS
A structure that forms when sediments fill a mold and harden, forming a replica of
the original structure.

5. E A R I N M MARINE
Of or belonging to the sea.

6. D O L M MOLD
An impression made in sediments by the hard parts of an organism.

7. C R E T A L O S F S I TRACE FOSSILS
Evidence of the activity of an ancient organism. Examples include tracks, trails,
burrows, tubes, boreholes, and bite marks.

8. L I A R S E R E T R I L A S RAIL TERRESTIAL
Of or belonging to the land

9. L A C I G E R S GLACIERS
Large sheets of flowing ice.

10. L E N S T A O O L O G P I T PALEONTOLOGIST
A scientist who studies Earth’s past life forms.
Activity 1: Identifying index fossil
Directions: Since we only have one outcrop, we do not need to worry about the
criteria of being widespread. We do need to look at the criteria of being short
lived which means the index fossil will be found in one layer(s).

1. Which layer(s) contain fossil A?

Layers 2 and 3

2. Which layer(s) contain fossil B?

Layer 5

3. Which layer(s) contain fossil C?

Layers 4 and 6

4. Which layer(s) contain fossil D?

Layers 1 and 2

5. Which layer(s) contain fossil E?

Layers 6, 7, and 8

6. Which layer(s) contain fossil F?

Layers 8, 9, and 10

7. Therefore the index fossil is fossil

A, B, C, D, E, and F.

8. The longest lived fossil was fossil D

because it was found in 1 layers.

9. Determine the relative age of the fossils:

(youngest fossil)
F
A
C
B
E
D
(oldest fossil)