CE 8: C O N S T R U C T I O N M A T E R I A L S A N D T E S T I N G

UNIT 4:
CONCRETE
 CONCRETE
A composite man-made material, is the
most widely used building material in
the construction industry. The simple
reason for its extensive use in the
construction of almost all civil
engineering works is that the properties
can be controlled within a wide range
by using appropriate ingredients and by
special mechanical, physical and
chemical processing techniques.
 BASED ON CEMENTING MATERIAL
Concretes are classified as lime concrete, gypsum concrete
and cement concrete

B A S E D O N P E R S P E C T I V E S P E C I F I C AT I O N
The cement concrete is specified by proportions of different
ingredients
CLASSIFICATION
OF
CONCRETE

BASED ON PERFORMANCE ORIENTED

S P E C I F I C AT I O N
When the concrete properties such as strength, water-
cement ratio, compaction factor, slump, etc., are specified
the concrete may be classified as designed-mix concrete.
 BASED ON GRADE OF CEMENT
CONCRETE
Depending upon the strength (MPa) of concrete at 28 days,
concrete is classified as low strength concrete (< 20 MPa),
medium strength concrete (20 - 40 MPa) and high strength
concrete (> 40 MPa).

CLASSIFICATION
OF
CONCRETE
 BASED ON BULK DENSITY
On the basis of density, concrete is classified as super heavy
(over 2500 kg/m3), dense (1800-2500 kg/m3), light weight
(500–1800 kg/m3) and extra light weight concrete (below 500
kg/m3).

CLASSIFICATION
OF
CONCRETE BASED ON PLACE OF CASTING
When concrete is made and placed in position at the site it is
known as in-situ concrete and when used as a material for
making prefabricated units in a factory is known as precast
concrete.
 WORKABILITY
Workability is defined as the ease of
placing, consolidating, and finishing
freshly mixed concrete.

The slump test (ASTM C143) is an

indicator of workability when
evaluating similar mixtures.
 TRUE SLUMP
The concrete mass after the test when slumps
evenly all around without disintegration

SHEAR SLUMP
One-half of the concrete mass slide down the
other.
Types of Slump
COLLAPSE SLUMP
The sample collapsed due to adding excessive
water

ZERO SLUMP
For very stiff or dry mixes it
does not show any changes of
the slump after removing the
slump cone
 The slump test is simple, rugged, and inexpensive
to perform. Results are
obtained immediately.

The results of the slump test can be converted to

Advantages of yield stress in fundamental units based on various
Concrete Slump Test analytical treatments and experimental studies of
the slump test.

Compared to other commonly used concrete tests,

such as for air content and compressive strength,
the slump test provides acceptable precision.
 The slump test does not give an indication of plastic
viscosity.

The test does not provide an indication of the ease

Limitations of
Concrete Slump Test with which concrete can be moved under dynamic
placing conditions, such as vibration.

It is less relevant for newer advanced concrete

mixes than for more conventional mixes.
 READY-MIXED CONCRETE

MOBILE BATCHER MIXED CONCRETE

Mixing, Placing, and DEPOSITING CONCRETE

Handling Fresh
Concrete PUMPED CONCRETE

VIBRATION ON CONCRETE

SPREADING AND FINISHING CONCRETE

CURING CONCRETE
Curing is the process of maintaining
satisfactory moisture content and
temperature in the concrete for a
definite period of time. Hydration of
cement is a long-term process and
requires water and proper
temperature. Therefore, curing allows
continued hydration and, consequently,
continued gains in concrete strength. In
fact, once curing stops, the concrete
dries out, and the strength gain stops.
 CURING CAN BE PERFORMED BY ANY OF
THE FOLLOWING APPROACHES

- ponding or immersion
- spraying or fogging
Curing Concrete
- wet coverings
- impervious papers or plastic sheets
- membrane-forming compounds
- forms left in place
- steam curing
- insulating blankets or covers
- electrical, heat coil, and infrared
curing
 Curing
Concrete
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

SPLIT-TENSION TEST

FLEXURE STRENGTH TEST

Testing of Hardened
Concrete
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

PENETRATION RESISTANCE TEST

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST

MATURITY TEST
 SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE

FLOWABLE FILL

SHOTCRETE

Alternatives to LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Conventional
Concrete HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE

SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE

FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE