VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM:

EXPERIMENTS FROM EAST ASIA

Luky Djani – MK Negara dan Pasar sesi 3

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Source: chinatoday.com.cn

Source: USNews.com.
 POLITICS - POWER AND INTERESTS - MATTER FOR DEVELOPMENT
( C OX 1 9 9 7 , R O D A N 1 9 9 5 )

• Economic interest of elites (both old and new) and institution legacy (of outgoing
regime) affect reform initiatives in new democratic regimes
• Three conceptions or “interpretations” of democracy (Rustow 1970 cited in Chilcote
2000):
• One, associated with economic and social criteria such as per capita income, literacy, or
other economic indicators;
• Second, linked to political culture and certain beliefs or attitudes among citizens in society
• Third, related to conflict and reconciliation
• Identifying the players in the constellation of power and interest is not enough. What
counts is how the power relationships work and how powerful interests exercise
their dominance (Robison 2010).
• Above mention conditions underpin democratisation and under which reform
orientation can be reconciled and consolidated.
 NO BOURGEOISIE, NO DEMOCRACY
(MOORE1966)

• Modernisation theory: authoritarian states are regarded as providing the

integrative cement and institutional force when rational values and behavior
are stll in a process of formation.
• Huntington: the tasks of managing integration, economic growth and political
order could best be achieved by an authoritarian regime
• Dependency theory: capitalism brought underdevelopment to the periphery,
while the ‘centers’ demanded strong authoritarian govt in order to maintain
the process of surplus extraction
 CAPITALISM WITHOUT CAPITALIST

In Asia,the state has acted as the midwife of capitalism (Robison dan
Goodman 2000).
“Strategy of transition adopted by elites in societies where no class of private
owners existed prior to the introduction of market mechanism” (Eyal, Szelenyi
dan Townsley 2000)
 Nomenklatura privatisation – cadre become enterprenuer
Crony capitalism: lack organisational capacity dan modern forms of economic
management -- political protection dan political connection
State bourgeoisie: berasal dari komunitas yang memiliki sistem dan kultur
tersendiri: kinship, friendship dan patronage.
 STATE-CENTER FRAMEWORK

• Kalangan bisnis di Indonesia bukanlah kaum kapitalis yang independen dari

pemerintah, melainkan keluarga, kerabat dan konco para pejabat negara
(Robison 1986). Kelompok pengusaha memiliki ketergantungan yang sangat
tinggi kepada pemerintah yang sedang berkuasa.
• Banyak kelompok bisnis mapan di masa Orde Lama dimasa terpaksa gulung
tikar saat Orde Baru berkuasa → kehilangan koneksi politik yang menjadi kunci
keberhasilan bisnis selama ini (Robison 1986&1992).
• “Crony capitalist” sebagai: a capitalist economy in which success in business
depends on close relationships between business people and government
officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits,
government grants, and so forth (Kunio 1990).
 SOCIETY-CENTER FRAMEWORK

• Kapitalis Penjarah (booty capitalism): ‘a group with an economic base outside

the state is plundering the state for particularistic resources’ (Hutchcroft 1994).
• Konsep state capture ialah pola relasi antara pengusaha dan penguasa di mana
pengusaha dengan kekuatan kapital “menyandera” atau mendikte proses
pembuatan kebijakan yang dilakukan penguasa (Joel S. Hellman dkk. 2002)
• Pelaku bisnis yang tidak memiliki akses kepada penguasa disebut sebagai
‘pariah entrepreneurs’ (Riggs 1934)