Plural Noun Rules

There are many plural noun rules, and because we use nouns so frequently
when writing, it’s important to know all of them! The correct spelling of
plurals usually depends on what letter the singular noun ends in.
ET GRAMMARLY
1 To make regular nouns plural, add -s to the end.
cat – cats
house – houses
2 If the singular noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add -es to the end
to make it plural.
truss – trusses
bus – buses
marsh – marshes
lunch – lunches
tax – taxes
blitz – blitzes
3 In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double
the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.
fez – fezzes
gas –gasses (note that gases is also an acceptable, and more commonly used,
spelling of this plural noun)
4 If the noun ends with -f or -fe, the f is often changed to -ve before adding
the -s to form the plural version.
wife – wives
wolf – wolves
Exceptions:
roof – roofs
belief – beliefs
chef – chefs
chief – chiefs
5 If a singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant,
change the ending to -ies to make the noun plural.
city – cities
puppy – puppies
6 If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel,
simply add an -s to make it plural.
ray – rays
boy – boys
7 If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es to make it plural.
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes
Exceptions:
photo – photos
piano – pianos
halo – halos
With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for
words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct:
volcanoes
volcanos
8 If the singular noun ends in -us, the plural ending is frequently -i.
cactus – cacti
focus – foci
9 If the singular noun ends in -is, the plural ending is -es.
analysis – analyses
ellipsis – ellipses
10 If the singular noun ends in -on, the plural ending is -a.
phenomenon – phenomena
criterion – criteria
11 Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.
sheep – sheep
series – series
species – species
deer –deer
You need to see these nouns in context to identify them as singular or plural.
Consider the following sentence:
Mark caught one fish, but I caught three fish.
Plural Noun Rules for Irregular Nouns
Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these or look
up the proper pluralization in the dictionary.
child – children
goose – geese
man – men
woman – women
tooth – teeth
foot – feet
mouse – mice
person – people
What is a plural noun?
A plural noun is the form of a noun used to show there are more than one. Most
nouns simply add –s or –es to the end to become plural. 
What is an example of a plural noun?
“Kids” is the plural noun form of “kid.” Some nouns have an irregular plural form;
for instance, the plural noun of “child” is “children,” not “childs.”
What is the difference between singular and plural nouns?
Singular nouns represent only one thing, but plural nouns represent more than
one. If someone stands alone we call them a “person” (singular), but if there’s
more than one person, we call them “people” (plural).
 Future Simple

The Future Simple tense is often called the "will tense" because we make the
Future Simple with the modal auxiliary will.
How do we make the Future Simple tense?
The structure of the Future Simple tense is:

subjec + auxiliary wil + main verb

t l

invariable base

will V1

For negative sentences in the Future Simple tense, we insert not between the

auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange
the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the

Future Simple tense:

  subjec auxiliary verb   main verb  

t

+ I will   open the door.

+ You will   finish before me.

- She will not be at school tomorrow.

- We will not leave yet.

? Will you   arrive on time?

? Will they   want dinner?

We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

Contraction with Future Simple

When we use the Future Simple tense in speaking, we often contract the
subject and auxiliary verb:

I will I'll

you will you'll

he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll

we will we'll

they they'll
will

In negative sentences, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not I won't

you will not you won't

he will not he won't

she will not she won't
it will not it won't

we will not we won't

they will they won't

 not

How do we use the Future Simple tense?

No Plan

We use the Future Simple tense when there is no plan or decision to do

something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of
speaking. Look at these examples:

 Hold on. I'll get a pen.

 We will see what we can do to help you.

 Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is

made at the time of speaking.

We often use the Future Simple tense with the verb to think before it:

 I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

 I think I will have a holiday next year.

 I don't think I'll buy that car.

Prediction

We often use the Future Simple tense to make a prediction about the future.
Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here
are some examples:

 It will rain tomorrow.

 People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.

 Who do you think will get the job?
Be

When the main verb is be, we can use the Future Simple tense even if we have
a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

 I'll be in London tomorrow.

 I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.

 Will you be at work tomorrow?

The future tense with 'BE GOING TO'

The expression be going to, followed by a verb in the infinitive, allows us to
express an idea in the near future:
I'm going to talk to him. Very soon I will talk to him.
Several employees are going to be promoted next month. Several
employees will be promoted next month.
Be going to can also express a conviction or a certainty:
It's going to rain. For sure, it will rain.
I'm not going to fail. I definitely will not fail.
Note: be going to can also be used with a past participle:
They are going to have finished by tomorrow afternoon. They will have
finished by tomorrow afternoon. (however, will is used much more frequently in
this type of construction: They will have finished...)
 Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an
indefinite time in the past (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past and
continued to the present time (e.g., he has grown impatient over the last hour).
This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.
The construction of this verb tense is straightforward. The first element
is have or has, depending on the subject the verb is conjugated with. The
second element is the past participle of the verb, which is usually formed by
adding -ed or -d to the verb’s root (e.g., walked, cleaned, typed, perambulated,
jumped, laughed, sautéed) although English does have quite a few verbs that
have irregular past participles (e.g., done, said, gone, known, won, thought, felt,
eaten).
These examples show how the present perfect can describe something that
occurred or was the state of things at an unspecified time in the past.
I have walked on this path before.
We have eaten the lasagna here.
Keep in mind that you can’t use the present perfect when you are being specific
about when the action happens.
I have put away all the laundry.
I have put away all the laundry at 10:00 this morning.
You can use the present perfect to talk about the duration of something that
started in the past is still happening.
She has had the chickenpox since Tuesday.
 To make the positive present perfect tense, use:

 'have' / 'has' + the past participle

 Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play'
becomes 'played')
 There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for
example, 'study' becomes 'studied')

Positive Positive Short Form

I have played I've played

you have worked you've worked

he has written he's written

she has walked she's walked

it has rained it's rained

we have travelled we've travelled

they have studied they've studied

The negative is really simple too. Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has':

Negative Negative Short Form

I have not eaten breakfast today I haven't eaten

you have not been to Asia you haven't been

he has not seen the new film he hasn't seen

she has not played tennis she hasn't played

it has not snowed this winter it hasn't snowed

we have not slept all night we haven't slept

they have not tried the food they haven't tried

To make a question, put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject:

'Yes / No' Questions

have I missed the bus?

have you visited London?

has he worked as a waiter before?

has she met John?

has it been cold this week?

have we arrived too early?

have they studied English grammar before?

Present perfect with "for" and "since"

Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by
considering its duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering
its starting point, with since + a point in time. FOR and SINCE can also both
be used with the past perfect. SINCE can only be used with perfect tenses.
FOR can also be used with the simple past.
For + a period of time
for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours
I have worked here for five years.
Since + a point in time
since this morning, since last week, since yesterday
since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock
I have worked here since 1990.
Present perfect with FOR
She has lived here for twenty years.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married for three months.
They have been at the hotel for a week.
Present perfect with SINCE

She has lived here since 1980.

We have taught at this school since 1965.
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.