PREDICTION OF HEART ATTACK

ANXIETY DISORDER USING MACHINE

LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORKS (ANN) APPROACHES
ABSTRACT

Heart attack and anxiety disorder are proving to be two major medical complexities in the
present scenario. This study illustrates the role of machine learning and artificial neural
networks in making successful predictions of these two medical abnormalities. This
research paper presents the significance of incorporating artificial intelligence-based
mechanisms in minimising the errors of the diagnosis process. In this context, a brief
description of the evolution of the usage of AI technology in medical diagnosis has been
portrayed here. The different branches of AI like machine learning, artificial neural
networks and their contribution to the analysis and interpretation of heart diseases are
elaborated in this research paper. Besides primary research has been conducted for the
purpose of gaining knowledge about what is the human perception of this technology and
its relevance in the modern healthcare system. A survey among 70 people of different
categories is taken for this purpose and close-ended questions are structured in order to get
their opinion. Analysis and interpretation have also been provided in this research paper to
present a clear description of survey results. The findings of the research paper are
elaborated in the discussion part. In the end, a conclusive summarisation has been given in
order to present an overall idea about the respective topic.

Keywords- Machine learning, Heart failure, mental stress, Artificial neural network,
convolutional neural network, Data mining

INTRODUCTION

According to the report of the World Health Organisation (WHO), 37 out of 100 human deaths
are somehow influenced by the misfunctioning of the heart [1]. Moreover, the study also
suggests that the impact of heart disorder on the human mortality rate has increased by 10% from
the previous century. Besides this, anxiety disorder is also rocketing up day by day due to the
immense stress among the young generation. The diagnosis process of heart disorder and anxiety
issues is a challenging task. At the present moment, it is being carried out with the help of
several medical tests like MRI and ECG under the observation of medical experts [2]. However,
the study suggests that the existing procedure is not that reliable and some sort of advancement is
of utmost importance at the present moment. That has caused the emergence of artificial
intelligence in the medical treatment process which is fairly capable of addressing the existing
gaps of the respective system.
Over the last few years, artificial intelligence has contributed in a significant manner in order to
bring back reliability in the diagnosis process. The prediction of heart attack and anxiety disorder
are now proving to be a much easier job for the healthcare system with the help of machine
learning, artificial neural network and data mining. These aspects of different technologies and
their usefulness in arresting cardiac failures and detecting anxiety disorders are present briefly in
the following section

Data mining: The data mining technology provides assistance to medical experts in predicting
and taking necessary action to stop a heart malfunction. This process generally revolves around
extracting patterns and characteristics from processing a large set of data. Nowadays it has
become an indispensable segment of computer studies which used to analyse and interpret a
characteristic based on processing some data. These analyses are usually too simple that anyone
can use this interpretation to understand a situation of concern [3]. As the data regarding heart
diseases and their information are huge, therefore using data mining can be an effective tool in
the upcoming days for making better predictions of heart disease.

Machine learning: More complex data and information need a better way of processing and
analysis. Machine learning is a pretty reliable tool to process complex data as well as to provide
simple user-friendly analysis. Besides, it ensures the minimisation of uncertainties in the context
of sorting large numbers of complex and interconnecting data. According to an estimation,
machine learning can be an essential tool in 38.12 % of heart disease-related healthcare institutes
by the end of 2023 [4].

Deep learning: The ability of deep learning in processing and analysing a large set of
unstructured data makes it a promising mechanism to use in detecting heart and anxiety
disorders. It is a far better method in comparison to its other counterpart regarding sorting large
volumetric data and its analysis. The deep learning method is based on supervised learning and
one cannot use this learning process in third category data which are not familiar to the system.

Neural network: This mechanism tries to work by taking inspiration from the human nervous
system. Resultantly it brings much more versatility and robustness in processing data of the heart
diagnosis process [5]. The other aspect of the neural network which makes it more reliable in the
heart diagnosis process is it can act efficiently in handling multivariable data sets.

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are several causes as well as several symptoms of cardiac arrest and anxiety disorder.
Experts who are sufficiently experienced in the medical diagnosis process are only capable of
identifying those symptoms in a structured manner. In the following paragraph, two tables are
provided which illustrates major parameters, symptoms, types and characteristics of heart and
anxiety disorder.
 TABLE I: FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE

TABLE II: DIFFERENT TYPES AND TRAITS OF HEART DISEASE

There are several works that have been done in recent years that show the efficiency of Machine
Learning (ML) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in making successful predictions of
cardiovascular failures as well as anxiety disorders. In this context, the most prolific mechanism
which is emerging to handle all the necessary aspects of heart disease is the backpropagation
algorithm. It has been proved that this method is the optimum solution in the classification of
patterns. It is expected that this method can attain 100% accuracy in the upcoming future [6].
A variety of other diseases like dementia, mental stress and functionary of arteries can be
identified by ML in an organised manner. The method is providing almost 91.4% accuracy at the
present moment which is expected to get only better in the future [7].

The feature of the backpropagation algorithm in a multilayer Perceptron is fairly capable of

identifying cardiac malfunctions of several categories. The training process of Perceptron
collects relevant features from the given training data set. Thus it locates other heart and other
mental abnormalities by making comparisons between a given data set and training data set. The
modern Perceptron uses ANN for minimising its dependence on training data sets and to upgrade
its versatility and robustness. The modern Perceptron is hugely successful as an accuracy of
88.46% is achieved by this method at the present moment in the context of the heart diagnosis
process. The accuracy of the training data set and validation data set are increased by 1.1% and
0.82% respectively in 2020 [8].

Figure 1: Usage of Deep Learning in identifying anxiety

(Source: [9])

The incorporation of ANN has remained one of the most prolific decisions in order to monitor
heart attacks and anxiety disorders. Generally, three types of heart attacks are presently familiar
in the modern health sector. These are Mitral Stenosis (MS), Aortic Stenosis (AS) and
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). There are two different segments in the analysis process of
heart failures. One deals with hardware components and the other deals with software
components. Firstly signals from the heart are captured by using devices like a stethoscopeand
signal wire. Then Fourier transforms of the captured signal are done in order to take key
parameters from the signal. The MatLab software and ANN are structured under a model frame
to analyse this low amplitude heart signal. A study has shown almost 92.08% accuracy regarding
identifying heart attacks of three different categories by this procedure.

One major issue which always emerges while using the backpropagation method is its limited
ability in handling large data and processing linear and logistic regression. While ANN is far
more capable of clustering and classifying large volumetric data to provide simple and lucid
results that are easy to understand for doctors and medical experts. Most commonly data are
categorised into three haves in order to attain more robustness in ANN for its training. Almost
60% of data are retained for the training set while 20 % of data are used in the validation set and
20 % of data is used in the test set. Testing data is combined with the network parameters which
gives the estimation and evaluation of sample data. Presently this method is working with an
accuracy of 87%.

Figure 2: CNN architecture for classifying heart signals

(Source: [10])
In parallel, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is presently in hype for its feature of
distinguishing heat sounds and analysis of these different categories in order to make perfect
predictions about a heart condition. This process consists of three phases that are mainly
accountable for the processing of heat signal during the period of training (First phase), usage of
CNN software and scaling of heart signal in an organised manner (Second phase) and extracting
key parameters for the output cable of the spectrogram (Third phase). Machine learning, as well
as deep learning use, attributes like error minimisation by gradient descent process in order to
achieve optimal results in making a prediction of heart and anxiety disorder. ML and DL
generally capture electric signals from the different parts of the human body in order to process
and analyse those signals and get an idea about the condition and function of the heart and
central nervous system of the human body. However these methods lack in their ability to
process interconnected and unstructured data, therefore ANN is presently taking this vacuum
field to emerge as the main mechanism to sort out all the relevant issues of heart and anxiety
disorder.
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