Gers tiga of « amis Ta 09 eb FACS THs SAC Sat : TA THT ASST. Orbital Overlapping in Covalent Bond : Valence Bond Theory a Safire Sftarat aft p- aaa 1s? 2s? 2p} 2p) 2p) 1 adie aS ose smngs fa-0.99; oR (m) THR AB ETA TAT BTA WG Bra SAF 2p) e 2p) TARABIA WIR | aac wre TUG GAD ace CARRE COTA, 2py 2p, Safabia acarala okaras wea Korn aaa tha aca | WA aco ata SAAB Ip! SARD ama AMSAT ATS | a 1 IG 2p! salebrA ron lec sea 1S (ot) THR IAT fe ae ara wR sfarER SgCE AP MENA aT Ge Pita (6) Tar @ GHB TR (nm) THA TET fea AB a zy zy im ° ee Bide at OAD 2p, 6 2p, 2p, 6 2p, oe Sa fraesy : SAIC BY ME oe RET fever farrwer 18 (x) THA: ATA oH Fos 1g Raw ae, a oath Fret aa ae NE % HScDicSy wats 1 aa ea 1 aS rama acy faeeR TET WY mS, oa Firat Tar aa Seta Uf 1S TaN a; Batre orf ir Berra are YP area ra Tee ete fe fae. : BAP wae oath OE TALtera ove 8 @ arate aR got wer @ ost on tea ATR 1 C-H Tas ee Fer OP Cinta BoTS AP arta Tags ATT ats Frat cae BF on sa FART [9.95 Fe foal | ARR Cn) THES CAMBS : BiB tang Hep THCA TTS RTA a Sou eT S TTA AME arene orator atteemaee 1S aR RTD | ore Rare cere ROMA GCN WG SH AC; OTR 91 (m) eA Bet (6) THR CAC HAT RA Gee eI AR (on) TH WH AS SARI ERO Sao TCT CE 1 od Gaeta aemat a Aeefocert Hybridisation of Orbitals sents Saabs Sy Hoe FANS STS Ge at wai fevers Beas aes, CH HITS A aes OMA Se | Sete AACA THT ATTA CATSTST Ta FACOG STSEA ATH | HER H, C1 STOMA ATOTST ara of aca facone SeTagR Bie, O rau of facony SeragA GE | OTE H, Cl, O as aarert za 1, 1,219 Be, B, Capfs rams Seta fears Re SHS gS CIE ALATA TAH MGT AT AT | olen Berra Fara Ra | Be (4) = 1s? 2s? amas aa, ore fareny Berea AR | B(S) = 1s? 2s? 2p! =o Za, are 9B Rreny BeraGa OTe C(6) = 1s? 2s? 2p} 2py FRR Sa, tS Of feces BASHA SIE | fg 4804 BeCl2, BC1;, CH, Sef Gitct Be, B, Ces are wensCH 2, 3, 4 RAR! aa TR Faeartn scr, Feferarer TAMIPTER etcmrenty MS coe BHO RoATs SAL STA ATSC) Usa CATETS 2s? SeeiaGs Faceny eal ooh “feares yxs Ip weladies gees Bw | BET cory walabrar 1d ora) Bie ween wlens Berea Bares Gael Be* (4) = 1s? 2s! 2p) FR] FH, tS off feces BTADA SIS B* (5) = 1s*2s! 2p) 2py army aa, ace off ras SeTaa STR C* (6). =. Is? 2s! 2p, 2p) 2p, PAH, as afb FATETG BOTAEA STR | 71 SHIT Be, B, Cee CoE Ae 2, 3, 4 Koma Tra Fes | fy TA 251, 2pl, 2p). 2p} SAAB LARA ATA MTS GILG ITHT HAC SHA MS ae eH CHM HATA AOS TCA AT | STITTow ARA-285 7a OY WE CH, BCS vale C-H AIT THRs ATA (415 mol!) eae Dal’ waa GIA THIS FATA (109°28’) | STS SATIS o Tah BTCA NCAT a ATT OTR HH A TAN THA ITH ATI, AB IN Be BIBS 6 qHT HS arenta Srge sca 1931 Stew Peart fray offre wahadry mera aT WRG cr Tea ae Sree | FARES CATT HANIA CHES! word fee sea CAO RTE ormrcrt ace fare xen aca oMfer safabir afea efemrcs watered AerRt aT RRBs eT eH eRe Vf FE wafabrerraRcs Hear GAA (hybrid orbitals) ett BW | Safa Br HEAT AOAC AAT TOM PAM : (9) opti are Rf] otra Srafabrena Hewat ecw ates | (2) 633 sfewcrs ore serery GafeberR HEAT Wet ae ATA | FER WOT SA Teed Her, Oe wos area aera wale HB eT | (aE METS aaR 3B TN CRA |) HeeACA we BB wahebrrTATE AS FA eat Sal tamrace aks wea aT AT AG AR Fea we wre fire Fre FalSy eA TewaTTA IBIS cers BY BIg 6 BEA NOT TH HT weet att al WET TAMATTS waABICTS ACSI AewA GaAs Aes HOI ATALA AATS ies | ew Bahr fe Tas also ero Sy ras walBIePRTeA Ie BfewETETCE wfkerat RS ea BEM ees BARRETT cae JB THR wfeweR EA M1 afb ysAtT; RAE LAA AH | aces Feea walebreTe feiss Poems AB aa BTAEA aCe | >. wafattert eatacer Go? ifferent Types of Hybrid Orbitals Rafe acral Fea RS tn, cr OSes (9) sp} Aaa (CHg BY 1157) 2 Dera 57 | (2) sp? eet (CH) = CH) 84 ata); ea ESTE TT (©) sp Rea (CH=CH 4&4 Sta) Saat oto | (8) sp2d 7eRR4 [Cu(NH;),]2+ SRA Wawa era 191 | (@) sp'd Amat Cl, Bq 15H) facets fra 9571 (8) sp3d? Herat (SFg SY 1877) wera 1541 (8) spi? Hewat (IF; 84 157 ) eB AP ATATG 5 | (&) d2sp3 Seat sp3d2 AeA [Cr(H,0),)3*+ SA WTA; RWS AT ola 14 arUTOS Coa fa ait AA UCD | CIT sp}, sp2, sp ACEIT | aaa BA tag FEA TST ART Ua PASAT oH SICATDAI Far ROM | SIMA-wTA ISS THA ATTA sp}, SARS fear SBCA sp? ae BEASTS FATA TITAS OTA AFBAE C-orAATE sp-AEHA TE 1 sp3 ARFAT (sp? Hybridisation) FAERIE TAT AANA CHEE! Wea LAE 5 WARRDRT o fea p wafeBrraa ween vefield @ ora brats srmifieg oafatre aia afte sp} Aras aM | AB OalG sew SARA yew CEERI Fire SMFS es aay CTH 109°28" colt Bey Bea | CUA,Ciera rigs ef 6 arraie aa W048 sm P, SARI z + x + x Pp SAR I p, HRB foawo,go : sp? scree UB sp) awa sraiOm a: SCAT sp) AMAT @ Hedy BE 1S sp? hybridisation of C-atom and Structure of CH mrs ra Rea FATA BME C(6) = 15? 2s? Fp! 2p! 2p%. cw wy Frcerry Remraa TCR ct SToTeT AS cred Fea BAe sda tal] a 2s afar cars wad Boras wy 2p, waa SATBRS Fea | TA, C¥ (6) =1s? 2s! 2p,! 2p,! 2p,! 4 OTE HAA HANIA TOTS Bead Gate 25 @ Sate 2p wafadrr acs aca AEA DAS pte FA IAAT 2y,!, 2yo!, 2ys!, Byy! Veh sea 1 Ga sp? Hews FB meg aoe aod veered Mita fire eorite acs | a ea ees UaeB MAR oaeeice ora H-eawtga 1s! wafebremnres ated yrergy® altaras aca Acer Se (CH,) HE Fea | HH ITA STAT sp} ewaceta FO BAIS THA HTL 109°28" aH 1 FAL CATA sp? AeA @ H-oaMA AIC CH, By APE ETT persia ide orettcat RT H s 00h peafton sp? vege atte CHig ys foano.gy : #4 saga sp) aeemeR MTR TEOMA CH, TI AR 9.9.2 sp2AFAat sp? hybridisation Fetes CORA INA GUSTO Was Gat s AAT 6 YB p SABIE ats AGT @ ote ad crafted oafttr 5fta afeeucs sp? eat Tt A Cw HB eae GAO feat aay HNO SAEoy ARR 2g oe wr aay oats aware fiagces fer Anifeas fice eonite we; fagres ceca staaiqa ABE ae | sp? Heat wee BB a Safaw IIR HH AAAS BCT 120" aM Berg TA fim-0.23 : sp? EZ WAT Of esa GAA TA | (9) GATS sp? Hewat GET BCI; ACA 1S | (sp? hybridisation of B-atom & Structure of BCIs) Gis (B) ais wetee Bers eT of Gay BAA BCE | CIA B (5) = 1s? 2s? 2p,! 2p? 2p. 1 B AMG 2s TART cas 91 ATAS 2p Sahara watwcaa Ber ace Saw ergs RATA A ACE | Aa ATA TSA TATLS sp? AEHAA AC woes Gag: B(5) : 1s? 2s? 2p,! 2py? 2p, - ‘Bare wega: Bt (5): 1s? 2s! 2px! 2p,! 2p, s ABS BET: BS): 18%, 2yy!, 2yh!, 2ys! 120° ay GATT YG, Wel, Wal RT Calacria Hea erafaorerrRR | Bey fort aeaa waltbra waft fagce fate AMfegs face enfie =n Ch a cl APA 120° GET HSA Fea aT fas corey tatda oe 120° RersBafee 3p,! waletrera ard wfearnd wal fea B-C1 Ba-o.se: sp? mews fage oTpfon AROS THA AB FA Gee BCI; BY ASS 1 BCL; Sd HH BCIy Sag 1 mgs areata aye fargerer | (a) F147 sp? grat © RR AT ARPT UT Te sp? Hybridisation of Carbon atoms and Structure of Ethene srécra sp? mesa : BAS ad aT Rereas FATT VI *C(6) = 1s? 2s! 2pl 2p) 2p, | Sar BET aS Qs! GABAA WH SAG 2p wala oIETA (2p! 2p) 2p)) Hl CHICA BABA ARereeta we srrefiea fab sp? era afar (2H) 245 ¥)) aa AB RCO Atta | as BTCA sp? MewAT TH | a ORE C AMAIA GAB 2p afar wafatse adie aos Tag CAs TH! WAR Saf sp? AeA wataGr SES ANOTA ACS Gee AAMMTAA ATF 120° GIA Very sca | Copel sp? mera orAtadrc 33.3% s-DAM 8 66.7% p- BAR AT | sp2 Aeat s!2p! 2p) | ap! SP ASFA | <2 2} av) wi 2p! *C(6) —— 1s?Chem rinse ef 6 Irs Taq op Zz Zz z Cy vs, be afm 2p, aT feat awe 2s wafer 2p, sph EE SOM Ba-a.2e : ae AMIE sp? ewa WaT FORD nee SATIN MTT sp? AeA YE Crag Teg ears ofetha aes Hea Satie Gaba aa Hees waa Oe aaraa Steere tal CC PHAM 1s? 2s! 2p! 2p! 2p} SPARFEA, 62 ow} aw} 2p! ap! LS My 180° t t 2s wafeorn 2p, waht sp ners wait fPu-0.29 : C-ANTA sp AAT sp Aeehte YB Coormane RAB Hd TA : sp AAT C mama i acs aera wafer owl awl) ence 1 mie af C-ramida WS atten Bea Corre ath era wafers TTA aRtarad gat o Aen Berry Fea | cates @ id tds orang wrora fREta ewe wrataDIe WaT ROTA A H vrata sree ao o Tea Ta Fea | fy ASAT 2p! eae 2p! Salada BR SAPS sIAgN aCe | wen Ben a eA THREAT o GACSTS Ca aa AD waaTICTe ar o oTPFETA wT at a ne THR Bevig wea | THAT BAT A SOPH wa wees FEA os wa (AB C-H ¢ eB C-C PHT THR) ae HR BAT AAT ACT Oe TH ITAA FCA TARA TOGA MB THA TT PISA ABA FA NCH | (op-sp) 6 354 no TET H—CLE 4 ——»+ H-¢Cc—H ——> H-c Sc—u 7 Rafe a STE Pr p,Pe Py eau Bacon: sp Aveta a video we aft fp oH MR (x) WA Ua RaTRT eI TAners rigs af 6 amas wea ors enfifee srefea tra care yb sp wafaor wal aaAtafee aae HACC Cd 180° aa C=C fares Yq LN 0.120 nmi eBay: aaa FATHT TG (0.120 nm) FTTH PTAA TAG (0.134 nm) CTT FR mi Nara ret: areas Kaas CTR caer, a Cory etcwICe sp? meat wal EAD ee Tiewa Safaore HR Sea | ars Resa TARE TH 33.3% s-OER w 66.7% p Bite acs | Were BAe FeETAa PTE HE CASITA ATMs sp ALT al AS Sea Hea wala HV aca | AA sp AEH SAREE 50% S-DRRE @ 50% p-DIRM AIC 1 THA sp? ACEH HE HewA SaeDleTa FATT sp AeA AB Fee Tafa ice s-Ohm ca ReaTR CAA aE AB farewera wda-wrsA Prom TaTH en ard PACH Seareg SIPS AH HEYA A) OR aida ATER (CaC) 4A (0.120 nm) Bw freA SRM-9.99 : STIPE (H_C=C-H) a ey C-aaaida Saab see aa ea 0.20 AMA BAA Ca ied HATA AC BIg hoe Fe Relation between Shapes of Covalent Compounds and Hybrid orbitals CH cerca FATE tera oI TATE Ta SARAH AA fire 2 le SrtA UTES ARE aca | Cran aa Saab cra fay eta EEA GIA sp} HSA, sp? AGA, sp Heed Zemtfea apes tom Sion aia 3B AATATEN Pista (0) waa SA SGA we RT IA eae Sea GTA aE ANTE ETON Bea Safes Rem aralia ger Hea wae TaN Bera Beata Fea ga wreifes arpa fags we FRE STS S cones wea | aR Rea Boe @ Mere Reals yore TA ART wea STE Fiat RCH IC | NCR AT ARAYA Cote Bra (i) AB Rares grt at aft aeee saftbrr crac sya ores area Aaa eI COR, BeCl,, CH=CH Sa 4541 orece Gada aNd SEA IA sp ACeAt HE | AA THI II 180° & | (ii) foxt® Qarate gia 4 fox aewa waft ates we Sighs aTeAH Rage oTFioa a GAA BCI; | ewe crahy Hage GALATI sp? Hewat RCT | SIA SHR HA 120" BA Gi) Draft Sera Geet a1 Drath ea SAAT ears See aTES DERE I OA CH, BES, NH,* | eran RR orang Wafabien sp} Hewat aD; THA CHA 10°28" BH Draft Reais yoeora wees arate -Rorathy gm aera, wea Tele DpaeTa cere REPS AI faaceratara Pratfire; + CH 107° Bas Sm Free Be ORATA Z| GB, NH; 1 Drate Reals ca wes BAB Reo Boras IM eters wea waa BIBS STAT fape RH Beaty VTE AIGAS MTS Fea | OV THY HA 104.5° oH WRT A | GE, HO: | ser! Aoi aces wattorn cece fagwrara APraATE (PCI), EA mera wa atace BOs (SF,), Te rere SAM ere Ufa sos sterpeTeTa AAAS (IF,) =~ FARRAH fal at tera 4 ages Renata | wefttin | coreret vera | Sea orga ai BITS 4 8) peor | ewan [Read cong) | one feet cre | Was Beh | ex Be ge | sp | acm | vamtafee | c—pe—ci | 180° BC sp? © Catgl ped 120° oo sph | - SOM 109.5° 4 ort2e|~ 8 aryl Nin, sp) | SB Arve | Sewer ) yes 4 sam | ge Q HS Gt (at Rone | TEE OD 104.5° Poles Pl emagem| vege | we Nn 9.30.9 ANH ales cH HANI Heat BTA Pete Determination of Hybridisation State of Central atom in Covalent Compd. Gtora cefta oranda Bras fear care Shafea tama weg fermen Fa Safa eeAT RBCS ora BI INST CS ATTAMIBS A waa AA cece COTATR 1 am FACE eTTw (9) Ae MIATA TTA steer cA ot ws co HAT Ca aa SAAT HE SMATRETATA TAA FAT (H) Fy at are | oT cate ct staTgBA raAATIN CA TTA eae EA AT STATE TSA IAT AT | CI, oer ARATE seas | varia | [Sutera ona 2% | [eeratta vet (V)]* | ae OX) weet (C)| * [preera et (A) a, H=} (V4+X-C+A) joatea age of ¢ apraie THR oro x nea wafirn fer_ Seren Bir tees Socate arated wiehes oor oftaSe ea 1 oR, * spid3 aeefhe XeF, Wwe Pe-AoaA WI MH oa a segSlA Prafie otghs en {fa-0.2(2) Gat] | " (2) Gah cans Fee SARITA Bales Rem -erss copa Hel Pare aera GTA TRI ‘Brera : L=H-X-D (aaa D am far rama Feet) fata Aid Corea cars SoA ayo OTIC CHA HATH MCSA Saal rae BB wa SAAB TT Frere Reraha CoG Hea GIA ACA | fafea TACIT SI Se BTCA CATH eet wry, Reve Reras cary Heal 9 tr Ata: aga erp xa CHR A TR CTSA (9) Gt S48] BeCh, BF, [> cat: CHa n= 4 [V+X-Ce Alay [444-0+01=4 cen sages | CH,.NH3, H;0, Sara Sm Saeed GET ATC a4 HAT GAG] | sp}, GTA L=4-4-0=0 \ 2 RRR RNY C cs Pry BeTeGR coreya FR = 0 srry ge ace || ROH es _ ogardta CH, Sa (OA SIF] CO2, CS2. S02. |» oe: So. owen, t=} (V+X—C+ Aj=z [6+0-0+ 0}=3 Grae aatirs |SO; : o. OAM MY S MA HART TAR : sp, WA L=3-0-3=0 aes Ee =. GR ora S co oes Reva CTSA Fee = O rca: soba stones : sadly figaTeT SO; FL (2) ait aga] COC, POCK, ‘ 1 -0+0]}=3 armgre| HCHO ; > Git: HCHO, areca, H=, [4+2-0+0] gates o EGT SY C at AAA TTY: sp?, SAA L=3-2-1=0 Rar ran] 2. CER Tam C 0S Pere BHAA CHTEHS eT = 0 ae ae 2 Sas toa : ret pare HCHO SY | (@) sstriea | Nip GH, [> att ort: Nut, avec, Het [544-140] =4 FP HO* Berths | caedha opmare| Net Hewat SEA: sp}, SA L=4—4-0=0 *. AN STN ce Pore BeraGA cancwa Ae = 0 J SRG ToaTPAS : OBE NH; SI | > ano: BE aw, W=F 9+4-0411=4 (@) Sims | BCI, BF, . Cred 2- | NOs. : COS"+NOS. P . cotu orm] B at Arne ea: sp3, TAT L=4-4-0=0 SOF. POs. |. cedtn vam B ce ere Sera cores Fe = 0 Rem 2 SR tae : pee BE; SRA | O99 FATA Bist SPS we Tae cate word MARAT FACT HOTT Impact of Lone pair Electrons on Molecular shapes 4 ANCA Aiea cosy raga corepet we Fore Berahayr (Ip — bp) > (bp — bp) | Sahibe Pratces “faces NH;, 1,0, NH,*, 8e% Git o TMTTA qaA 8 BBS ICAO Fat AT (F) THR catete errs Reo Berna Yes eters : (9) Soreatftat (NH) Sit 13ca sp? AcFat (Formation of NH; with sp*) ARENT erate Boreas FAAP, N (7) = 1s? 2s? 2p,! 2p,! pe!» 4 sp? ASIA OT bia AAQeT AeA Baler AB xu, OTeMATe Wi Wo, Wa 8 Wy Uist few sarm AEBS GAA N-oI{A CHET Bea a Ron OT Wi, YW, Wy yl acecn ws yy vw ARS Beh */ ‘s H et aa WTSGT MS Ural avers wef wa H AAS Is! Salabrer Free yeaa wftarat wat fea N-H Piet (o)-aHA WB aera aay GOTT NH; 984 3B 1 Wo, Ws, Y, ¢ SAO TLSA THA Rea PIAA ATTA Feed corer) a Renn Remap a wre ora FRM ath I AL SOM sitce THA CSI ZHNH 4a WA 109.5° cate BCI 107° a Sate qa Hor aad facarstars Prathicen aH, as coq TS N vst axe Sera AIS FeapHTR H aR AAS | (2) fa Sga TSCT sp) Hee otfeeM (Formation of HzO with sp) sia carat staat afsrcenrta SreA FAT O (8) = 1522s? 2p,? 2py! 2p,! 1 face AMIGA 2s 9 2p SafAPrrTRA sp} Aesat Ba | Berg vas ree ARM aa opera ANfeyR free emnfte SCE 1 a DEATH OH PRCT AIC STATS | Ura eR ARATE COT Wh, W, Ws, Wy i bos sie Ree Roraaare | cat aa Yoo age AAT sia gD CARAT oA yl, yl -a eat Wa WAR 4 wate qi Bac TA Is! wafabrera AICe Sftaat aca Ye O-H aa Ae era; cords aif ad Hf RH SSC oaatia yh Rem Scraper nh oda sar Boral grace wfyewa fred al WH TAH GH ZHOH a aI OT DYURICeR AICS TT 109.5° Coes BOI 104.5° (A, 104°28’) Ba ARE ate Cate AS iarered Sez a1 10W, CRAY as AORIPPIES SARA SEPA onira SA OTST Reale V-erecas OTS hoa ATH CTATE | H fim-o.ay ; NHy SIs TH © eH CHIR Fa-0.00; HOS am 0 THF GTCe ers riage of 6 aps aR oe Nihineitinieaeincemeammecnamiiialatas Rem Beraaaye cht SY, ABSL (@aR- NF; BH) © AByL, (GR: HO, Hy§ ) a7 RO FAH CTA Grd AGRE aT WARS HAUT STS ATTA | ICRA A = CON ARTY, B = THTTS aren any @ L = fem Berea ret | Berane ABIL 6 ABSL, Aes 7S acess Aes oa ASMYA WT sp? Head UG; OR owe ot @ gH cet 109°28’ Renta set | fey" cagA MICS Rom Reva Ye Msn TEA TM Ip — bp ea adtra SrA 109928" CHER A) OTE HehAB ar tard « tere onda oramngqa cite sewer onetars eecte Tea BORER YE (bp - bp) aeeg eetera aren aca ArH tes | () Can ga cra oranda whe were Se amTgs oem AS CaP BU, THT Rea WI CHR teatas Rice Se ae SUE 1 ees Re TETAS (op — bp) HET APE PN ATTY aCe aT | m carta Ra owen, coe ge xn a rey ee Sema wy, ceN Tee 7m oa a COCR ATTN TTA Oe cal ea GIT | BO THA Bera WevacNa (bp — bp) WT STR TUT COT AR ON ST | 1 (9) NHy 48 THA CH 107° Rove NF THA CHT 12°29’ MT 102.5° BA CHAI TTT = NH; ¢ NF Bae Grae oETY Naa TT sp? Hewat WE | NM—3 18 T2py! Spit] SAFE, oy,2 2yo! 2s! 2y4! N PRT HB bral cea Safab icra eg MatoTS More Boras YA (2y,2) BCR OR NH ¢ NE, wae Rem ReraA gio TEL Rcrads yr vywTsmETT ATS A CATE faceatars Paces Stal Mx Tea | SIA SCwTS SHOE Ger ANGE wie Tirso oneara wom fares Bea YG aaa ATG BACT (bp — bp) Wy Frakes tat fq zea ACs | OTA, NF, Ss fits Sfge See F oa N-F aacaa Bere Yrs cal area Foes face wea, wea | fy NH, Siew Site wfee eres N aay N-H wacra Boras Drees ca arene Fc coca firce Sree Sta ae | OR bp — bp eka wa NF a OTH NH ae CoE CaP BA ARNET HA watehrnd Pom BerebA yr NH; Sia OI NF; SIs bp Is? [B® 2p? 2p pst] SEA 152 2y,7 ayo? 2yo! 2ys! S(16) —> 15228? 2p6 [3° 3p.23p,"3p.1] SE ™S 3y,2 3yx? ays! 2H! ‘SET OFEN sp? AGRA THT FTPs H,O 6 HOS a eeoraa aa yb Sea HeTH-AeTAaA YIM Ss THA ReTAGT BNA (Ip — bp) se we Faker HCH THA HII 109928’ CAAT AR 1 SATA START waa, FSM Sera Pye Gt GL ABIL, 4 a GR ARTY (GBR A) ae OSs MeTISe As oTeTA CAD Bde BH MAES Ge AH SHA THT HI GAAS ONS ON MTHS FR sere Tica ATM cas AP BE ARE O 6 S a4 ORE VATE] LT AVI 3.5 6 25) : HO Bate wfes OSs VTA O ANI O-H THR Boras yee Pacers faces caf STG Sea | fry HS WqCE Fa wiGe AAG S FANT S—H Tea Bera VTS Faces few a ATSB Mea | WHYS erg | 3.04.0Ghewa rings af o apie ae or O92 TTA att aya ara toh To make Molecular models of Covalent Compounds wee reras ae 10, Cl eermige 30mO90 FACT TACT THT Coordinate Covalent Bond FATE THA THATS CHA Wearate aE any Has Ws eGR CU face SOT I 38 wea | coma STEER SR NH,* fica atc, ace NH, ada N tanita Pere -Qereas BF a ‘HBCHTY (lone pair) BeRGA wat Ht GN Carl Berea aT friems Heats Sars wee eA ZEA AAS HATA ALT HACATS AHA HABA Gray etcetera Vora Bre CHICA CetcaT wT AD AT TAT” WATE BH ACS SR TR TINY CST BOTSGA caers at fren & Bora ys TaATRSTA, AAA TA AIL AST NT FU TAT STAR A | SOTA FE THATS fC SHR MT HART HATE AR TT BA ACM OTA FSCS WETI HATTA Sea OH ATET ATHY (donor atom) Lae QI TAM ST CHIR ata wice at8he1 IMTg (acceptor atom) ) oma Bread» | orate (NH) Ble VRE OEMS Teg Ae THs aa NH! SER AB eT | e oe E : HN? + Ht | NH > [ wees Careatrs are Srraad-2 | Rs wf co NAGS _@ NH, Sot Wee HAC! 3 [HsN: > Age :NHs]* 4, | Ag(:NHs)2]+ ssrremttrat Farah fers (1) wr | j 0.98.9 eat oiled Rien SAA TATA ver Presence of Different Types of bonds in the Same Compound Patou THTTS Mt: CTE Aor ae mee Fale MCHA THT MTATD Tee, CNA, ‘Gareat-> | NH,Cl oa ees fA sta THN UA (i) AROMA aA, (ii) AACA H i ee area) eNOS wn eee H-Nou| clr ald NOH Ter Cet aT | best Sree wien Ee aaa ete ek GK RT WTS () ARCA eer at NH Bey Se : eB N orang FATE HE renga are fext> aac N—H THT FRAN NH By 19a Sea | Ne + sux — He-NocH a, Na, H Gi) fret racer Te Wat NAY SA tos; orem wy (NH) a Rewer WI RCT RE RPRCRICORT STAT CH) AGC THEA OTT A | H* + SNH; —> [H¢,NH,]' 4, NHYoro FAA -2H 1a Gai) TUFTS AHF CI NHAC 184 : SATIS NH} SRR 6 toe Cl ons a Caphos wrest wat arate aac Stee AC NH,CI 24 Sa | NHi + Co= > NGC aeetera, arm ci Gharaes KBF, Met K+ 6 BF; OA Sire | VaR Vira AT STAs aaa RTT | Sata BP; 9 F- SIICHS te AACE FIST THA BRIA HAG FATA TTI SAM SA | © 1 FACTS Sas HEC a VT SOT eM LA | ‘Corare feanisies wrctpst oT sera wer : Fedy Mites mir Peete Boreas fa coe faqs weet Oe STM ATER BAT af mated org eens Tas RAAT COTA ARCH ATT Ae CHI Bea CH THA STG A, AT Waa TSR TT | HERA AW: TATA CA wa TSC ar MCT a THR ercaTORAN Rea ae coeTaTA att ARAN FATA HS Ie HAT ATA CHTCAT ROTRUR CHA AT eM A eqere cate CATA CTR Bera BIT Orn Fa faqs Bea GES of Sea AUT STAR A, ACS ANC CATA TWA eT SATA TWH AAT THA TAOS : THR sera etcaTTAa Boras greta Ser Sy aS APSA THY COE ACT ACTA) THT AT AS TACT HCA a1 rte aac cole Faore AT | ade CT Sar egOTH ACTA ae | ORC NH; 84 184 @ NH gt SRM 1ST WC HAT CCH BI EB Re | RICE raga Rema FAT et; N(7) = 1s? 2s? 2p,! 2p,! 2p,! WAR-D (BAA)-99 (+)OR PAIRS a SUTRA (NH3) GYM CAR LE ATRCRTCOIA TATA AAD sp? ATHAT NCD | a wea Dra TARAS AH SARE (COW, YW; Ya) WR eH, aH fate aE eH eae HEMET AE Bema ae | ae RARE Cea SAAT HAG (CO, W, W,) Sal eaurcers taeda Is! atom am AC ftaeas aca feat N—H srrcarel Fiore saa YB sca | CocaTiaM ter ACTER TaETITS YM Cea wafabier (Cay YD) Rem toraia W431 Tera Tera SEA Fa sparta (NH,+) STA soca wag OEE HRA TARO MTG ase VACA SNCS (H+ a) BOTAGAAE Is rafsorerA AT oftarat aca HAC THA APB Aca: N + IN +@a— H 4 u H 1H H H fFa-o.02 : ARM TH UH NH4t SRR oT) ACT TH STIS VON ANTICS TOT etc PB RH | PRCGCORT ATMICS A NATSTE SATE HM ROTA Be, 1 AF CA GTAATS TAS STC Ae Fw eH seas RU i Em HY N-H TAA rice wera AS NH THC OTS COT MSS AICS AL OUTCAST eHFOAS TALTCE TANT ag N-H 29m ARG eae fe ZHNH = 109°28" ads orf DyaACeA CHA 109.5° aa FAT FRMIAFS HTI-0.98 : ART MMPS sF4-13 3A Ga Ge cha B aa Grae BF, ins RRR BE, SUTRA 54 ea fb. cat, 209@) BF; + F- —>BF, (@) BF; 6 F- Sra Ae CO rate THA BS VW St TA Fa (&) Boren Rider sTTH B oaalga eead Saas Sa ECG SAT wT AOS FA STEP : (%) BE; @ Fo BACAR MOO AWA STAT TET: Bie WE, BAM 3a MES aA 13 a 3A as Gr OTR Tae wet cata, BCS) | Gtafba Roraia Syr T : B(S) —> 1s? 2s? 2p} ‘Bare weeR, B*(S)—> 1s? 2s! 2p, 2p, 2p! FSM B 15% 2! 2yo! 2ys! 2y,! Wi OHA OAD Awe wafatren bed F ear Feat ace wT RCH Oy | EA Chloe FAERIE MTB Ge sp? AewR erga ofa ACT sp) IG SHEN RES sotates oe an 1 we wears tba RH AIT aroret eRe: Feoa ara aslerg ate eat eoraCaa eta TA ACER EET SafROI Fee (HD Fea ar aT ae eR ora ces HibaTAAS MAT ATH | GORA nly SITE + RT gH ~ aR + ORTNEA 2 | Reais ae (Vv) Feit (X) ret Feet (C) ‘Bre FATT (A) a, Heh [V+X=C+A] BE, SARA CTH HEPAT HEMETRTHTA SAAB HAT + =} [3+4-0+1]=4 Fea aC Dra ARTI CO 2s « FOaTE 2p SARBIA ereATA Geet FCAT | OE BF,” SR shea sp? eae weBeR | FAferaa 4 BF; SIS B oe sp? aicwadl fl age WC TRAE IER Ie gS QS PIM FEMA AAAS MGT AGA AeA sp} WLR, WI] STR SM AAT aa ae ETSY ermtfehs wT ) O.3e TACT THA CUTS : wide treTETA eters Polarity in Covalent Compounds : Electronegativity Effect, Sacer) HCA CHESS Rema WHEE CHICA AT MSs Acer face ofiee STEN Sar KES A raya Vike WeSC wT ZI Banga fs terre caf ae MIDE Bie WTSI Fe | GHRTTA wIBe SAREPET FTE CaP, SAA SARCEN, GHAI, TRCRTCORT FAIA ER | CES RTA orcas Way SAKE OBE VaTEs TATE few CaP SIGE BL we | tars ores Mpa pref (S-) ae Bra ATT Tere eettere ore (5+) 4B aa 1 OTR, & & eR ye HF W, H-F orth Con SDT He Hera Ufes AerIS AA A, F= 4,0 =3.5,Cl =3.0,N=3.0, (SBS ON = 200. Br=28,1=25,C=2.5,H=2.1 FARA-SH (BPTA)-99 (1)1928 PANTS a WIR s CONTAAS : saath itera AE GR tamtds She saraser its aces ST CHATS 0.5 - 1.9 44 TG TM) VT WE eitews yi fea orca a1 crea HB ea, Den cuwTs Ga wert ole) St Sei Aaa Aer BITS ETA PBA nies 2 caters corenfay (polarity) on GH | Sea acs Sets TES (G+) ¢ Sets sew (6-) afb fSy cue AR mom a “romana omer a oncom Gor = Se) HE aft fifties corms Bq; Fat Fo H rama Oe VateswiA AIT (4 — 2.1) = 1.9 TWAT OTT SPACE eg Sees corenhals eran oR | OTOP ALAS Wes F Se SAB etre 4c HF wetifte cena Sel | PRCT VTA SOTA GF ATS GA kl HF > HCI > HBr > HI; reat SHC TT EMTTRTAA ATTTT eka TS CPM Rea AHMAD RTC STS AMET SS CM ST | CO AM; SMA 100% HA CHCA TD. GIR | HHA 100% AACA it HB 1 NaCl Aer etre 80% worn CAMBS ace Ficoa TAfACS ores Soe werOIA day ae BIOTA Tat AB ot Sue 0.1 ar CaPicBra caToYG “tesa STE CHATTAT BAT | TRA, wipe tereser otc IRA 0.2] 0.6 | 1.1] 1.7] 2.0 | 21 OFA AAR HG TAS CAPT ; 05] 1.0 | 10 | 2s | so | 75 | 80 | 90 | ACTA TITS SPS HATTH e Sera wie Brel aa SALT A ag Ate Pts STAT AOS CAPES STH | H-OTES COMETS IA WUT VRCGICS THA AIG AGA STBoteas sr AB RH! SAA a AT ura Gy HTK (associated) MCS | H-TATAR SH Aer AT ees HRI | GA A Ha CATCH OS GEA, Trae, EG Toh aol euefirs oraPs Tora TAME. CAAT TAL | SA-16 (GA) oa SABE S teretaa BESS eM UatERN HO 6 HS | orCH CoAT HO SAM, fey Gee HS BAT IPT | HCI, H,SO4, HNO, Zen Pre ay RT CMTS | aT MCS H+ STN OTH, SRT ISP FH | NaCl ae BACAR Tost aa aPCEA BAR UA POTS RAT Ve BR Ea Oras Are AEM COT FS OD | ORT GTS CITA FAAS GT nace atpS asa ew falta sea ace | faew HATTER Tota ween fAfeom carats atest fates Yerate Aes ECS 1 O.9¢.) CHMATATA A Sra feshS Polarization of Ions COTS : UA COTA SHS ae STATIC aa Feds SIT, SAA Wid PEGA wal AS SERIES DIS TTC RETREAT CoRR PACs TAA Fa | ee ace HVAT CUTATTCA VHEMTTS rE ra 1. OEE @ Herds BOM STATA VTA GT STOTT FHCRC ICH | CS ATTA IAT STAR FRBAS AT CMAN THT BH | GAT SSAA GAT TTATTATS coerTAMAS AACR IM A | START GONE AAD FH FASE SHOT COMMAS AT ACH | fix-o.vo : M+ asfbta wee X- STATECTA COTPTETES | ATR 39 (@PAA)-29 (H)ers mage of ¢ apraite THR ore sys rae aT AMARTH STR, CoHPTATTCTA WCH OTATTA ReeTaGA come Feels, comer ATT Tas feos CTE wace ReralA ace Bag! Picea fo ata etAeT CTE RET: Oo ©o0 © Gc amid state ihre sre cones HC frow sacri foa-o.08 : fafq MgCl, (*FFIE 714°C) > AICI; (TATE 190°C) | GFR NTES HAAS PASH DTETS BioiAA Fe sacl Sy OTeAAAE ao cotta ET A Rea ae AM Hrceha STITT Cortera TET CHA RT GR, TAL GFAP FeCl.) <# SrATE_670°C BS GRAS GMS (FeCl) LA TATE Te 306°C | CRIS GTA FeCl; 4 BiOREA Dre ae MHS Be META HACER ef fie tte 1 RCH TATE ST | SOAP Meira oicela afeea Arca coreTATAMS RewTa ereeret BPR oT | CHA, GARE (FH) SR Score] Gee (02) oT cal corerrathrs Ba eae ABGTES (N3-) SHA SAS CAM coronaire ze | FH CaF, STR CaO wfes aacATs expla ZT |