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Thursday, April 8, 2021

Introduction to Psychology
  PSYC6101 - Introduction to Psychology

The nucleus of neuron contains____________ the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

chemical that contains the genetic blueprint that
directs the development of the neuron.

It provides an objective description of how a variable Operational Definition

is going to be measured and observed in a particular
study.

It is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that Theory

attempts to explain observations.

This is resting state of the neuron, when more Polarized State

negative ions are inside and more positive ions are
outside the cell membrane.

Community psychology is concerned with providing True

accessible care for people with psychological
problems. Community-based mental health centers
are one means of delivering such services as
outreach programs

It is a testable prediction that derives logically from a Hypothesis

theory.

These are branchlike structures that receive incoming Dendrites

signals from other neurons.

It is like a fence that surrounds the entire neuron, Cell membrane

giving it shape and keeping the cell’s internal fluid
 inside; it is said to be semi-permeable.

These are chemical substances that are stored in Neurotransmitters

very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and involved
in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to
the next neuron.

Environmentalpsychology explores the effects of True

physical settings in most major areas of psychology
including perception, cognition, learning, and others.

Which of the following topics would a psychologist Weather Patterns

have the least interest in?

It consists of layer of cells containing fat, encases and Myelin Sheath

insulates most axons. .

Clinical psychology applies findings in all areas of False

psychology in the workplace.

Health psychology examines how people become False

who they are, from conception to death, concentrating
on biological and environmental factors.

Which of the following statements is correct? Only experimental research allows

researchers to determine causality.

Darwin’s theory speculated that certain behaviors or True

traits that enhance survival are naturally selected

Paul believes that physical attractive people are whether people gave Paul a spare
selfish. He conducts a study to see if he is right. He change
goes up to five people he thinks are good looking and
asks them for spare change. They all turn him down.
Paul concludes “Aha! I knew it all along.” The
operational definition of selfish in Paul’s study is
_______________.

The more hours that students work, the less Negative

successful they are academically. This is an example
of what type of correlation?

This is a Greek word which means “the study of.” logos

The ancient Greek philosopher who wrote about Aristotle

psyche and first broadly defined the subject matter
was

In an experiment on attitudes, participants are given The type of information the

either positive or negative information about a participant is given
speaker and then asked to evaluate the effectiveness
 of the speaker. In this experiment, which is the
independent variable?

Clinical psychology applies findings in all areas of False

psychology in the workplace.

Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies Variable

is called ______________.

Forensic psychology applies psychology to the legal True

system. Forensic psychologists might help with jury
selection or provide expert testimonies in trials

Sigmund Freud established the first psychology False

laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, in
Germany.

These provide support, nutritional benefits, and other Glial cells

functions in the nervous system.

Gestalt is any object or event that is perceived by our False

senses.

It is a testable prediction that derives logically from a Hypothesis

theory.

Health psychology examines how people become False

who they are, from conception to death, concentrating
on biological and environmental factors

These are located at the ends of the axon where Terminal Buttons
neurotransmitters are stored before being released
into the synapse.

Which of the following statements is true? Quasi experimental research is not a

true experiment because participants
are not randomly assigned to
different conditions.

Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies Variable

is called ______________.

The circadian rhythm of sleep is a natural rhythm of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

sleep and waking programmed by a group of brain
cells in the hypothalamus called_________________.

This governs the emotion of fear and aggression Amygdala

This refers to respiration, consciousness, sleep, Pons

dreaming, facial movements, sensory processes and
transmission of neural signal from one part of the
 brain to another.

It serves as a relay station for information coming Thalamus

from our senses to the brain.

A sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing Sleep Apnea

while asleep.

Which of the following does mediation appear to All of the above

improve?

This is responsible for the transfer of information from Hippocampus

short to long term memory.

____________ is a heightened awareness of the Mindfulness

present moment, which can be applied to events in
one’s environment and events in one’s own mind.

_____________ occurs when someone is either Substance dependence

physically or psychologically reliant on a drug’s effect.

A sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during Narcolepsy

alert times of the day.

____________ produces mild hallucinations as well Ecstasy

as physiological arousal and sometimes called the
“love drug” because it produces feelings of euphoria,
warmth, and connectedness with others.

_____________ includes automatic processing that Lower-Level Consciousness

requires little attention?

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, Manifest Content

containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s
true meaning

This is necessary for balance, muscle tone and Cerebellum

performance of motor skills.

This regulates heartbeat and respiration and plays a Medulla

role in sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing and
digestion.

This regulates some of our basic emotional reaction. Limbic system

t maintains homeostasis in the body or a state of Hypothalamus

internal equilibrium across a variety of bodily systems

A condition when individual forgets something Motivated Forgetting

because it is so painful or anxiety laden that
remembering is intolerable
 The ____________ is the smallest magnitude of a Absolute Threshold
stimulus that can be detected half of the time.

It refers to a memory loss for a segment of the past Retrograde Amnesia

but not for new events.

It is a long tail-like structure growing out of the other Axon

end of the cell which carries signals away from the
cell body.

Light waves are transduced into neural messages by retina

two types of receptor cells, named rods and cones, in
the ____________of the eye.

Type of attention in which involves concentrating on Divided Attention

more than one activity at the same time

Cones are concentrated in the ___________. Fovea

A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

confident that we know something but cannot quite
pull it out of memory

The sound wave is amplified by the hammer, anvil, Middle ear

and stirrup in the _____________.

This pertains to the memory of emotionally significant Flashbulb Memory

events that people often recall with more accuracy
and vivid imagery than everyday events.

A response is an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. True

It is a conscious recollection of information, such as Explicit memory

specific facts and events and at least in humans,
information that can be verbally communicated.

t refers to any relatively permanent change in Learning

behavior brought about through experience.

These reinforces are innate and often satisfy Primary reinforcers

biological needs like food, water, sex, and even
artificial sweeteners with no food value

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps Schema

people to organize and interpret information

Sensory receptors located in the muscles, joints, and Kinesthetic

skin provide the brain with messages about
movement, posture, and orientation of the body.
These are called______________receptors.

It refers to the retention of information about the Episodic memory

 where, when, and what of life’s happenings – that is
how individuals remember life’s episodes.

This is a Greek word which means “mind.” Psyche

This is a special form of episodic memory, consisting . Autobiographical Memory

of a person’s recollections of his or her life
experiences.

Russian physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Ivan Pavlov
his work on the role of saliva in digestion.

The ____________theory of color vision proposes Trichromatic

that there are three kinds of cones in the retina that
respond primarily to light in either the red, green, or
blue range of wavelengths.

These reinforcers are learned by association, usually Secondary reinforcers

via classical conditioning like money, grades, and
peer approval.

It refers to the process of observing and imitating Modeling

behaviors performed by others.

his coordinates information between the left and right corpus callosum
hemispheres of the brain.

According to_____________, the amount of the Weber’s law

change in a stimulus needed to be detected half the
time is in direct proportion to the intensity of the
original stimulus.

When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated Sensory adaptation

at short intervals, the sensation gradually becomes
weaker. This termed__________.

This occurs when material that was learned earlier Proactive Interference
disrupts the recall of material learned later. taught
earlier.

According to _____________, pitch perception Place Theory

occurs when the brain notices which portions of the
basilar membrane are being most excited by
incoming sound waves.

It contains a nucleus Cell body

The sound wave is transduced into neural impulses in Organ of Corti

the ________, which is located in the cochlea in the
inner ear.

This governs high-level processes in the brain such Cerebral cortex

 as cognition and language.

Environmentalpsychology explores the effects of corpus callosum

physical settings in most major areas of psychology
including perception, cognition, learning, and others.
This coordinates information between the left and
right hemispheres of the brain.

An American psychologist who formulated the “law of Edward Thorndike

effect”.

refers to all of a person’s overt actions that others Behavior

directly observe.

A form of learning in which the consequences of Operant conditioning

behavior lead to changes in the probability of its
occurrence.

refer to the private thoughts, emotions, feelings and Mental Processes

motives that other people cannot directly observe.

Identify what is defined through its function. thalamus

It serves as a relay station for information coming

from our senses to the brain

This regulates heartbeat and respiration and plays a medulla

role in sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing and
digestion.

This is necessary for balance, muscle tone and cerebellum

performance of motor skills.

This coordinates information between the left and corpus callosum

right hemispheres of the brain.

This regulates some of our basic emotional reaction. Limbic System

This is responsible for the transfer of information from hippocampus

short to long term memory.

This governs high-level processes in the brain such cerebral cortex

as cognition and language.

It maintains homeostasis in the body or a state of hypothalamus

internal equilibrium across a variety of bodily
systems.

This refers to respiration, consciousness, sleep, pons

dreaming, facial movements, sensory processes and
transmission of neural signal from one part of the
 brain to another.

This governs the emotion of fear and aggression. Amygdala

The ____________ is the smallest magnitude of a Absolute Threshold

stimulus that can be detected half of the time.

When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated Sensory adaptation

at short intervals, the sensation gradually becomes
weaker. This termed__________.

According to_____________, the amount of the Weber’s law

change in a stimulus needed to be detected half the
time is in direct proportion to the intensity of the
original stimulus.

Light waves are transduced into neural messages by retina

two types of receptor cells, named rods and cones, in
the ____________of the eye.

Cones are concentrated in the ___________. Fovea

The ____________theory of color vision proposes Trichromatic

that there are three kinds of cones in the retina that
respond primarily to light in either the red, green, or
blue range of wavelengths.

The sound wave is amplified by the hammer, anvil, Middle ear

and stirrup in the _____________.

The sound wave is transduced into neural impulses in Organ of Corti

the ________, which is located in the cochlea in the
inner ear

Sensory receptors located in the muscles, joints, and Kinesthetic

skin provide the brain with messages about
movement, posture, and orientation of the body.
These are called______________receptors.

According to _____________, pitch perception . Place Theory

occurs when the brain notices which portions of the
basilar membrane are being most excited by
incoming sound waves.

Objects cast smaller images on the retina when they Linear Perspective
are more distant. As a result, parallel lines, such as
railroad tracks, appear to grow closer together the
farther they are from us.

We tend to perceive lines or patterns that follow a Continuity

smooth contour as being part of a single unit.
 It is a preexisting mental concept or framework that Schema
helps people organize and interpret information.

Visual stimuli in which the cues used in visual Visual Illusions

perception create a false perception.

A part of the inner ear that is characterized as a Cochlea

coiled, fluid-filled tube about 1.4 inches long that
resembles a snail. This is where the sound waves are
turned into neutral impulses.

A form of mental training that can be used to calm the Meditation

mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness
of the present moment.

_____________ in depth perception require both Binocular Cues

eyes to allow us to perceive depth.

Missing sensory information is automatically "filled in" Closure

in the process of perception to create complete and
whole perceptions.

A term in classical conditioning wherein a response is Accommodation

elicited by the conditioned stimulus.The shape of the
lens of the eye must change to focus the visual image
on the retina from stimuli that are different distances
from the eye.

drugs act on the nervous system to alter Psychoactive

consciousness, modify perceptions and alter mood.

When we perceive a visual stimulus, part of what we Figure-ground

see is the center of our attention and the rest isthe
indistinct ground

A type of reinforcement that is learned by association, Proximity

usually via classical conditioning like money, grades,
and peer approval.Things that are close together are
usually perceived as belonging together.

It is the tendency for perceptions of objects to remain Perceptual constancy

relatively unchanged in spite of changes in
rawsensations.

This refers to the savory taste of meat stock, cheese, Umami

and mushrooms, that some scientists believe is
another type of taste bud.

The ______________ schedule is where Fixed interval

reinforcement always follows the first response after a
set amount of time, producing a response pattern in
 which the rate of response immediately following
reinforcement is low.

Closer objects tend to be partially in front of, or Superposition

partially cover up, more distant objects.

A theory of dreaming that rests on the idea that Cognitive

dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive
processing.

Theory of DreamingThis is a state of mind Hypnosis

characterized by focused attention, suggestibility,
absorption, lack of voluntarycontrol over behavior,
and suspension of critical faculties of mind.

_____ is a heightened awareness of the present Mindfulness

moment, which can be applied to events in one’s
environment and events in one’s own mind.

According to Freud, this refers to the dream’s hidden Latent Content

content; it unconscious and true meaning.

Which of the following does mediation appear to All of the above

improve?

_____________ includes automatic processing that Lower-Level Consciousness

requires little attention?

_____________ occurs when someone is either Substance dependence

physically or psychologically reliant on a drug’s effect.

____________ produces mild hallucinations as well Ecstasy

as physiological arousal and sometimes called the
“love drug” because it produces feelings of euphoria,
warmth, and connectedness with others.

The circadian rhythm of sleep is a natural rhythm of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

sleep and waking programmed by a group of brain
cells in the hypothalamus called_________________.

A sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing Sleep Apnea

while asleep.

A sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during Narcolepsy

alert times of the day.

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, Manifest Content

containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s
true meaning
Russian physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Ivan Pavlov
his work on the role of saliva in digestion.

It refers to any stimulus that decreases the frequency Punishment

of behavior.

A form of learning in which the consequences of Operant conditioning

behavior lead to changes in the probability of its
occurrence.

An American psychologist who formulated the “law of Edward Thorndike

effect”.

It refers to any relatively permanent change in learning

behavior brought about through experience.

These reinforces are innate and often satisfy Primary reinforcers

biological needs like food, water, sex, and even
artificial sweeteners with no food value

These reinforcers are learned by association, usually Secondary reinforcers

via classical conditioning like money, grades, and
peer approval.

This reinforcement occurs when the presentation or Positive reinforcement

addition of stimulus to a situation increases the
likelihood of a behavior like giving extra credit points
for turning in homework on time

This reinforcement involves the removal of the Negative reinforcement

stimulus to increase behavior.

It refers to the process of observing and imitating Modeling

behaviors performed by others.

Type of attention in which involves concentrating on Divided Attention

more than one activity at the same time.

A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

confident that we know something but cannot quite
pull it out of memory.

It refers to the retention of information about the Episodic memor

where, when, and what of life’s happenings – that is
how individuals remember life’s episodes.

It is a conscious recollection of information, such as Explicit memory

specific facts and events and at least in humans,
information that can be verbally communicated.
A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps Schema
people to organize and interpret information.

This is a special form of episodic memory, consisting Autobiographical Memory

of a person’s recollections of his or her life
experiences

This pertains to the memory of emotionally significant Flashbulb Memory

events that people often recall with more accuracy
and vivid imagery than everyday events.

A condition when individual forgets something Motivated Forgetting

because it is so painful or anxiety laden that
remembering is intolerable

It refers to a memory loss for a segment of the past Retrograde Amnesia

but not for new events.

This occurs when material that was learned earlier Proactive Interference
disrupts the recall of material learned later. taught
earlier

These are substances that create distorted Hallucinogens

perceptions of reality ranging from mild to extreme.

A psychoactive drug that stimulates the brain by caffeine

blocking neurotransmitters that slow down our
nervous system and cause sleep.

___________ memory is the conscious recollection of declarative

information such as specific facts and events and at
least in humans, information that can be verbally
communicated.

The activation of information that people already have Priming

in storage to help them remember new information
better and faster.

___________ is defined as the minimum intensity of Absolute Threshold

a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

These processes involve changes in an individual’s Socioemotional Processes

relationship with other people, changes in emotions,
and changes in personality

The ______________ schedule is where Fixed interval

reinforcement always follows the first response after a
set amount of time, producing a response pattern in
which the rate of response immediately following
reinforcement is low.
 Most individuals have progressed to full adult Formal Operationa
cognition, including the ability to reason using
abstract concepts

A part of the inner ear that is characterized as a Cochlea

coiled, fluid-filled tube about 1.4 inches long that
resembles a snail. This is where the sound waves are
turned into neutral impulses

Conflicts over dangerous motives or feelings are Reaction formation

avoided by unconsciously transforming them into the
opposite desire

Shirley, a sales representative, uses MapQuest to get Algorithm

driving directions to her client’s office. She is using
a(n)_______________to reach her destinations.

The reproducibility of the test’s result is known as Reliability

______________.

Someone who has difficulty exploring more than one Functional fixedness
possible solution to a problem is
demonstrating_____.

If mental age is the same as chrono;ogical age, the Average

individual’s IQ is 100 or _________.

These are states of cellular or bodily deficiency that Needs

compel drives; these are what your body seeks.

The body functions best at a specific level of arousal, Optimum Level Theories
which varies from one individual to another .

These are brief, acute changes in conscious Emotion

experience and physiology that occur in response to
a personally meaningful situation

Theory that views motivated behavior as directed . Drive-reduction theory

toward the reduction of a physiological need.

These are the perceived states of tension that occur Drives

when our bodies are deficient in some need and
creating an urge to relieve the tension.

Deductive reasoning starts at _________and goes to The general; the specific

_____________.

This refers to any external object or event that Incentives

motivates behavior.
These pertain to development of one’s potential to the Self-actualization needs
fullest extent.

This includes food, water and sleep. Basic Physiological Needs

A classic research by Yerkes and Dodson which Optimal Arousal Model

states that we function in accordance to a certain
level.

_______ pertains to the ability to grapple with the big Existentialist

questions of human existence, such as meaning of
life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of
spirituality.

Categories by which the mind groups things, events, Concepts

and characteristics are called_____.

An example of concept is __________________. A vegetable

This is the urge to move towards one's goals. Motivation

Critical thinking involves two mental habits such as Mindfulness and open-mindedness
_______and ______.

The common criterion for determining mental an IQ below 70

retardation is ________.

The needs for affiliation with friends, supportive Belongingness & Love Needs
family, group identification and intimate relationship.

This theory taks about how an emotional reaction is a James-Lange Theory

result of physiological reactions to stimul

This involves anything that energizes or directs Motives

behavior.

The needs for attention and recognition from others, Esteem Needs
& feelings of achievement, competence, & mastery.

Someone who has difficulty exploring more than one Functional fixedness
possible solution to a problem is
demonstrating_____.

This includes food, water and sleep. Basic Physiological Needs

These are the needs for order, predictability, physical Safety Needs
security, & freedom from fear.

It consists of unconscious drives and is the Id

individual’s reservoir of sexual energy. It works for the
pleasure principle.

The emotional nature of stressful events is lessened Intellectualization

 at times by reducing it to cold logic

It is the most powerful and pervasive defense Repression

mechanism. It pushes unacceptable id impulses back
into the unconscious mind.

He/She is referred to as the father of American Gordon Allport

personality psychology.

He/She believed that the need for security, not for Karen Horney
sex, is the prime motive of human existence.

The tendency to worry and experience negative Neuroticism

emotions.

These are tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety Defense Mechanisms
by unconsciously distorting reality.

He/She believed that we are all born with the raw Carl Rogers
ingredients of a fulfilling life – we simply need the
right condition to thrive. Each person is born with
natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

_________ is a method of measuring personality Objective Test

characteristics that directly asks people whether
specific items describe their personality traits.

This is the most primitive defense mechanism, in Denial

which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety-
producing realities.

_________ emphasizes that personality is primarily Psychodynamic Perspective

unconscious or is beyond awareness, thus enduring
patterns that make up personality are largely
unavailable to out conscious awareness and they
powerfully shape our behaviors.

According ___________self-actualization is the Abraham Maslow

motivation to develop one’s full potential as human
being. A person at this optimal level of existence
would be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of
humor, and be likely to pursue the greater good.

This defense mechanism involves directing Displacement

unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

This is Jung’s name for the impersonal, deepest layer Collective unconscious
of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings
because of their common ancestral past.

The person expresses an unconscious wish in a Sublimation

socially valued way, such as a boxer who channeled
his aggressive drive in the ring.

_________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive Personality

thoughts and emotions, and behaviors that
characterize the way an individual adapts to the
world.

this is the Freudian structure of personality that deals Ego

with the demands of reality. It abides by reality
principle as it tries to bring the individual pleasure
within the norms of the society.

This is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is Superego

reflected in what we often call conscience and
evaluates the morality of our behavior

He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, Carl Jung

literature, religion and dreams .

A factor of personality characterized by being more Extraversion

likely than others to engage in social activities,
experience gratitude, strong sense of meaning in life,
and are more forgiving.

The Freudian structure personality that is known as Superego

the harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is reflected
in what we often call conscience and evaluates the
morality of our behavior.

These are strategies that comes in different forms Algorithms

such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of
possible solutions.

The model of motivation implies that all organisms Drive Reduction Mode
are motivated to maintain physiological equilibrium
around an optimal set point.

This means thinking reflectively and productively and Critical Thinking

evaluating the evidence.

This stage of human development is when the young Early childhood

child's thought is egocentric or selfcentered, as they
can only see things from their perspective

A normal physical response to events that make you Stress

feel threatened or upset your balance in some way.
This results from appraisal of demands of a situation
as exceeding our ability to cope with or manage those
demands.
 A tool used by Freud in which the patient is Free Association
encouraged to talk about whatever comes to mind,
allowing contents of the unconscious mind to slip past
the censorship of the ego.

A defense mechanism that is a special form of Sublimation

displacement in which the person expresses an
unconscious wish in a socially valued way.

This is a basic drive that ensures that we take in Hunger

sufficient nutrition to survive.

A method developed by Freud in which the symbols . Dream Interpretation

of the manifest content of dreams that are recalled by
the patient are interpreted to reveal their latent
content.

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with Ego

the demands of reality.

Any form of patient opposition to the process of Interpretation of Resistance

psychoanalysis.

The phenomenon in psychoanalysis in which the Interpretation of Transference

patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist in
ways that resemble how he or she feels and acts
toward other significant adults.

The likeliness over others to engage in social Extraversion

activities, experience gratitude, show strong sense of
meaning in life and be more forgiving.

The release of emotional energy related to Catharsis

unconscious conflicts.

The perceived states of tension that occur when our Drives

bodies are deficient in some need and creating an
urge to relieve the tension.

s the mental ability of transforming information to Reasoning

reach conclusions.

In Erik Erikson's Stages of Personality Development, 11-18 years

at what age do we acquire our sense of own identity
and grow confused about our role in life?

reasoning starts from a general case that we know to Deductive

be true to a specific instance.

A biological theory of aging that argues that aging in Hormonal Stress Theory
the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to
 stress and increase the likelihood of the disease.

This refers to the tendency of members of groups to Social Loafing

work less hard when group performance is measured
than when individual performance is measured.

The following statements except for one are true. Obedience is more likely to occur
when we are in the presence of other
disobedient individual.

behavior interferes with everyday functioning and Dysfunctional

occasionally can be a risk to oneself or others.

This consists of guidelines provided by every culture Social Norms

for judging acceptable and unacceptable behavior

It is a branch of psychology that studies individuals as Social Psychology

they interact with others.

It refers to the phenomenon in psychoanalysis in Interpretation of transference

which the patient comes to feel and act toward the
therapist in ways that resemble how he or she feels
and acts toward other significant adults.

The theoretical approach to psychological disorders . Biological approach

that attributes psychological disorders to organic and
internal causes

It refers to the effect in which working in a group Social Facilitation

improves one’s performance on individual projects.

refers to anything people do to deal with or manage Coping

stress or emotions

A kind of conflict that requires the individual to choose Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
between alternatives that contain both positive and
negative consequences.

behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in Distressing

the person directly or in others.

means different from the norm or different from what Deviant

most people do.

This refers to yielding to group pressure to act as Conformity

everyone else does.

A defense mechanism wherein stress is reduced by Regression

returning to an earlier pattern of behavior.

When we perceive a visual stimulus, part of what we Figure-ground

see is the center of our attention and the rest is the
 indistinct ground.

A type of reinforcement that is learned by association, Secondary reinforcers

usually via classical conditioning like money, grades,
and peer approval.

It is the tendency for perceptions of objects to remain Perceptual constancy

relatively unchanged in spite of changes in raw
sensations.

This refers to the person’s observable characteristics Phenotypes

which show the contributions of both nature (genetic
heritage) and nurture (environment).

Stress is reduced by explaining away the source of Rationalization

stress in ways that sound logical.

It refers to the pattern of continuity and change in Development

human capabilities that occurs throughout the course
of life, involving both growth and decline.

This leads to changes in many aspects of our Psychological Reaction

psychological states and process – changes in our
emotions, motivations, and cognitions.

A form of mental training that can be used to calm the Meditation

mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness
of the present moment.

A theory of dreaming that rests on the idea that Cognitive Theory of Dreaming
dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive
processing.

At this stage (2 – 7 years), the child is capable of Preoperational Stage

symbolic thought – however, this thinking is still quite
different from that of adults. It is often “illogical” in
ways that reveal the unique nature of preoperational
cognition

These processes pertain to changes in individual’s Cognitive Processes

thought, intelligence, and language.

These processes involve changes in an individual’s Physical Processe

biological nature.

This requires the individual to choose between Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

alternatives that contain both positive and negative
consequences.

These are substances that create distorted Hallucinogens

perceptions of reality ranging from mild to extreme.
The type of reaction that pertains to the fact that the . Physiological Reactions
body reacts to stress with an alarm reaction, a phase
of resistance to the stress, and a stage of exhaustion
if coping is not successful.

A psychoactive drug that stimulates the brain by Caffeine

blocking neurotransmitters that slow down our
nervous system and cause sleep.

The following except for one are the changes during Increase in crystallized intelligence or
the adolescence period. individual’s accumulated information
and verbal skills

This can be thought of as any event that strains or Stress

exceeds an individual’s ability to cope.

It occurs when a single sperm cell from the male Conception

merges with the female’s ovum (egg) to produce a
zygote – a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the
mother and 23 from the father.

Conflict in which an individual must choose between Avoidance-avoidance conflict

two negative outcomes of approximately equal value.

An eclectic approach integrates or combines several True

perspectives to provide a more complete picture of
behavior.

Community psychology is concerned with providing True

accessible care for people with psychological
problems. Community-based mental health centers
are one means of delivering such services as
outreach programs.

A theoretical approach to psychological disorders that Biopsychosocial model

implies that these are influenced by biological factors
such as genes, psychological factors such as
childhood experiences and sociocultural factors such
as gender.

psychology is the field of psychology that uses Health

psychological principles to encourage healthy
lifestyles and to minimize the impact of stress

The tendency for group discussion to make beliefs Polarization

and attitudes more extreme.

   
 are culturally determined guidelines that tell people Social roles
what behavior is expected of them

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on the accurate Interpersonal Psychotherapy

identification and communication of feelings and the
improvement of current social relationships

An eclectic approach integrates or combines several True

perspectives to provide a more complete picture of
behavior

Environmental psychology explores the effects of True

physical settings in most major areas of psychology
including perception, cognition, learning, and others.

This is characterized more likely than others to Extraversion

engage in social activities, experience gratitude,
strong sense of meaning in life, and are more
forgiving.

means different from the norm or different from what Deviant

most people do.

A kind of conflict that requires the individual to choose . Multiple approach-avoidance

between alternatives that contain both positive and conflict
negative consequences.

This refers to the interpretation of sensation. It is an Perception

active process in which perceptions that are created
often go beyond the minimal information provided by
the senses.

He/She believed that we are all born with the raw Carl Rogers
ingredients of a fulfilling life – we simply need the
right condition to thrive. Each person is born with
natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

refers to a method in which faulty cognitions, Cognitive restructuring

maladaptive beliefs, expectations and ways of
thinking are changed by pointing out their irrationality.

Community psychology is concerned with providing True

accessible care for people with psychological
problems. Community-based mental health centers
are one means of delivering such services as
outreach programs.

behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in Distressing

the person directly or in others

He/She believed that the need for security, not for Karen Horney
 sex, is the prime motive of human existence

The theoretical approach to psychological disorders Biological approach

that attributes psychological disorders to organic and
internal causes

reactions occurs when the body reacts to stress with Physiological

an alarmed reaction, a phase of resistance to the
stress, and a stage of exhaustion if coping is not
successful.

A disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or Dissociative disorders

change of identity.

This refers to the tendency of members of groups to social loafing

work less hard when group performance is measured
than when individual performance is measured.

He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, Carl Jung

literature, religion and dreams.

Darwin’s theory speculated that certain behaviors or True

traits that enhance survival are naturally selected.

This is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is Superego

reflected in what we often call conscience and
evaluates the morality of our behavior.

This refers to yielding to group pressure to act as Conformity

everyone else does.

According ___________self-actualization is the Abraham Maslow

motivation to develop one’s full potential as human
being. A person at this optimal level of existence
would be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of
humor, and be likely to pursue the greater good.

This is Jung’s name for the impersonal, deepest layer Collective unconscious
of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings
because of their common ancestral past

A response is an organism's reaction to a stimulus. True

He/She is referred to as the father of American Gordon Allport

personality psychology.

These are tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety Defense Mechanisms
by unconsciously distorting reality.

is a form of therapy in which a trained professional Psychotherapy

uses methods based on psychological theories to
 help a person with psychological problems.

The tendency to worry and experience negative Neuroticism

emotions.

A defense mechanism wherein the emotional nature Intellectualization

of stressful events is lessened at times by reducing it
with the help of logic.

It refers to the phenomenon in psychoanalysis in . Interpretation of transference

which the patient comes to feel and act toward the
therapist in ways that resemble how he or she feels
and acts toward other significant adults.

A defense mechanism wherein stress is reduced by Regression A disorder that involves a

returning to an earlier pattern of behavior. sudden loss of memory or change of
identity.

Erikson’s psychosocial stage when a child Learns to Industry vs. Inferiority

meet the demands imposed by school and home
responsibilities; or comes to believe that he or she is
inferior to others.

Conflict in which achieving a positive goal will . Approach-avoidance conflict

produce a negative outcome as well.

Conflict in which the individual must choose between . Approach-approach conflict

two positive goals of approximately equal value

This is the field of psychology that uses psychological Health Psychology

principles to encourage healthy lifestyles and to
minimize the impact of stress.

American Psychologists Martin Seligman and Ed False - Positive psychology

Diener introduced behaviorism.

Gestalt is any object or event that is perceived by our False - Stimulus

senses.

Health psychology examines how people become False - Developmental

who they are, from conception to death, concentrating
on biological and environmental factors.

Clinicalpsychology applies findings in all areas of Industrial and Organization

psychology in the workplace.

at April 08, 2021

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