Basic Geography1

Lesson I
REGION 1 (ILOCOS REGION)
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
a. Explain the History of Region 1 (Ilocos Region).
b. Discuss the different Provinces in Region 1.
c. Identify the different cultures and beliefs of Region 1.
Introduction:
HISTORY
Region 1 was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritos before they were pushed
by successive waves of Malay immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast. Tinguians
in the interior, Ilocanos in the north, and Pangasinense in the south settled the region.
From the data on the population distribution of Region 1, it is clear that not all the
inhabitants are Ilocanos. Around one-third are non-Ilocanos and yet there is a popular
misconception that all the inhabitants are Ilocanos. The use of the term Ilocos Region
promotes the wrong notion that all the residents of Region 1 are Ilocanos. Before the
administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Pangasinan was not a part of the region.
The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established Christian missions and
governmental institutions to control the native population and convert them to the
Roman Catholic Church. Present-day Vigan City in Ilocos Sur province became the
bishopric seat of Nueva Segovia. Ilocanos in the northern parts were less easily
swayed, however, and remained an area filled with deep resentments against Spain.
These resentments bubbled to the surface at various points in the Ilocos provinces'
history as insurrections, most notably that of Andres Malong and Palaris of Pangasinan,
Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang in 1764, and the Basi Revolt in the 19th
century. However, it was the Pangasinenses in the south who were the last to be stand
against the Spaniards.
In 1901, the region came under American colonial rule, and in 1941, under
Japanese occupation. During 1945, the combined American and the Philippine
Commonwealth troops including with the Ilocano and Pangasinese guerillas liberated
the Ilocos Region from Japanese forces during the Second World War. Several modern
presidents of the Republic of the Philippines hailed from the Region: Elpidio Quirino,
Ferdinand Marcos, and Fidel V. Ramos. Before the formation of the Cordillera
Administrative Region, Region 1 also included the provinces of Abra, Mountain
Province, and Benguet. Before Region 1 was modified by Ferdinand Marcos,
Pangasinan was not part of the region.
Ilocos Norte
Long before the coming of the Spaniards, there already existed an extensive
region (consisting of the present provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra and La
Union) renowned for its gold mines. Merchants from Japan and China would often visit
the area to trade gold with beads, ceramics and silk. The inhabitants of the region,
believed to be of Malay origin, called their place "samtoy", from "sao mi toy", which
literally meant "our language here" In 1591, when the Spanish conquistadors had
Manila more or less under their control, they began looking for new sites to conquer.
Legaspi's grandson, Juan De Salcedo, volunteered to lead one of these expeditions.
Together with 8 armed boats and 45 men, the 22 year old voyager headed north. On
June 13, 1592, Salcedo and his men landed in Vigan and then proceeded towards
Laoag, Currimao and Badoc. As they sailed along the coast, they were surprised to see
numerous sheltered coves ("looc") where the locals lived in harmony. As a result, they
named the region "Ylocos" and its people "Ylocanos".
As the Christianization of the region grew, so did the landscape of the area. Vast
tracks of land were utilized for churches and bell towers in line with the Spanish mission
of "bajo las campanas". In the town plaza, it was not uncommon to see garrisons under
the church bells. The colonization process was slowly being carried out.
The Spanish colonization of the region, however, was never completely

successful. Owing to the abusive practices of many Augustinian friars, a number of
Ilocanos revolted against their colonizers. Noteworthy of these were the Dingras
uprising (1589) and Pedro Almasan revolt (San Nicolas, 1660). In 1762, Diego Silang
led a series of battles aimed at freeing the Ilocanos from the Spanish yoke. When he
died from an assassin's bullet, his widow Gabriela continued the cause. Unfortunately,
she too was captured and hanged. In 1807, the sugar cane ("basi") brewers of Piddig
rose up in arms to protest the government's monopoly of the wine industry. In 1898, the
church excommunicated Gregorio Aglipay for refusing to cut off ties with the
revolutionary forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Unperturbed, he established the "Iglesia
Filipina Independiente". Aglipay’s movement and the nationalist sentiment it espoused
helped restore the self-respect of many Filipinos.
In an effort to gain more political control and because of the increasing

population of the region, a Royal Decree was signed on February 2, 1818 splitting
Ilocos into two provinces: Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Soon thereafter, the provinces of
La Union and Abra likewise became independent.
Ilocos Sur
Before the coming of the Spaniards, the coastal plains in northwestern Luzon,
stretching from Bangui (Ilocos Norte) in the north to Namacpacan (Luna, La Union) in
the south, were a region called the Ylokos. This region lies in between the China Sea in
the west and Northern Cordilleras on the east. The inhabitants built their villages near
the small bays on coves called “looc” in the dialect. These coastal inhabitants were
referred to as “Ylocos” which literally meant “from the lowlands”. The entire region was
then called by the ancient name “Samtoy” from “sao ditoy” which in Ilokano mean “our
dialect”. The region was later called by the Spaniards as “Ylocos” or “Ilocos” and its
people “Ilocanos”.
The Ilocos Region was already a thriving, fairly advanced cluster of towns and
settlements familiar to Chinese, Japanese and Malay traders when the Spaniard
explorer Don Juan de Salcedo and members of his expedition arrived in Vigan on June
13, 1572. Forthwith, they made Cabigbigaan (Bigan), the heart of the Ylokos settlement
their headquarters which Salcedo called “Villa Fernandina” and which eventually gained
fame as the “Intramuros of Ilocandia”. Salcedo declared the whole Northern Luzon as
an "encomienda", or a land grant. Subsequently, he became the encomendero of Vigan
and Lieutenant Governor of the Ylokos until his death in July 1574.
Augustinian missionaries came to conquer the region through evangelization.

They established parishes and built churches that still stand today. Three centuries
later, Vigan became the seat of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia.
A royal decree of February 2, 1818 separated Ilocos Norte from Ilocos Sur, the
latter to include the northern part of La Union (as far as Namacpacan, now Luna) and all
of what is now the province of Abra. The sub-province of Lepanto and Amburayan in Mt.
Province were annexed to Ilocos Sur.
La Union
A year after Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi made Manila the capital of the
Philippines on June 24, 1571, the Spaniards started the colonization of Ilokos. In June,
1572, the conquistadores led by Juan Salcedo (grandson of Legazpi) landed in Agoo,
then a part of Pangasinan called “el puerto de Japon” because enterprising
Japanese merchants have been trading with the natives through this port.
The Spaniards marched up north without any resistance. They had their first
taste of the Ilokanos’ bravery and fighting heart during a historic battle in Purao
(literally, “white” and maybe due to the white sands of the beach) now known as
Balaoan. The Spaniards befriended the Ilokanos who reluctantly acceded to be under
Spanish rule.
After Cebu became the first provincia in 1565, new provinces have been created
by the Spaniards. Three main functions were considered so: political-civil
administration, ecclesiastical governance and geographical considerations.
For more than two and one-half centuries, the original Ilokos province remained
intact until 1818 when it split into Ilokos Norte and Ilokos Sur. In 1846, Abra was
created by Governor General Narciso Zaldua Claveria.
Governor General Claveria was a visionary administrator. He believed that

combining three contiguous areas that are far from their respective provincial capitals
was a viable solution to the demands of political-civil administration. He also saw the
territory’s agricultural and commercial growth potentials. And the kicker was the
extension of Hispanic civilization and Christianity to the area. Bangar, Namacpacan and
Balaoan in the southern portion of Ilokos Sur was quite a distance from the cabezera of
Vigan and in almost like manner, Sto. Tomas, Agoo, Aringay, Caba, Bauang, Naguilian,
San Fernando, San Juan and Bacnotan were that far from Pangasinan’s capital of
Lingayen. The 40-45 rancherias in the depths of Central Cordillera of the Benguet
district bordered by the three Ilokos Sur towns and the nine of Pangasinan have even
worse problems.
Thus on October 29, 1849, Governor General Claveria signed the proposal
(promovido) to unite the Pangasinan-Ilokos-Cordillera areas into a new province called
La Union (the official name designated by Claveria himself). For 124 days, high and
important Spanish colonial officers studied and deliberated on the proposition to create
La Union or not. On March 2, 1850, Governor General Antonio Maria Blanco signed the
Superior Decreto that founded La Union – the 34th province since the founding of Cebu
in 1565.
Pangasinan
Pangasinan was among the earliest political and administrative units in the
Philippines. It was officially conquered and colonized by D. Martin de Goiti in 1571. On
April 5, 1572, Pangasinan was made an encomienda by the Spanish royal crown to
receive instruction on the Catholic Faith, which means that Pangasinan was organized
under one leadership and has identity before the Spanish royal court. Eight years later,
in 1580, Pangasinan was organized into a political unit under an alkalde mayor who at
that time has authority as head of the province or provincial government with judicial
function indicating that Pangasinan has become a province. To commemorate the day
when Pangasinan became an encomienda and the year it became a province,
Pangasinan celebrates April 5, 1580 as the official founding day of the Province of
Pangasinan. At that time, its territorial jurisdiction included the Province of Zambales
and parts of La Union and Tarlac. By the middle of the 19th century however, the
northern towns of Agoo to Bacnotan were separated from the province and became
parts of La Union. The provincial territory was further diminished in 1875 with the
annexation of Paniqui and other towns south of it to Tarlac.
Pangasinan, derived its name from the word “panag asinan”, which means “where salt
is made”, owing to the rich and fine salt beds which were the prior source of livelihood of
the province’s coastal towns.
Location
The region 1 is located in the northwest of Luzon. In its eastern borders are region of
cordillera administrative region and Cagayan valley and in the south is central Luzon.
To the west north is the west Philippine Sea. Region I is composed of four provinces, 9
cities, 116 municipalities, and 3265 barangays.
• It's regional center is San Fernando, La Union
• total land area: 13,055 km2 (5,041 sq mi)
• Dialects - Ilocano, Pangasinense, Tagalog, ssssEnglish
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
• The Ilocos Provinces of the Ilocos Region is the historical homeland of the
Ilocanos and Pangasinan is the Pangasinense.
• The Ilocanos compose 66% of the region, the Pangasinan people compose 27%,
and the Tagalogs compose of 3%.
• Ilocanos were not originally inhabitants of Pangasinan.
• Minority groups include Tingguian and Isneg communities that inhabit the
foothills of the Cordillera Mountains
CULTURE AND TRADITION

 Ilocanos are known for being hardworking, brave, cheerful and simple.
• BAIN (Ilocano trait for hiya) - It is essential to show PANAGDAYAW.
FAMILY
• the structure of the Ilocano family conforms to the general Filipino pattern.
• Most families compose of an average size (6-7 persons)
WEDDING FOLKLORE &SUPERSTITIONS
 Never clear the table while somebody is still eating.
 Brides shouldn't try on her wedding dress before the wedding day.
 Knives and other sharp pointed object are said to be bad choices for wedding
gifts.
 Giving an arinola as a wedding gift is believed to bring good luck.
 BITOR - guest contribute cash to the newly weds.
FOODS/DELICACIES
Longganisa A Vigan Food Speciality
Longganisa is an emblematic Ilocos food. These pork sausages are the star at
any Ilocano table. The sausages from Vigan are the most famous and they are distinctly
small and plump.
We tried this Ilocano specialty while visiting Vigan in Ilocos Sur, a well preserved
Spanish town, dating back to the 16th century. These sausages are made from ground
pork, mixed with garlic, vinegar and a mix of other local seasonings. They are delicious
and have a spicy bite. These traditional sausages are not to be missed on a trip to the
Ilocos region.
Batac Empanadas – Striking Orange Empanadas
After falling in love with empanadas in Argentina, we could not wait to discover

the traditional empanadas of Batac City. Batac is the oldest town in the Province of
Ilocos Norte and was founded in 1587 by the Augustinians.
The city is famous for the Batac Empanadas which are considered some of the
best in the country. There is even an Empanada festival that takes place every year on
the 23rd of June.
One of the most striking characteristics of the Batac empanada is its bright
orange color. The empanadas are deep fried and stuffed with green papaya, chopped
up longganisa sausages and hard boiled eggs. The orange colored dough is made of
rice flour and the color comes from the use of annatto seeds.
Pinakbet – Popular Mixed Vegetable Ilocos Food
Pinakbet is a popular Ilocano vegetable dish that can be found all over the
country. It is a vegetable stew made with tomatoes, eggplant, string beans, okra, and
bitter gourd.
The preparation of this dish varies by region and the authentic Ilocano version
uses small round eggplants and baby bitter gourd (ampalaya). Ilocano pinakbet uses a
much loved fermented fish sauce called bagoong isda to season the dish.
Poqui-Poqui – An Ilocano Grilled Eggplant Dish
This simple Ilocano dish will please any vegetarian. In a country, where pork is a
daily staple, it is hard to find any dish that is not served with meat or fish. However, you
will find eggs battered in Poqui-Poqui. It is made of grilled eggplants sauteed with
onions, garlic and tomatoes. Eggs are added and stirred with the other ingredients. All
the ingredients are cooked together making this Ilocos delicacy slightly soupy.
The unusual name Poqui-poqui, is said to have originated from Hawaii where
Filipinos migrated in the 1980’s. There, the word “poki” means “mash” or “slice” which
aptly describes the texture of this Ilocano dish. You may find this dish written as “poki-
poki” or “poqui-poqui”.
Dudol an Ilocano Food with Asian Roots
Dudol is a traditional dessert you will find in Ilocos, although it is also popular in
Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern India. It is said to have come through the Malay and
Indian settlements on the coastal towns of the Ilocos region before the arrival of the
Spaniards.
Dudol is made of rice flour, coconut milk, sugarcane juice and anise. The secret to
making a good dudol is to patiently and continuously stir the ingredients under a slow
fire.
Assessment/ Activity:
Fill in the blanks. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
____________1.Known for being hardworking, brave, cheerful and simple.

__________2.Is a pork sausages that are the star at any Ilocano table.
__________3. He believed that combining three contiguous areas that are far from their
respective.
__________4.It was already a thriving, fairly advanced cluster of towns and settlements
familiar to Chinese, Japanese and Malay traders when the Spaniard
explorer Don Juan de Salcedo and members of his expedition arrived in
Vigan on June 13, 1572.
_________5. Claveria signed the proposal (promovido) to unite the Pangasinan-Ilokos-
Cordillera areas into a new province called La Union.
_________6. A Malayan term which literally meant "our language.
_________7. is a popular Ilocano vegetable dish that can be found all over the country.
_________8. Batac is the oldest town in the Province of Ilocos Norte.
_________9. are deep fried and stuffed with green papaya, chopped up longganisa
sausages and hard boiled eggs.
_________10. . It is made of grilled eggplants sauteed with onions, garlic and tomatoes.
II. ESSAY. Discuss the questions to the fullest.
1. Enumerate and discuss the different cultures and beliefs of provinces in Region
1.
2. What can you say about the History of Ilocos Region? How it contributed to the
socio- cultural development of the region.
Lesson 2
REGION II (CAGAYAN VALLEY)
(TILAPIA CAPITAL IN PHILIPPINES ANDLAND OF SMILING BEAUTY)
Objectives:
a. Narrate the History of Region 2 (Cagayan Valley).
b. Enumerate the different Provinces in Region 2.
c. Appreciate the different cultures and beliefs of Region 2.
Region 2
is composed of five provinces, namely: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva
Vizcaya, and Quirino.its regional center is Tuguegarao City. Cagayan is composed of
4 cities, 90 municipalities and 2,311 barangays. With a total population of 3,451,410 as
of 2015. It’s total land area is 31,159 km2 (12,031 sq mi). It has four cities: industrial
center Cauayan City, its investment hub Ilagan City and its premier city Santiago City.
The most dominant trait of the region is the cagayan river which is the country’s longest
river with a drainage area of approximately 27,000 square kilometers.
Region II or the Cagayan Valley region is located on the northeastern part of
mainland Luzon. It is the 4th largest region of the Philippines. The region is composed
of 5 provinces, 3 cities, 90 municipalities and 2,311 barangays. It is bounded by the
Pacific Ocean on the east, the province of Nueva Ecija on the South, the province of
Quezon on the southeast and the mountain ranges of Caraballo and Cordillera on the
west.
The region’s means of livelihood is agriculture and fishing. The main crops in
the region are rice and corn. Tobacco is also a major factor affecting the economy of
Cagayan Valley region. Fishing is prevalent in the coast of Cagayan, Isabela, Batanes
and Magat dam in Isabela. The region was hailed as the tilapia capital of the
Philippines. Tilapia is a species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine cichlid tribe. The
Cagayan valley is also involved in livestock production of cattle, hog, carabaos and
poultry. Other livelihood of the region involves furniture making of rattan and other
indigenous materials which are for export.
Transportation in the Cagayan Valley region is not a problem. It has four
domestic airports servicing the region and these are Tuguegarao City domestic airport,
Cauayan City domestic airport, Basco domestic airport in Batanes and Bagabao airport
in Nueva Vizcaya which services charter planes. Transportation by land is also available
in the region.
The people of Batanes are called Ivatan and share prehistoric cultural and
linguistic commonalities with Babuyan island and the tao people of orchid island. The
main languages spoken in Batanes are Ivatan, which is spoken in the islands of batan
and sabtang; and itbayaten, which is spoken primarily in the island of itbayat. The ivatan
which is dominant in the province is considered to be one of the austronesian
languages.
Nueva Vizcaya was derived from the Spanish province, Vizcaya, in the Basque
country. the early settlers of Nueva Vizcaya were the Ilongots or Bugkalot, Igorots,
Ifugaos, Isinays and the Gaddangs. Traces of the culture and customs of these early
settlers can still be seen in the province. long before its formal creation as an
independent province, quirino was the forest region of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. it
was inhabited by tribal groups known as Negritos. They roamed the hinterlands and
built their huts at the heart of the jungle. In 1971, Quirino was separated from its mother
province, Nueva Vizcaya, thereby constituting an independent province
Aguinaldo Shrine in Palanan is a historic place where the first president of the
Philippine republic, general Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered to the American forces, thus
ending the Philippine revolution in march 1901.
Cagayan Valley, contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva
Vizcaya. They are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the
remnant of the southern province created when Cagayan province was divided in two in
1839. They are ethnically and linguistically diverse, with a substrate of Agtas, Negritos
who are food-gatherers with no fixed abodes, overlaid by ilongots and others in a
number of tribes, some of whom were fierce head-hunters, with the latest but largest
element of the population being Ilocanos.
Archaeology indicates that the Cagayan valley has been inhabited for half a
million years, though no human remains of any such antiquity have yet appeared. The
earliest inhabitants are the agta, or atta, food-gatherers who roam the forests without
fixed abodes. A large tract of land has lately been returned to them. The bulk of the
population are of malay origin. For centuries before the coming of the Spanish, the
inhabitants traded with Indians, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese. In the nineteenth
century the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilocano to settle here.
Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic
zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy.
during Spanish times Cagayan valley had a larger territory than what it has today. It
included the territories of the above-mentioned provinces and the eastern parts of the
cordillera provinces of Apayao, Kalinga, Ifugao and Benguet. As the historian and
missionary Jose Burgues, said, "the old Cagayan valley comprises the province of
Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya as well as the military districts of Apayao, Itaves,
Quiangan, Cayapa And Bintangan, plus the area of the Sierra Madre to the pacific
ocean in the said trajectory. At Balete pass in Nueva Vizcaya the retreating Japanese
under general Tomoyuki Yamashita dug in and held on for three months against the
american and filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called
dalton pass in honor of general dalton, usa, who was killed in the fighting.
DELICACIES MOSTLY SERVED IN THE CAGAYAN REGION

INCLUDE:
GUINATAANG ALIMASAG (CRABS IN COCONUT MILK)

Pinakbet
Pancit Batil Patung
Tuguegarao Longganisa
Pansit Cabagan
Tapang Baka
Ginisa nga agurong
DIALECTS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

ILOKANO
IVATAN
IBANAG
ITAWIS
IRRAYA
GADDANG
Lesson 3
REGION III (CENTRAL LUZON)

Central Luzon region, also known as Region 3
Comprises the largest plain of the Philippines, it is called most of the country’s
rice supply. It was the third largest region in terms of population size amidst the 16
regions, in the Philippines, containing 10.50 percent of the 76.5 million human beings of
the country as recorded in Census 2000.
It is one of the most active and energetic regions in the Philippines. It is situated
at the crossroads of Asia pacific. It serves as the gateway for European and American
business organizations desiring to penetrate Asia.
It is composed of seven provinces, twelve cities and 118 municipalities. Its 7

provinces are Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales.
Its 12 cities are Balanga from Bataan, Malolos and San Jose del Monte from Bulacan,
Cabanatuan, Gapan, Muñoz, Palayan and San Jose from Nueva Ecija; Angeles and
San Fernando from Pampanga, Tarlac from Tarlac; and Olongapo from Zambales.
Malolos, Bulacan was the place where the first constitution of an independent
Philippines was promulgated on January 21, 1899. The travel time to Malolos by land
from Metro Manila is 42 minutes.
Angeles City is likewise highly urbanized city. Its figures are also excluded from
Zambales. The travel time to Clark Special Economic Zone is one hour and 44 minutes
by land from Metro Manila.
The City of san Fernando, in Pampanga, is the regional center of Central

Luzon. Its travel time by land from Metro Manila is one hour and six minutes.
Tarlac town became the seat of a Philippine government for one month in March 1899,
following the time when President Aguinaldo had run away from Bulacan due to the
approaching forces of the new colonial master, the US.
Olongapo City is likewise highly urbanized city. Its figures are also excluded
from Zambales. The travel time to its adjacent Subic Bay Freeport Zone by land from
Metro Manila is two hours and five minutes.
It’s new province, Aurora, namely, Baler, Casiguran, Dilasag, Dinalungan,

Dipaculao, Maria Aurora and San Luis. It has 11 municipalities from Bataan, namely,
Abucay, Bagac, Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Limay, Mariveles, Morong, Orani, Orion, Pilar
and Samal. It has 22 municipalities from Bulacan, namely, Angat, Balagtas, Baliuag,
Bocaue, Bulacan, Bustos, Calumpit, Doña Remedios Trinidad, Guiguinto, Hagonoy,
Marilao, Meycauayan, Norzagaray, Obando, Pandi, Paombong, Plaridel, Pulilan, San
Ildefonso, San Miguel, San Rafael and Santa Maria.
It has 27 municipalities from Nueva Ecija, namely, Aliaga, Bongabon, Cabiao,

Carranglan, Cuyapo, Gabaldon, Gen. M. Natividad, Gen. Trinio, Guimba, Jaen, Laur,
Llanera, Lupao, Nampicua, Pantabangan, Peñaranda, Quezon, Rizal, San Antonio, San
Isidro, San Leonardo, Santa Rosa, Santo Domingo, Talavera, Talugtog and Zaragoza.
It has 20 municipalities from Pampanga, namely, Apalit, Arayat, Macabebe, Magalang,

Masantol, Mexico, Minalin, Porac, San Luis, San Simon, Santa Ana, Santa Rita, Santo
Tomas and Sadmuan.
It has 17 municipalities from Tarlac, namely, Anao, Bamban, Camiling, Capas,

Concepcion, Gerona, La Paz, Mayantoc, Paniqui, Pura, Ramos, San Clemente, San
Jose, San Manuel, Santa Ignacia, and Victoria.
Tarlac province produces a lot of sugar on Hacienda Luisita, one of the biggest
haciendas in the archipelago. The travel time to Luisita Industrial park by land from
Metro Manila is 2 hours and 5 minutes.
It has 13 municipalities from Zambales, namely, Iba, Botolan, Cabangan,

Candelaria, Castillejos, Masinloc, Palauig, San Antonio, San Felipe, San Marcelino, San
Narciso, Santa Cruz and Subic.
Two international airports belong to Central Luzon region. They are Clark
International Airport and Subic International Airport. CIA was given a new name.
CIA is now called Disodado Macapagal International Airport.
Central Luzon had a median age of 22 years in 2000, and 21 years in 1995.
Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac had a median age of 22 years, while
Bulacan, Zambales, Angeles City and Olongapo City had 23 years.
The recorded sex ratio was 102 males for every 100 females in Census 2000 as well as
in Census 1995.
The young dependents (0 to 14 years) was 35.3 percent of the total population of
Central Luzon. The old dependents (65 years and over) was 3.9 percent, while the
economically active population (15 to 64 years0 was 60.8 percent. If the sum of 35.3
and 3.9 is divided by 60.8, the answer is approximately 64 percent. The overall
dependency ratio in 2000 was 64. There were around 64 dependents, 58 young
dependents and 6 old dependents, for every 100 persons aged 15 to 64 years.
Roman Catholics comprises 86.09 percent of the population of Central Luzon.

Iglesia ni Cristo comprises 4.39 percent, while Aglipayan comprises 1.94 percent. Other
religious organizations comprises 7.25 percent population 10 years and over who are
able to read and write a simple message. The literacy rate in Central Luzon was 94.80
percent. Olongapo City had the highest literacy rate with 98.74 percent. Bataan followed
with 95.93 percent, while Bulacan had 95.87 percent.
The average number of children born to ever-married women in Central Luzon

was 3, while Angeles City and Olongapo City had 2. In Zambales, 2.62 percent of ever-
married women had 8 or more children ever born, while Tarlac got 2.44 percent.
In 2000, more than half (54.61 percent) of 135, 802 overseas workers were
males. Female overseas workers had a median age of 29 years, while male had 36
years.
For source of lighting, 87.38 percent of the households used elecyricity, 8.81
percent used kerosene or gaas, and 1.01 percent used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
In Angeles City, 93.83 percent used electricity. In Bulacan, 93.82 percent also used
electricity, while in Zamabales, 78.93 percent, the lowest in Central Luzon.
For source of water supply for drinking and/or cooking, 30.75 percent used own use,
faucet community water system; 20.16 percent used shared tubed/piped deep well; and
19.98 percent used own use, tubed/piped deep well.
For cooking, 67.94 percent of households used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as
fuel, 14.05 percent used wood, and only 2.95 percent used electricity.
For toilet facility, 48.68 percent of the households used exclusively water sealed,
sewer/septic tank; 22 percent used water sealed, other depository; 5.68 percent used
closed pit; and 3.45 percent did not use any toilet facility.
To have a good environment and good health, proper disposal of garbage is a

must. Around 51 percent of the households in Central Luzon used burning, 36.35
percent used garbage truck picking up, and 7.15 percent used dumping in individual pit.
The usual manner of garbage disposal was through picked up by garbage truck in
Olongapo City with 86.45 percent, Angeles City with 83.03 percent, and Bataan with
57.75 percent. In all other provinces in Central Luzon, the usual manner of garbage
disposal was through burning.
For housing units, 75.77 percent of the households owned/amortized their

houses, 10.87 percent occupied their housing units for free with consent of owner, and
8.40 percent rented their housing units.
Mount Pinatubo, a dormant volcano for over 600 years, began erupting on June
9, 1991 and changed the landscape of the Central Luzon plains, particularly of the
adjacent provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales. Agricultural lands were
covered with ash and mud to deep to be plowed under. The coral in surrounding waters
was silted and dying and the population of fish decreased rapidly. Smaller trees, shrubs,
herbs and forage for animals started dying under the load of volcanic sand and ash.
Expert volcanologists estimated that Mount Pinatubo gave out two cubic kilometers of
volcanic debris including rock, sand, ash and other materials in the major eruptions after
June 9, 1991.
Lesson 4
REGION 4 – A (CALABARZON)

The CaLaBaRZon Region
Is located in the southwestern part of the Island of Luzon and has a total area of
16, 560 square kilometers.
CALABARZON is the second most densely populated region in the country,

principally because it is the closest region in Metro Manila.
HISTORY
Region 4A or CALABARZON, is what became of the other half when in 2002,
Southern Tagalog (Region 4) was split into two. The term CaLaBaRZon is actually an
acronym representing the letters from the names of the five (5) provinces that comprise
it. – CAvite, LAguna, BAtangas, Rizal, QueZON. Like Region 3, it also spans from east
in the pacific to the west in the South China Sea. Region IV – A is composed of five
provinces namely: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon
CAVITE
 Cavite is named as the Historical Capital of the Philippines. It is the cradle of the
Philippine Revolution, and the birthplace of the Philippine Independence.
 Cavite got its name from a Tagalog word “kawit” which means hook. Owing to the
hook – shaped land on the Old Spanish map. The land was formerly known as
“tangway” where Spanish authorities constructed a fort from which the city of
Cavite rose.
LAGUNA
Laguna is a province of the Philippines in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz and the
province located southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal, west of
Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna almost completely surrounds
Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Country. The province acquired its name from
the Spanish word lago, which means lake or lagoon. Laguna is notable for being the
birthplace of Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero.
BATANGAS
Batangas is also known in the Philippine history as the Cradle of Noble Heroes,
giving homage not only to the heroes it produced but the statesmen that came to lead
the country. Batangas is the first province of the Philippines located on the
southwestern part of Luzon in the CALABARZON Region. Batangas is often referred to
by its ancient name Koumintang. It comes from the word “batangan” which means raft
the people used so that they could fish in the nearby Taal Lake.
RIZAL
Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west, the province of Bulacan to the
north, Quezon to the east and Laguna Province to the south. The province also lies on
the northern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Rizal is a
mountainous province perched on the western slopes of the southern portion of the
Sierra Madre mountain range.
QUEZON
Quezon province was named after Manuel L. Quezon, the second President,
and its capital is Lucena City. On September 07, 1972, the Philippine Republic enacted
Republic Act No. 14, which renamed the province Tayabas to Quezon.
CALABARZON, formally known as Southern Tagalog Mainland and designated as

Region IV-A, is an administrative region in the Philippines. The region comprises five
provinces: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. The region is the most
populous region in the Philippines, having 14,414,774 inhabitants in 2015, and is also
the country's second most densely populated after Metro Manila.
 Country Philippines
 Island group Luzon
 Regional Center Calamba (Laguna)
 Area Total 16,873.31 km2 (6,514.82 sq mi)
 Population (2015 census) 14,414,774
 Density 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
 Human Development Index HDI (2017) 0.735[2]
 5 Provinces Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal
19 CITIES
Antipolo Lipa
Bacoor Lucena
Batangas City San Pablo
Biñan San Pedro,
Cabuyao Santa Rosa
Calamba Tagaytay,
Cavite City Tanauan
Dasmariñas Tayabas
General Trias, Trece Martires
Imus
 Municipalities 124
 Barangays 4,011
 Cong. Districts 19
 Languages TagalogEnglish
The regional center and largest city is Legazpi City. The region is bounded by
the Lamon Bay to the north, Philippine Sea to the east, and the Sibuyan Sea and Ragay
Gulf to the west. The northernmost provinces, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur,
are bordered to the west by the province of Quezon.
Culture and Traditions of Region 4A-CALABARZON

1. CAVITE
*Karakol Dance- A street dancing with their patron saint being paraded on the
streets followed by fluvial procession.
*Sanghiyang/Sayaw sa Apoy -A pre-colonial ritual celebrated by fire-walkers of
Indang and Alfonso. It is a fusion of elements of folk region, magic, and
christian faith.
*Live Via Crusis -station of the cross is a passion play done during the holy week.
2. LAGUNA
*Visita Iglesia (church visit)
*Anilag Festival -celebrated through beauty pageant, dance showdowns, food
contest and wood carving competition.
*Galahan - a wedding custom where newlywed couple is compulsory to dance in
front of their relatives and guest. After the dance relatives will give money
to the couple serve as their starting capital as a family.
3. BATANGAS
*Parada ng Lechon -celebrated every June 24
*Flores de Mayo and Tapusan Festival -The Tapusan honors the Holy cross and
is celebrated May 31 every year. Floats garlanded with flowers including
the image of virgin Mary.
*Tinapay Festival -It is held annually from February 7 to 13. The patron saints of
Cuenca, our lady of peace and good voyage is being honored for
abundant blessings and thanksgiving.
4. Rizal
*Higantes Festival -celebrated every 23rd of November in honor of San
Clemente.
-water fight
*Pagoda -boat rides in which devotees, images of the saints an band members ride
on and do the procession on the lake. People who join in the procession
cover themselves with muds (taong putik).
*Senakulo -re-enactment of crucifixion of Christ.
5. Quezon
*Pahiyas Festival -all the homes in the procession itinerary are decorated with
fruits,vegetables and agricultural products and kiping.
-the celebration is a form of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and in honor of the
patron saint of farmers, Dan Isidro de Labrador.
DELICACIES
1. Lambanog- coconut vodka
2. Adobo sa Dilaw- cooked like ordinary adobo, but instead of laurel and soy sauce,
turmeric and other spices and carrot shreds are used.
3. Buko Pie - originated from Quezon- a region abundant with coconut.
4. Kare-kare at Ginataang Adobo
5. Ginataang Kuhol
Lesson 5
REGION 4-B (MIMAROPA)
MIMAROPA
MIMAROPA (MINDORO, MARINDUQUE, ROMBLON, and PALAWAN) is
ancient, it is home to indigenous peoples. The Mangyans survive in Mindoro (they
speak seven different languages: (Irava, Alangan, Tambuid, Hanunuo, Tadyawan,
Buhid and Ratagnon).
In Palawan there are many cultural groups: Cuyonon & Agutayon, considered the
ethnic elite of the province; Muslim groups such as Molbog, Jama Mapun and Tausug
live in the southern coast; Tagbanuas the largest indigenous group inhabiting the
central portion; And there are even smaller cultural communities like Pala’wan, Taut
batu, Batak, Ken-uy and Kalamian.
Romblon, because it is near the Visayas has three main languages, Romblomanon,
Asi and Onhan – they belong to the Visayan language family.
Marinduque has no indigenous groups except Tagalogs, but many descendants of
the Asi tribe live in the southern part of the island and they are known to still cling to
their roots in Banton. Tagalog spoken in Marinduque has been carefully studied and it
has been concluded that the language spoken here is the root from which modern
national forms of speech have sprung. (1914 study by Cecilio Lopez). This study was
again published by the Institute of Philippine Linguistics in 1973, and no one so far
come forward to challenge it.
In Palawan there are many cultural groups: Cuyonon & Agutayon, considered the
ethnic elite of the province; Muslim groups such as Molbog, Jama Mapun and Tausug
live in the southern coast; Tagbanuas the largest indigenous group inhabiting the
central portion; And there are even smaller cultural communities like Pala’wan, Taut
batu, Batak, Ken-uy and Kalamian.
Romblon, because it is near the Visayas has three main languages,
Romblomanon, Asi and Onhan – they belong to the Visayan language family.
Marinduque has no indigenous groups except Tagalogs, but many descendants
of the Asi tribe live in the southern part of the island and they are known to still cling to
their roots in Banton. Tagalog spoken in Marinduque has been carefully studied and it
has been concluded that the language spoken here is the root from which modern
national forms of speech have sprung.
ORIENTAL MINDORO
In past times, it has been called Ma-i or Mait by Han Chinese traders and by
Spaniards, as Mina de Oro (meaning "gold mine") from where the island got its current
name
Oriental Mindoro has 14 municipalities and 1 city, and all of these places have, in
recent years, developed their own festivals to showcase their culture and arts. Such
festivals, of course, encourage creativity – cultural & artistic programs. Some of these
are “Mahalta”, “Bansudani”, “Sulyog”, “Bahaghari”, “Biniray”, and “Sanduguan”.
In Calapan City a “City Museum” has been put up in their city hall to showcase the
City’s colorful history. A Special Program for the Arts (SPA), project of the DepEd is in
place at JJ Leido National High School.
MARINDUQUE
Marinduque’s claim as the heart of the Philippines
ROMBLON
Romblon is also known as the "Marble Country". Romblon consists of three main
islands: Romblon, Tablas and Sibuyan. The whole province is generally mountainous.
The Romblon Triangle was the local Bermuda Triangle, which is almost similar.
The boundaries of the triangle covers the entire area of northern Romblonprovince,
and its endpoint lies on Concepcion municipality, in-between of the Dos Hermanas
islands (Isabel and Carlota islands) and Sibuyan Island.
PALAWAN
Palawan is an amazing place because of the diversity of the culture there. More than
seventy five distinct cultural groups live in the area. Most of these cultures are of Asian
origin, but there are also African and Spanish cultures in the area.
MANILA, Philippines – Palawan, the island closest to the disputed West Philippine
Sea, would soon be divided into 3 provinces, after the House and the Senate approved
the proposal.
The origin of the name 'Palawan' too has a contested genealogy. Some argue it
arises from the Chinese pa lao yu meaning 'Land of the Beautiful Harbours'. Others
maintain that it was derived from a plant locally known as palwa.
Famous Foods to Die for in MIMAROPA

 ADOBONG PUGITA
~Occidental Mindoro ~
 BIBINGKANG LALAKI
~ Marinduque ~
 ORANGE ROUGHY KINILAW
 TAMILOK
~ Palawan ~
 MARGARITA PIZZA
Things to Do in Mimaropa
Kayangan Lake, Coron
Considered one of the cleanest lakes in Asia, Kayangan Lake remains an ideal
spot for photography and relaxing in a soothing natural environment. Although you can
swim in the lake, do not attempt to dive here, as the sharp underwater rocks could
cause serious injuries.
Puerto Princesa Underground River, Puerto Princesa

Voted one of the new seven wonders of nature and listed as a World Heritage
Site, Puerto Princesa Underground River is reportedly the longest navigable
underground waterway on earth. The area is a designated national park and home to
the diverse wildlife of bats, reptiles, primates, sea snakes, and other marine creatures.
Siete Pecados, Coron

A prime snorkeling spot, and the closest to Coron town, Siete Pecados boasts
shores of healthy coral, teeming with life.
Immerse yourself in the sparkling waters, richly populated with marine life,
including schools of tropical angel fish, sea turtles, and squid. Keep your eyes peeled
for jelly fish and sea urchins as you swim.
Cheron Island, Coron

This island is only 4hectares and got its charm, pristine white beach, good for
short or long term vacation. Indeed a small paradise!
The island is private but open now to visitors, tourists for a 120 pesos fee.
WEDDING
• Mindoro Wedding Traditions is the same with the other tagalog regions.
There are still many traditional customs or superstitions that are being followed
by Filipinos or those people who wish to have a Filipino style wedding. As time
pass by, this beliefs started to fade slowly but not totally gone.
BELIEFS
• The groom must arrive before the bride at the church to avoid bad luck.
• It is considered bad luck for two siblings to marry on the same year.
• Breaking something during the reception brings good luck to the newlyweds.
• A bride who wears pearls on her wedding will be an unhappy wife experiencing
many heartaches and tears.
• Dropping the wedding ring, the veil or the arrhae during the ceremony spells
unhappiness for the couple.
Palawan Customs and Beliefs
• The principle on which the Palawan base their life is called ingasiq, meaning
‘compassion’. This underlies all their actions and emphasizes the importance of
behaving with generosity and sympathy towards others.
• Their ceremonies, prayers, chanting and healing dances are all part of what they
call adat et kegurangurangan, or ‘the customs of the ancestors’.
• The Palawan believe that the forest is home to a large number of demons.
Demons known as lenggam are believed to be the caretakers of poisonous and
biting animals such as scorpions and snakes.
Social Laws
• ALYOG is a process to determine if the parents of the boy agrees to his marriage
to a chosen girl.
• LIWAG is a fine upon a son-in-law who twice committed disobedience of his in-
laws.
• SURUGIDEN is a process whereby the traditional leaders usually meet together
with the involved parties for purposes of discussing/hearing of conflict cases
among the Batak such as marriage, adultery, disrespect to in-laws, thefts, and
other violations of traditional laws and to imposed penalties to the guilty.
DEMOGRAPHICS AND TRIVIA ABOUT REGION 4B (MIMAROPA)

 The population of Region IV-B (MIMAROPA) as of August 1, 2015 was
2,963,360 based on the 2015 Census of Population (POPCEN 2015).
 Among the five provinces comprising the region, Palawan (excluding Puerto
Princesa City) had the biggest population in 2015 with 849 thousand, followed by
Oriental Mindoro with 844 thousand, Occidental Mindoro with 487 thousand, and
Romblon with 293 thousand. Marinduque had the smallest population with 235
thousand.
 Palawan (excluding Puerto Princesa City) was the fastest growing province in the
region with an average annual population growth rate (PGR) of 1.84 percent
during the period 2010 to 2015. It was followed by Occidental Mindoro (1.40
percent), Oriental Mindoro (1.38 percent), and Romblon (0.59 percent).
Marinduque posted the lowest provincial PGR of 0.55 percent.
 Kalayaan in Palawan is the least populous city/municipality in Region IV-B with
184 persons. It was followed by Concepcion (4,037) and Banton (5,536) - both in
the province of Romblon. Five other municipalities in the province of Romblon
and one municipality each in the province of Palawan and in the province of
Occidental Mindoro comprise the rest of the ten least populous
cities/municipalities in the region.
Lesson 6
Region V (Bicol Region)
HISTORY
Bicol region was known as Ibalon, variously interpreted to derive from ibalio, “to
bring to the other side”; ibalon, “people from the other side” or “people who are
hospitable and give visitors gifts to bring home”; or as a corruption of Gibal-og, a sitio of
Magallanes, Sorsogon where the Spaniards first landed in 1567. The Bico River was
first mentioned in Spanish documents in 1572. The region was also called “Los
Camarines” after the huts found by the Spaniards in Camalig, Albay.
No prehistoric animal fossils have been discovered in Bicol and the peopling of
the region remains obscure. The Aeta from Camarines Sur to Sorsogon strongly
suggest that aborigines lived there long ago, but earliest evidence is of middle to late
neolithic life. The burial jars excavated in Masbate can be linked with the Dongson
culture, and those dug in the coast of the Bondoc peninsula prove the existence of an
ancient cultural community in southeastern Luzon. In 1959 stone tools and burial jars
were unearthed in Bato, Sorsogon. The University of the Philippines Department of
Anthropology Field School in 1984, 1985, 1990, and 1994 also unearthed a number of
pre-Spanish primary burial jars in Bahia, Bagatao Island in Magallanes, Sorsogon.
Golden crowns, believed to date from 91 BC to 79 AD, were also found in Libmanan,
Bulan, and Juban. Recent diggings at the Almeda property in Cagbunga, Pamplona,
Camarines Sur have yielded 14th- and 15th-century ceramic plates, clay pots, and even
human skeletons with bronze arm and leg bands.
A barangay system was in existence by 1569. Records show no sign of Islamic
rule nor any authority surpassing the datu (chieftain). Panga lorded over Bua (Nabua);
Bonayog, Tongdo, Magpaano, and Caayao were chieftains of Antacodos, Caobnuan,
Binoyoan, and Sabang, respectively. Precolonial leadership was based on strength,
courage, and intelligence. The natives seemed apolitical. Thus the datu’s influence
mattered most during crises like wars. Otherwise, early Bicol society remained family
centered, and the leader was the head of the family.
The Spaniards arrived in Masbate in 1567 under Mateo del Saz and Martin de
Goiti. The villages were empty, for the natives, accustomed to Muslim hostility, had fled
to the highlands in anticipation of a raid. Yet this was no inroad, merely a stopover to
restock. It was Luis de Guzman’s visit in 1569 that began colonization. The Agustinian
priests, Alonso Jimenez and Juan de Orta, pioneered the conversion of Bicol, who were
the first natives of Luzon to be Christianized. Bicol would also produce the first Filipino
bishop of the Catholic Church, Jorge Barlin Imperial, 18501909.
At the start of the Spanish regime the barangay varied in population. Pedro de
Chavez founded the Spanish city of Caceres near the village of Naga. In 1594 it
became a Franciscan mission, and in 1595, the capital of the bishopric. In 1636 the
region was subdivided into Ibalon and Camarines, the former composed of Albay,
Catanduanes (once part of Albay), Sorsogon, Masbate, and the Ticao and Burias
islands, while the latter included towns from Camalig northwards. In 1829 Camarines
split into Norte and Sur, but were reunited in 1893; in 1919 they were formally
established as provinces.
Bicol Region
-is one of the 17 regions of the Philippines. Bicol (also spelled Bikol) is composed
of four provinces in the Bicol Peninsula, the southeastern end of Luzon island, and two
island-provinces adjacent to the peninsula.
BRIEF PROFILE
Capital: Legazpi City
Land Area: 18,054.3 km²
Population: 5,420,411 (2010)
Albay, Camartines Norte, Camartines Sur, Catanduanes
Provinces:
Masbate, Sorsogon
Cities: Iriga, Legazpi, Ligao, Masbate, Naga, Sorsogon, Tabaco
Munacipalities: 107
Cong. Districts: 14
Bikol, Albayano, Masbateño, Rinconada, Pandan Bikol,
Languages:
Sorsoganon, Tagalog
Geography
The total land area of Bicol Region is 17,632.5 km2 (6,807.9 sq mi) or 5.9% of the total
land area of the country. Camarines Sur is the largest province occupying 5,266.8 km2
(2,033.5 sq mi) or around 30% of the total, while Catanduanes is the smallest with only
1,511.5 km2 (583.6 sq mi) or 8.6% of the total. Of the region's total land area, around
71% is alienable and disposable while the remaining 29% is public forest areas.
The region is bounded by Lamon Bay to the north, Pacific Ocean to the east, and
Sibuyan Sea and Ragay Gulf to the west. The northernmost province, Camarines Norte,
is bordered to the north by the province of Quezon, thereby connecting the region to the
rest of Luzon.
Religion
The region retains Roman Catholicism as the overwhelming religion of the great
majority. The Catholic religion has the highest number of followers than any other area
in the Philippines.
Fiestas (Feast day of saints) are annual celebrations of parishes, from a simple barrio
fiesta honoring a patron associated for good harvest, to a town fiesta honoring a
miraculous saint, or a regional one such as the Our Lady of Peñafrancia Fiesta, a week-
long celebration to honor the Virgin Mary, dubbed as the "Queen Patroness of
Bicolandia". It is widely acknowledged that in Luzon, it is Bicol Region that holds the
most number of men entering the seminary for Catholic priesthood, or women entering
the religious life to become Catholic nuns.
Language
The people of the Bicol region, called Bicolanos, speak any of the several languages of
the Bikol macrolanguage, also called Bikolano, an Austronesian language closely
related to other Central Philippine languages such as Cebuano and Tagalog. Bicol
languages include the Inland Bikol of Bikol-Rinconada (Rinconada area), Bikol-Albay
(Buhi, Cam. Sur; Libon, Oas, Daraga, Albay and Donsol, Sorsogon), Bikol-Pandan
(Northern Catanduanes). Standard Bikol is based from the coastal Bikol language of the
dialect of Legazpi City and is understood widely throughout the region even though they
cannot speak it fluently.
The Bikol Macrolanguage is the dominant language of the region. The Filipino language
(Tagalog) is also spoken in northern parts of Camarines Norte as well as in the
municipality of Del Gallego, Camarines Sur.
Two Visayan languages, Sorsoganon and Masbateño or Minasbate, are spoken in

Masbate and Sorsogon; they are collectively referred to as Bisakol.
Economy
Bicol Region has a large amount of rich flat land, and agriculture is the largest
component of the economy with close to 50% depending their livelihood on the industry.
Coconuts, abaca, banana, coffee and jackfruit are the top five permanent crops in the
region. Rice and maize are among the chief seasonal crops of the region. Commercial
fishing is also important with thirteen major fishing grounds supplying fish markets in
places as far as Metro Manila. Agriculture and fishing are the major factors in the
province's economy.Mining is also one of the contributors to the region's economy.
Tourism
The region has recently seen a revival in its tourism industry, due to the popularity of
Mayon Volcano, the new CamSur Water Sports Complex, whale shark spotting, among
others, which consequently increased the number of upscale resorts in the region.
Owing to its location, Region V offers plenty of choices for visitors - beautiful natural
features like beaches, mountains and waterfalls with lush vegetation; activities could
include scuba diving to wrecked galleons, spelunking, mountaineering; or visits to man-
made attractions like church architecture from the Spanish Colonial Period; etc.
The municipality of Daet and Catanduanes province have long been destinations for
surfers. The opening of the Southern Luzon International Airport in Legazpi City, which
is under construction, is hoped to further boost tourism in the region.
FAMOUS FOODS IN BICOL REGION

Bicol express
The most popular Bicolano dish did not actually originate from Bicol. The rest of the
Philippines thinks of Bicol express as a coconut-rich stew made of chunks of pork, large
pieces of chili, and shrimp paste—a recipe based on the original Malate creation.
Bicolanos, however, have come up with their own version of their namesake dish: Instead
of pork, the preferred star is balaw or sautéed shrimp. The extra saltiness boosts the flavor
and makes it perfect with rice.
Laing
Another Bicolano icon is laing or natong. While it may look like a humble vegetable
dish, it’s actually tricky to make. When prepared incorrectly, the dried gabi leaves can
scratch your tongue. But when perfect, it’s a satisfying medley of stewed greens, coconut
milk, chilies, and, occasionally, fish, pork, or chicken.
Puto bukayo (bocayo)
In Bicol, puto is made with bukayo. The soft and squishy rice cake is shaped into a
ball and filled with sweet and crunchy coconut that’s been cooked in brown sugar.
Lesson 7
Region 6 (Western Visayas)
Western Visayas
is an administrative region in the Philippines, numerically designated as Region

VI. It consists of six provinces (Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros
Occidental) and two highly urbanized cities (Bacolod City and Iloilo City).The regional
center is Iloilo City. The region is dominated by the native speakers of four Visayan
language: Kinaraya, Hiligaynon, Aklanon and Capiznon.It is located in the western part
of the Philippines surrounded by bodies of water.The land area of the region is
20,794.18 km2 (8,028.68 sq mi), and with a population of 7,536,383 inhabitants, it is the
most populous region in the Visayas.
The region's current name is in reference to its position in the

greater Visayas area. The name was coined by American colonialists after the defeat of
Filipino revolutionaries in Panay island. There have been proposals to rename the
current Western Visayas region into the Madja-as region, the former name of the region
prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century. The proposed name is in reference to
the Confederation of Madja-as, the former confederate kingdom of the area which
existed between the 12th century until 1569 and was initially ruled by Datu Puti, the first
monarch of western Visayas. The name is the oldest known reference to the entire
western Visayas area.
Aklan ((Minuro it Akean) (Home of Abacca and Pina fiber)
Aklan is considered the oldest province in the Phillipines. It was formerly a part of
Capiz province on the island of Panay in Western Visayas; hence, its history is often
connected with that of Capiz. It became a separate province on 8 Nov 1956 under
Republic Act No. 1414, with Kalibo as its capital. Kalibo is also associated with piña
cloth industry, perhaps the best example of superb handmade craft. Whatever
fashioned into, handkerchiefs exquisitely embroidered, worn by women and protective
panuelos sometimes with designs interwoven, or selected as ultra formal Barong
Tagalog by the men, sheer piña immediately displays the fortitude and skill needed to
leave together such fine fibers extracted from pineapple leaves.
Ati-atihan festival has inspired many other Philippine Festivals including

the Sinulog Festival of Cebu and Dinagyang of Iloilo City, both adaptations of the
Kalibo's Ati-Atihan Festival, and legally holds the title "The Mother of All Philippine
Festivals" in spite of the other two festivals' claims of the same title. as delicate baro
Aklanon’s Beliefs and Practices on Death
• Aklanons show great respect for the dead. Out of these, various beliefs and
practices have developed which has become a tradition.
• It may be difficult to discern which beliefs and practices are of Spanish or

Chinese origins. However, we can surmise that those beliefs and practices
related to money like placing the first given alms to the palm of the dead must
have been influenced by the Chinese.
• When a person is dying, his immediate relatives call a parish priest or a pastor to
give the last sacrament. It is also the time when the dying person could ask for
blessings or forgiveness. Dying people should ask for a confession from a priest.
• If a person dies, his immediate family would inform all his relatives of the incident
as well as the parish priest. Upon the priest’s instruction the sacristan would toll
the bells.
• It is believed that with shoes on, the journey of the dead will be difficult and he
will be damned in hell so the deceased is not allowed to wear shoes, only socks.
• During the wake, people in the community and members of the family from far
away would come home to pay their last respects. Usually they would give alms.
Another distinct practice is the holding of the feast on the third day after death.
Vegetables that are vine-like are however a taboo. Usual games being played
are card games like paris-paris, karga buro. Other gives being played
are konggit and mahjong. Participants are often teenagers. They form a circle
and one participant would be in the middle to be the “manakaw” or “it”.
• Since Capiz belongs to Aklan, the Province is known for their beliefs in aswangs
or witches and agimat or anting-anting.
Foods
• Tinu-om is a popular Aklan dish composed of a native chicken which is sliced

into small sized parts and layered with chopped garlic, ginger, white onions,
lemon grass and tomatoes and sprinkled with black pepper and salt. Sliced
pieces of potatoes are an optional addition. The native chicken and the
following ingredients are then wrapped tightly in banana leaves and then properly
placed in a hot bowl and then steamed into tasty doneness.
• Inuburan is one of the most popular Aklan food specialty dish, it is a chicken
cooked with pieces of ubad, the pith of a banana. First time tasters of this dish
describe a blissful and delicious flavor brought upon by the creamy milky soup
with ubad which in a way takes on the rich texture of the rice.
• Lumpia is one of the most served foods during nobena and special occasions, it
is composed of ubod nang niyog and pork.
Antique (where the mountains meet the sea)
Antique is one of the 4 provinces, occupying the Panay island. In history, the name
Antique is derive from the native word “hantique” which means large red ants. The
people of Antique are known for being hospitable and warm. They would almost always
extend assistance to guests and visitors. They are seafaring, just like most of their
Panay neighbors. Because Antiqueños have been isolated from other Panay dwellers
by long mountain ranges, they have developed and used their own distinct language
they call Kinaray-a. The Catholic Church holds a strong influence on the province’s
culture, architecture, and norms.
The province of Antique, on the western side of Panay, is separated from the other
provinces by a long range of mountains. One of these, Mt. Madia-as, is the highest
mountain on the island, a dormant volcano adorned with several lakes and more than a
dozen waterfalls. The population is largely Malay, immigrants from Borneo centuries
before the Spanish arrived. The area was made a separate province by the Spanish
government in 1790.
Festivals
• Libertad celebrates annually the Banigan Festival showcasing the creative

weaving of banig. Banigan derived from the word banig “mat” it is the main
product of Libertad where most of the people get their primary source of income.
The festival aims to encourage banig weavers that banig they produced could
possibly turn into highly valuable item both nationwide and worldwide. It is
celebrated on March 14-16.
• Despite of being an island, Caluya has its own distinct culture. The Tatusan

Festival held every April 9-11 is a festival that expresses unity amidst diversity
and is the very reason Caluyanhons come home to. Hear them sing their song
with zest: “O Caluya paraiso namun, mapabugal sa taguipusu-on…” The festival
originated from tatus, rare and expensive coconut crabs burrowing on land
distributed on islands along the Pacific and Indian Ocean have found their home
in the small island, Caluya.
• Binirayan is Antique's annual festival. Literally means, “where they landed”,

recalls the story of the ten Bornean datus led by Datu Puti and Datu Sumakwel
who fled from the oppressive rule of Sultan Makatunaw and their subsequent
settlement in Panay in the early 15 th century. Binirayan showcases local finery,
a festival to see and be part of. The celebration aims to boost tourism and
attracts visitors to Antique. The idea of celebrating Binirayan was pioneered by
then Governor Evelio B. Javier. Under his leadership, the Antiqueños felt the
need to get together to celebrate their history as a people. The festival has paved
the way for the Antiqueños scattered in the different part of the country and the
world to journey back to their past and trace their noble roots.
Popular Beliefs;
 Don’t sweep the floor while the body is still lying in state or else other deaths in
the family may follow.
 No tears should fall on the dead or the coffin for it would make a person’s journey
to the afterlife difficult.
 When someone sneezes at the wake, pinch him.
 Food from the wake should not be brought home because it is believed that the
dead touches all of it.
 After a funeral service, guests should not go home directly. This way the spirit of
the dead won’t follow them to their house.
 These are just beliefs that Antiqueños do have. It may seem a little bit weird, but
their elders influenced them so much to make them believe and follow such
superstitious beliefs until now.
 In the mountains, remnants of ancient folk beliefs still persist. Babaylan or native
priestesses, continue to divine the future, heal the sick and conjure spells.
Foods
 Sarungsong (ground rice suman)

 Antique is very famous because of its Muscovado Industry, so we had the
chance to see how Muscovado Sugar was made. Laua-an, the number one
producer of the said product is also known for its Bandi, Butong-butong and
Suman. We had a closer look on the Muscovado Sugar Process- from it’s the
Sugar Cane juice, it is being filtered to make sure that there won’t be any more
impurities, to the part where it is already thick and is now being turned to its
grainy form.
ILOILO (WHERE DID THIS “ILOILO” CAME FROM?)
The popularly accepted version is that the name came from the Hiligaynon word
"Ilong-Ilong" or the Kinaray-a "Irong-Irong", meaning nose-like, which the Spaniards
shortened to "Iloilo". The word was the name applied to the islet formed by the Iloilo
River, which was supposed to be nose-like in shape.
The history of Iloilo City dates back to the Spanish colonial period, starting out as
a small and incoherent grouping of fishermen's hamlets from the Iloilo River by a large
swamp which after 1855 became the second most important port of call in the colony
due to transshipment of sugar products from the neighboring Negros Island. It was later
given the honorific title of "La Muy Noble Ciudad" (English: The Most Noble City) by the
Queen Regent of Spain . At the turn of the 20th century, Iloilo City was second to the
primate city of Manila.
LANGUAGE
Hiligaynon is concentrated in the city of Iloilo and surrounding areas, as well as
the northeastern portion of the province.
The Hiligaynon language, also often referred to by most of its speakers simply
as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about
9.1 million people, mainly in Western Visayas and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong
to the Visayan ethnic group, mainly the Hiligaynons.[4] It is the second-most widely
spoken language and a member of the so-named Visayan language family and is more
distantly related to other Philippine languages.
There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are
native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a
substantial degree of proficiency.
RELIGION
Iloilo is Catholic predominated province comprising about 60% of the population.

Protestant churches also exist such as members of Iglesias Filipina Independiente or
Aglipayan Church with 35% of the population, Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist,
Adventist, and other Evangelical Christians; There are also non Protestant and other
Christian sects such as Iglesia Ni Cristo, Church of Christ of Latter day Saints (Mormon)
and Jehovah's Witnesses while non Christians are usually represented by Muslims, and
to a lesser extent, Buddhists and Hindus.
THE ILONGOS CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

The Ilongos observed certain customs and traditions about birth, baptism, courtship and
marriage, death and burial. Compare these customs and traditions with those of the
Ilocanos, Tagalogs, and Bicolanos.
ABOUT THE BIRTH
The coming of a child in an Ilongo family is usually an important and welcome event.
Certain precautions are followed to insure the safe delivery of the child.
The members of the family see to it that all the wishes of an expectant mother are
granted. They are careful not to displace the mother for fear that she might give birth
prematurely. The mother-to-be is not allowed to eat foods with black color to avoid
having a child who is dark complexioned. The newly-born child should be rocked to and
form so he will grow-up to be brave. The placenta should also be buried together with a
book on music arithmetic and readings so that the child will be well versed in all these
subjects. The placenta should be placed inside as earthen jar and buried with it. This
will curb the child's adventurous spirit. He will not go to far away places and will surely
return to his hometown in his old age. When a child is being delivered at the height of
lightening and thunder, it is believed that the child will grow up to be brave, courageous
and intelligent. A child born at daybreak will be cool-headed patient, hardworking but
will posses a weak spirit and cowardice. A child born between seven or eight o'clock in
the evening will be brave and domineering.
ABOUT THE BAPTISM
Baptism is a catholic religious ritual observed by the catholic parents of a new born
child. The following are some practices the Ilongos follow in connection with baptism
1. The parents select the godparents very carefully so that child will take after the good
character traits of the godparents.
2. The parents choose the priest or the minister to baptize the child.
3. It is the parental privilege to give the name to their child.
4. The child should be baptized after the first week or not later than the third month after
birth. If a child dies without the benefit of baptism his soul will go to purgatory. This is
according to catholic belief.
5. Baptismal parties are held after the baptism to ensure the child's success in any
future undertaking.
6. It is common practice by godparents to give a certain amount of money to the child
for his financial security. The money must either be invested in business or spent for the
child's welfare.
7. The parents and godparents of the child develop an almost brotherly relationship.
They fondly call each other as compadre and comadre.
ABOUT THE COURTSHIP
The man court the girl of his choice by visiting her at home and sending love letter.
When the girl accepts the man. they became engaged. Before their marriage, the man
has to observe the pabagbati and the paregalo. The pabagti refers to required servitude
of the man is the house of the girl while the paregalo is the formal announcement by the
parents of the intention of their son to marry their daughter. On this occasion, the boy's
parents bring food and drinks while both parties are making arrangements for the
coming wedding. If the man is accepted by the girl's parents, a dowry is agreed upon.
The man is also required to stay in the girl's house prior to the wedding day. The
behavior of the man is carefully observed while rendering service to the girl's family.
ABOUT THE MARRIAGE
The marriage is solemnized by a minister of the church or by the justice of the peace
court. On the eve of the wedding day, a dance is held at the house of the bride-to-be.
The expenses for the wedding dress, church rites and wedding reception are
shouldered by the groom and his family. After the wedding, the married couple kiss the
hands of the elders to receive their blessings. The wedding ceremony is later followed
by the wedding party. The parents and visitors presents such as furniture, utensils,
dishes, and beddings to the newlyweds. During the party, the bride and the bridegroom
are asked to dance on the mat. While dancing, the guest throw money to the bride and
groom. The money the couple picks up serves as additional fits. After the wedding,
some parents allow the newlyweds to stay with them until they are able to save and
stand on their own.
ABOUT THE DEATH AND BURIAL
The death and burial of a person is a community affair. Relatives and friends offer help
to the relatives of the dead person in the form of money and service. Friends and
relatives attend the wake and offer prayers for the dead man's soul. During the wake,
the family refrains from bathing and sweeping the floor for fear that another person will
die. The family wears lack for one year as a sign of mourning. The family and friends of
the deceases accompany the dead during the funeral. Some carry the coffin while
others stay behind to prepare food. After the burial, the family invites those who joined
the funeral partake of foods then prepared. After the burial the family offers prayers to
the dead or a nine-day novena. The host provided a big feast on the third and ninth day
of novena.
SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS
The Ilongos are also influenced by many superstitious beliefs as follows;
1. Bananas should be planted after eating a full meal so that the fruits will become big
and full.
2. They offer prayers to the saint to give them rain after the prayers, the image is
brought to the beach and dipped in the water.
3. Before they harvest crops in the farm they offer foods and prayer.
BELIEFS RELATED TO HOUSE BUILDING
1. It is a bad luck for a house to have 13 post.

2. Stairs of houses should face the east to bring in good luck.
3. Move into a new either on a Wednesday or Saturday.
4. Bring first salt, rice before moving intothe house.
THE ILONGOS
The Ilongos of Iloilo and some province of West Visayas live in houses made of wood,
nipa, cogon or coconut leaves. Sawali or split bamboos is used for their walls. The
floors are made of inch-wide split bamboos nailed to bigger cut bamboos.
Ilongos are very hospitable, they always provide for their guest comfort and ease at
their own expenses. They also very gentle in their ways that their quarrels do not see
like ones. Since time is not important to the Ilongos; they take life as it comes.
The art of the Ilongos is depicted in their lovely woven hablon materials and
embroidered designs on robes of priest and children's wear.
FESTIVAL
The Iloilo Dinagyang Festival is a showcase of the rich heritage, colorful history,
passionate devotion, and fun- loving spirit of the Ilonggo people. The festival traces its
roots as a thanksgiving. Dinagyang Festival Jaro Metropolitan CathedralThe National
Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles commonly known as Jaro Cathedral, the seat of the
Archdiocese of Jaro, has two stairs attached to its façade leading to the miraculous
image of the patron saint enclosed
CHURCHES
Miag-ao Church. The iconic Church of Sto.Tomas de Villanueva commonly
known as Miag-ao Church, sits proudly in the municipality of Miag-ao. Constructed in
1787 and completed 10 years after, it is one of the four baroque churches in the
Philippines inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Molo Church The Parish of
St. Anne in Molo takes pride in having a Gothic-Renaissance architecture. Its interior is
flanked by five wooden altars but the main one appears to have been painted in gold.

San Joaquin Church What makes San Joaquin Church unique is its striking pediment
adorned by military relief motif featuring the triumph of Spanish Army of Africa over the
Moroccan Army during the Battle of Tetuan in 1860. Sitting on an elevated hill near the
shoreline, it was built out of limestone from the mountains of Igbaras and white corals
from San Joaquin in 1869. San Joaquin Church was declared in 1974 as a National
Cultural Treasure by the National Historical Institute. Iloilo Beaches and Islands Like
most destinations in the Pacific, Iloilo is blessed with beautiful coastlines and islands
teeming with scenic seascapes and diverse marine life.
NEGROS
Negros was originally known to the natives as "Buglas", meaning "cut off" in old
Hiligaynon. When the Spaniards arrived in April 1565, they named it "Negros" because
of the dark-skinned natives they found.
Negros Occidental, a province in the Philippines, is the former home of huge
sugar plantations and rich Spanish families who came to make their fortune in the sugar
industry. Although the sugar industry continues, other industries also are taking root.
But the culture and traditions of the province continue to be heavily influenced both by
the Spanish sugar baron culture and by island natives. The festivals of the area,
commemorating patron saints and important events and dates, make Negros Occidental
a fun destination for those interested in colorful celebrations and distinctive culinary
experiences.
RELIGION
CATHOLICISM is the predominant religion, with over 2 million adherents. Negros

Occidental falls under the jurisdictions of the Roman Catholic Dioceses of Bacolod, San
Carlos & Kabankalan. Other major Christian denominations include Baptist
churches, Aglipayan Church, Iglesia Ni Cristo, Seventh-day Adventist Church, and
Evangelicalism. Islam is adhered by a sizeable minority, with 1,842 claiming it as their
religion.
Festival Traditions
Festivals are a large part of life and tourism in Negros Occidental, and every city
has at least one. In the capital city of Bacolod, the festival of MassKara brings a Mardi
Gras feeling in October. This is a feast of entertaining in the home, partying in the
streets and is a prime opportunity to shop for the area's famed arts and crafts.
MassKara translates to "a mass of smiling faces" and is a feast of thanksgiving for the
blessings of life. The Mudpack Festival takes place each June 24 in Murcia. This is a
celebration of the earth that focuses on the importance of the environment. A parade of
street dancing in which the participants wear almost nothing but mud provides a mix of
environmental awareness and fun for tourists and participants alike. The revolution
against Spanish colonialism is celebrated in the city of Bago at the traditional Cinco de
Noviembre (Fifth of November) festival. On that date in 1898, the Negrenses, the native
people of Negros Occidental, united to overthrow the last of the Spanish forces. The
Filipino troops used fake rifles and cannons to bluff the Spaniards into surrender
The Panaad sa Negros Festival, also called simply as the Panaad Festival
(sometimes spelled as Pana-ad), is a festival held annually during the month of April in
Bacolod City, the capital of Negros Occidental province in the Philippines. Panaad is the
Hiligaynon word for "vow" or "promise"; the festival is a form of thanksgiving to Divine
Providence and commemoration of a vow in exchange for a good life. The celebration is
held at the Panaad Park, which also houses the Panaad Stadium, and is participated in
by the 13 cities and 19 towns of the province. For this reason, the province dubs it the
"mother" of all its festivals.
The first Panaad sa Negros Festival was held at Capitol Park and Lagoon in a three-day
affair in 1993 that started April 30. The festival was held at the lagoon fronting the
Provincial Capitol for the first four years. As the festival grew each year, it became
necessary to locate a more spacious venue. In 1997, the festival was held at the
reclaimed area near where the Bredco Port is located today.
CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS

The culture of Negros Occidental has been heavily influenced by both the
Spanish and the later American occupations of the region. The indigenous religion long
gave way to Roman Catholicism as the dominant religion. The people of Negros
Occidental value hospitality, family, humor and hard work. When a family cooks a
special meal, they share a bit of it with their neighbors. Because of the sugar industry
and the region's later diversification in the 1970s, Negros Occidental has long been a
province of industry and comparative wealth. Cockfighting is a big sport in Negros
Occidental and is one of the industries that have helped the area diversify. If a gambler
is in mourning, he is not allowed to engage in this sport because it is believed that it can
only end in loss.
Food Traditions
Sugar is central both to the history of Negros Occidental and to the cuisine. Pastries
and confections abound, and favorites include guapple pie, made from an oversized
variety of guava, and pinasugbo, a type of banana fritter. Other highlights of the cuisine
include inasal, which is barbecued marinated chicken. In fact, barbecue is a traditional
food throughout the province. Look for foods heavy in Spanish influence, lots of sugar
and family recipes handed down with extreme secrecy.
PROVINCE OF CAPIZ
Capiz is dubbed as the "Seafood Capital of the Philippines", boasting its 80
kilometer coastline and wide expanse of swampy lands easily converted into fishponds.
Capiz was ruled by Datu Bangkaya, one of the seven Bornean datus who
settled in Panay Island in the 13th century.
Capiz map shaped like an open palm, it has total land area of 2 square
kilometers which is 13. 02% of the total land area of the region and 0.88% of the
country's area.
Capiz is known for the Placuna Placenta Oyster Shell that has the same name
locally and is used for decoration and making lampshades, trays, window and door.
Capiz is the site of the famous coral stone Santa Monica Church in the town of
Panay, home to the largest Catholic church bell in Asia. The bell was made from 70
sacks of gold and silver coins donated by the townsfolk.
When you hear "Capiz", two things come into mind: the place and the shell.
But, most of us would probably think the shell.
Capiz is known for its Capiz shell products. Capiz shells are very important part
in the Capiznon culture. It is a versatile and elegant decorating raw material.
Festivals
Capiz celebrates two annual festivals. The Sinadya sa Halaran celebrates
December 8's feast day of the Immaculate Concepcion and Capiznon's spirit of bliss
and gratitude. Capiztahan commemorates the April 15, 1901 triumphant event: the
foundation of Capiz's second civil Government's effort for socio-cultural and tourism
development.
SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD
The province is higly suitable for agriculture and aquaculture and other related
activities that become its major source of livelihood.
Languages
Capicenons speaks Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a and Ilonggo.
Religion
Seventy percent (70%) of the Capicenos are Roman Catholic, other religions
includes Evangelicallism, Islam, Aglipay, and Iglesia ni Cristo.
PROVINCE OF GUIMARAS
Sources of Livelihood
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, employment (self, wage/salaried), enterprises
in business (wholesale/retail), manufacturing, processing of fruits & other food
delicacies, transport services, resorts/accommodation ffood services,
human/health/social work services.
Languages
Hiligaynon/Ilonggo- 92.6%
Karay-a- 7%
Other dialects: Ati, Cebuano, Higaonon, Gubatnon, Bisaya, Bangon, Waray (0.2%)
Tagalog- 0.1%
American/English & other foreign languages- 0.6%
Traditions and Beliefs
 Pamalaye- if the man's intention to marry the woman is accepted by her and her
family, then the man along with his family and friends go to her family to discuss
wedding plans and to also have a party.
 Dispusada- a party given to the woman by her parents in their house as a farewell
to her maidenhood.
 Pasaka Umagad- a party in honor of the newly-wed wife given by the parents of
the husband in their house.
 Gala- the newly-weds are made to dance and each one has a plate placed in the
middle of the dance floor. Friends and relatives put money contributions on the
plates or even pin money on their dresses. The money are then given to the couple.
 Daguro- friends and relatives of the bereaved family extend their financial help to
them.
Religion ( According to 1990 NSO survey in Guimaras)

 Roman Catholics- 88, 903
 Aglipayans and Baptists-2, 519
 United Church in the Philippines- 1, 443
 Seventh Day Adventist- 999
 Protestants- 877
 Iglesia ni Cristo- 629
 And 1, 489 belonging to other religions and 41 were not stated.
Popular Food
 Ibos- cooked sticky rice wrapped in coconut leaf.
 Paho- ripe mango.
Lesson 8
REGION VII (CENTRAL VISAYAS)
Central Visayas
Designated as Region VII, is a region of the Philippines located in the central

part of the Visayas island group. It consists of four provinces—Bohol, Cebu, Negros
Oriental, and Siquijor— and the highly urbanized cities of Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu City,
and Mandaue City. The region is dominated by the native speakers of Cebuano. Cebu
City is its regional center.
Central Visayas is the second smallest region in the Philippines with a total land
area of 14,923 square kilometers. This constitutes about 5 percent of the country’s land
area. It lies at the center of the Philippine archipelago between the major islands of
Luzon and Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by the Visayan Sea; on the east by the
Camotes Sea; on the south by the Mindanao Sea; and on the west by the province of
Negros Occidental. Borders in the regions are based on political boundaries.
Central Visayas is one of the eight anchor tourist destinations in the country.
Central Visayas is one of the Visayas supra-regions whose strength is tourism.
The Central Visayas is among the most developed and most densely populated
regions in the Philippines. Central Visayas hosts many industries, including footwear,
ICT & IT enabled services, electronics, wearables,food processing, marine, houseware
and furniture, among others. This area is also a major tourist attraction.
Central Visayas is the fifth largest regional economy in the country. According to
data from the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA 7), Central Visayas
ranked 4th in terms of regional share to GDP in 2013. CV’s GRDP growth rate of 7.4%
in 2013 was higher than the national growth rate of 7.2%. CV is 3rd highest contributor
to the growth of of the national economy in 2013.
Bohol
 The 11th largest island in the country...
 Bohol is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas
region. Its capital is Tagbilaran City. To the west of Bohol is Cebu, to the
northeast is the island of Leyte and to the south, across the Bohol Sea is
Mindanao.
 The Boholanos refer to their island homeland as the 'Republic of Bohol' with both
conviction and pride. A narrow strait separates the island of Cebu and Bohol and
both share a common language, but the Boholanos retain a conscious distinction
from the Cebuanos.
 Bohol lies between the islands of Cebu on the northwest, Leyte on the northeast
and Mindanao to the south.
 The hills dominate the island of Bohol. Two ranges run roughly parallel on the
northwest and the southeast. An interior plateau is dominated by limestone hills.
In Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan, these hills form near perfect cones in great
numbers and are collectively referred to as the Chocolate Hills.
 Bohol's climate is generally dry, with maximum rainfall between the months of
June and October. The interior is cooler than the coast.
 Carlos P. Garcia, the country's fourth president, was from Bohol.
 The Chocolate Hills are considered one of Philippine's natural wonders and
Bohol is often referred to as the Jewel of the Philippines. They are hills made of
limestone leftover from coral reefs during the ice age when the island was
submerged. They turn brown during the summer, hence their name.
 Bohol is a popular tourist destination with its beaches and resorts. The Chocolate
Hills, numerous mounds of limestone formations, is the most popular attraction.
The island of Panglao, located just southwest of Tagbilaran City, is home to
some of the finest beaches in the country. The Philippine Tarsier, considered by
some to be the smallest primates, is indigenous to the island.
 Most beaches are of white sand. The sand is often of such high quality that it is
exported to other beaches in the world. The most well-known of these beaches
are in Panglao Island, and there, numerous islets have similar, yet untouched
and pristine beaches.
 The Loboc River is the most famous, running from the southeastern coast to the
center of the island. It is famous for its River Cruise going up to its water source.
The largest, Inabanga River, runs in the northern part of the province.
 Numerous waterfalls and caves are scattered across the island, including the
beautiful Mag-Aso falls in Antequera. Mag-Aso means smoke in the native
tongue. The water is cool and often creates a mist in humid mornings which can
hide the falls.
 Panglao is a small island southwest of the main island, connected by a causeway
to Tagbilaran.
BOHOL 6 PILLARS OF TOURISM

 Chocolate Hills
 Tarsier
 Dive Site
 Spelunking
 Sandugo Festival
 Rajah Sikutuna National Park
Food
 Kalamay Delicacy
Education
Cebu
Cebu is one of the most developed provinces of the Philippines. Part of the
Central Visayas Region – which also hosts the famous Bohol Island, Cebu is at the
same time the name of a province, an island, and a city. This can be sometimes a tad
confusing. The largest island of the province is obviously Cebu, but you’ll find here 167
other islands and islets, including famed names such as Mactan, Bantayan, and
Malapascua. The name "Cebu" comes from the old Cebuano word sibu ("trade"), a
shortened form of sinibuayng hingpit ("the place for trading"). It was originally applied to
the harbors of the town of Sugbu, the ancient name for Cebu City. ] Alternate renditions
of the name by traders between the 13th to 16th centuries include Sebu, Sibuy, Zubu,
or Zebu, among others.[8]Sugbu, in turn, is derived from the Old Cebuano term for
"scorched earth or "great fire
Cebu Spoken Dialect

The Cebuano or Cebuan language ), also often referred to informally by most of
its speakers simply as Bisaya is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by
about closely 45 million people in Central Visayas, western parts of Eastern Visayas
and most parts of Mindanao, most of whom belong to various Visayan ethnolinguistic
groups, mainly the Cebuanos. It is by far the most widely spoken of the Visayan
languages, which are in turn part of the wider Philippine languages.
RELIGION
Cebu is largely Roman Catholic. Other religious minorities include Protestant churches
of Iglesia ni Cristo, Jesus Miracle Crusade, Jehovah’s Witnesses, God’s Kingdom, the
Baptists, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Latter Day Saints (Mormons),
Taoists, some Muslims, etc. Santo Niño de Cebu, the Holy Child Jesus is the patron of
Cebu. The statue is located in Basilica Minore del Santo Niño which is known as the
Philippine country’s oldest church. The Santo Niño was given by the Portuguese sea
captain and explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the wife of the chief of Cebu. That act is
shown in Cebu’s largest, most popular cultural event, the Sinulog where street-dancing
and loud drum beats headed by a holy Mass. Cebu is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese
and has numerous major churches, including the Basilica Minore del Sto. Nino, the
Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, the San Carlos Church, the Sto. Rosario Parish Church,
San Jose-Recoletos Church, Sacred Heart Church, etc. as well as some other non-
Catholic churches and temples.

The Province of Negros Oriental
Negros Oriental, also called Oriental Negros or Eastern Negros, is a province
located in the region of Central Visayas, in the Philippines. It occupies the southeastern
half of the large island of Negros, and borders Negros Occidental, which comprises the
northwestern half. It also includes Apo Island, a popular dive site for both local and
foreign tourists.
Negros Occidental was carved from Region VI (Western Visayas), and Negros
Oriental from Region VII (Central Visayas) to form the new region. Its regional center
will be determined by a technical working group
Culture
The culture of Negros Occidental has been heavily influenced by both the
Spanish and the later American occupations of the region. The indigenous religion long
gave way to Roman Catholicism as the dominant religion. The people of Negros
Occidental value hospitality, family, humor and hard work. When a family cooks a
special meal, they share a bit of it with their neighbors. Because of the sugar industry
and the region's later diversification in the 1970s, Negros Occidental has long been a
province of industry and comparative wealth. Cockfighting is a big sport in Negros
Occidental and is one of the industries that have helped the area diversify. If a gambler
is in mourning, he is not allowed to engage in this sport because it is believed that it can
only end in loss.
RELIGION
The predominant religion throughout the country, Roman Catholicism, is most
evident in Dumaguete City Economy on Negros Oriental Negros Oriental, despite the
tourism hub that it is, is still filled with vast fertile land.
Siquijor
The Island of Siquijor is known to many as the mystical island of the Philippines.
The name of the island has changed a few times though history though. The island’s
native name used to be ´Katagusan´, from tugas, the molave trees that cover the hills.
Because of the molave trees and the fireflies in them, the island was earlier poetically
known to the spaniards as Isla del Fuego – The Island of Fire. Siquijor – The island’s
present name, is claimed to be after King Kihod, a legendary ruler in power when the
Spanish explorers arrived.
Spoken Dialect
The main language spoken in Siquijor is Cebuano. English as well as Tagalog is
also spoken by most of the residents
Culture
Folk Healing Festival (Black Saturday, San Antonio, Siquijor) – Herbalists from all over
the Visayas and Mindanao meet in the barangay of San Antonio where medicinal
potions are commonly prepared, using the traditional method practiced since ancient
times. A motley of tree barks, roots, herbs, dirt, insects and other “secret” ingredients
are thrown into a large cauldron filled with coconut oil while participants gathered in a
circle mumble incantations to empower the brew believed to cure a variety of ailments.
Solili Festival (September, Siquijor) – Taking after the traditions in Lazi, Siquijor, the
Solili Binalaye is a marriage ritual where both parents of the bride and groomprepare a
feast and take turns in advising the couple on the realities of married life. The rituals are
depicted in a street-dancing competition that serves as the highlight of the week-long
Araw ng Siquijor Charter Day celebration.
Lesson 9
REGION 8 (EASTERN VISAYAS)
Eastern Visayas
(Filipino: Silangang Kabisayaan, Waray-Waray: Sinirangan Bisayas) is one of the

17 regions of the Philippines, designated as Region VIII. It is composed of three main
islands, Leyte and Samar, connected by the San Juanico Bridge, and Biliran Island. It
consists of six provinces, one independent city and one highly urbanized city namely,
Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte, Ormoc City
and Tacloban. The Highly Urbanized City of Tacloban is Eastern Visayas Regional
Center (EVRC). These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of Visayas
group of islands. It is one of only two regions having no land border with another region,
MIMAROPA being the other.
Eastern Visayas directly faces the Pacific Ocean. The land area of the region is
2,156,285 hectares. As of 2010, it has a population of 4,101,322 people.
Geography
Eastern Visayas lies on the east central section of the Philippine archipelago. It
comprises two main islands, Leyte and Samar, which form the easternmost coast of the
archipelago. It is bounded on the east and north by the Philippine Sea with the San
Bernardino Strait separating Samar island from southeastern Luzon; on the west by the
Camotes and Visayan seas, and on the south by the Bohol Sea with the Surigao Strait
separating Leyte island from northwestern Mindanao. It has a total land area of
2,156,285 hectares (5,328,300 acres) or 7.2% of the country’s total land area.[4] 52% of
its total land area are classified as forestland and 48% as alienable and disposable
land.
Climate
There are two types of climate prevailing in the region under the Corona system
of classification: Type II and Type IV. Type II climate is characterized by having no dry
season but a pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January. Samar Island
and the eastern part of Leyte Island fall under this type of climate. Type IV on the other
hand has an even distribution of rainfall the year round and a short period of dry season
that can be observed starting February up to May. This type of climate is well exhibited
at the western half of Leyte island and some portion of Samar which covers the
municipality of Motiong up to San Isidro of Northern Samar.
In November 2013, the region was hit with the highest death toll in the country by
Typhoon Haiyan, the second deadliest typhoon ever to hit the Philippines.
Natural resources
The region's sea and inland waters are rich sources of salt and fresh water fish
and other marine products. It is one of the fish exporting regions of the country. There
are substantial forest reserves in the interiors of the islands. Its mineral deposits include
chromite, uranium (in Samar), gold, silver, manganese, magnesium, bronze, nickel,
clay, coal, limestone, pyrite and sand and gravel. It has abundant geothermal energy
and water resources to support the needs of medium and heavy industries.
Religion
Catholic, Iglesia ni Cristo, Evangelicals, Islam, and Church of Christ in the
Philippines.
Ethnic Group: Waray and Cebuano

Languages: Waray-waray, Cebuano and Abaknon
Products
Aside from the municipal focus product, the six provinces that compose Eastern
Visayas also identified their own provincial OTOP. These identified Provincial OTOPs
also represent the product a province is known for.
LEYTE
Processed mango - Up to 24,000 kgs. dried mango and 9,000 gallons of mango
juice. Processed food is the provincial OTOP for southern Leyte.
Biliran Province:
- Processed Coco based products
Eastern Samar:
- Seaweeds production and rich in marine resources.
Northern Samar:
Mariculture products.
Samar Province:
Mussel - The meat which is processed into tahong chips, tahong adobo in
bottles, its shell can be made into beautiful decors.
Facts about the provinces

 Biliran is the province of the magnificent island)
 The capital is Naval with the Area size: 555 km² and Population: 132, 210
 Possess the cleanest and cleanest and sweetest tasting water. Haven for pirates
and a Fierce battel ground during WWII.
 Natural Attractions: Libong Hot Spring
 Caibiran: Tomalistis Falls, Caibiran Volcano, Tres Marias Mountains,
Banderahan & Agta Beaches
Eastern Samar (The Hand of Good Harbors)

 Capital: Borongan
 Area size: 4,340 km²
 Population: 447,800
Borongan & Guiuan

 known for river trips & white water. Divinovo Island: Diving. Sulangan Beach:
 Golden cowry shell (valuable & rare)
Other Natural Attractions:

 Hamoravon Spring and Suhutan, Locso- on and Ganap caves.
 Homonhon Island- Where Magellan first landed and the Eugenio Salazar House.
 Churches: Guiuan's church of the Immaculate Conception Borongan Cathedral.
Northern Leyte ( Mahaba Island: An underwater paradise)

 Capital: Tacloblan City, Area size: 6, 268 km², Population: 1, 685, 270.
 Rich in historical significance, MacArthur Park in Palo- MacArthur made his
triumphant return to the Philippines in October 1944. WWII memorials: Hill 522
(Guinhangdan Hill) in Palo, Hill 120 in Dulag, Price Mansion and Japanese
Memorial Cemetery in Tacloblan City. Buga- Buga Hills in Villabe and The
Philippine- Japanese Peace Memorial in Ormoc City.
Natural Attractions:
The San Juanico Strait, Lake Danao, Cuatros Islas, Hindang and Inopacan
beaches.
SOUTHERN LEYTE
 Capital: Maasin City, Area size: 1734.8 km², Population: 390,000.
 Diving sites: The islands of Limasawa, Padre Burgos, San Francisco and
Pintuyan.
 The Patag Dako' (Big Plain), site for trekkers and climbers.
Caves at Cagnitoan and Guinsohotan. Beaches in San Pedro and San Pablo and
the Sulphur spring in Anahawan.
NORTHERN SAMAR
 Capital: Catarman, Area Size: 3,498 km² and the Population is 549,759.
 Historical Landmarks: The Palapag- Sumuroy's Marker, Former Spanish Royal
Port, Capul Church, San Bernardino and Batag Lighthouses.
 Natural Site: The Rocky Landscape in Biri which was carved by the sea and
wind. other Natural Attractions are the Ohay Beach in Laoang Bay, Rosario Hot
Springs, Panipisacan Falls and the Twin Falls of Victoria Town.
WESTERN SAMAR
 Capital: Calbayog City, Area size: 5,591 km² and the population is 695,000.
 Natural Sites: Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park, Ecosystem of natural stone
bridges, caves, subterranean, rivers, waterfalls, limestone formations, forest and
exotic plants.
 Blanca Aurora, Darosdos, Pan- as and Ton- ok falls, Calbiga, Guinogoan and
Tinago- an caves and Lo- oc , Bagakay and Naga Beaches.
 The historical sites; The 17th Century Church in Basey and the Samar
Archeological Museum in Calbayog City.
EVENTS AND CELEBRATIONS

 Homonhon Landing- Samar, March 16
 Pintados-Kasadyaan Festival- Samar, June 27
 Sanggutan- Leyte, May 18
 Lubi-lubi- Leyte, August 15
 Bagasumbol Festival- Biliran, September
 Buctay Festival- Biliran, October 9
FACTS ABOUT REGION 8
 First Mass (Limasawa)
 Discovery of the Philippines (Homonhon)
 Blood Compact
 Strongest Typhoon (Tacloban)
 Highest Bridge (Agas-agas Bridge)
 Longest Bridge (San Juanico Bridge)
 McArthur Return (Leyte)
Lesson 10
REGION 9 (ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA)
LOCATION/COMPOSITION
~ The Zamboanga Peninsula was formerly Western Mindanao was bounded by Sulu
Sea on the north, Panguil Bay on the east and Celebes Sea on the west.
PHYSIOGRAPHY
The region is surrounded by bodies of water and relied on fishing as one of its
major industries.
Bays~ Sindangan, Sibuco, Sibuguey, Dumanquilas, Maligay, Taguite and Pagadian.
Rivers~ Kumalarang, Dinas and Labangas
CLIMATE
 Dry Season from November to April
 Wet Season from May to October
PROVINCES
 Zamboanga del Norte
Capital: Dipolog City
 Zamboanga del Sur
Capital : Pagadian City
 Zamboanga Sibugay
Capital : Ipil
CITIES
 Zamboanga City ~ labeled from “City of Flowers” to “Asia’s Latin City”. The new
label is the brainchild of Mayor. Celso L. Lobregat believing that this was a more
relevant and significant label given the fact that the people of Zamboanga speak
Chavacano. (80%) Spanish words and (20%) a mixture of local dialects such as
Visayan, Ilonggo, Subanon, Yakan and Tausug.
 Dapitan City ~ the city known as the “ Shrine City in the Philippines” because the
place where Jose Rizal was exiled. It is also known for the old St. James Parish
and the beautiful beach of Dakak.
 Dipolog City~ the cith is also known as the “ Gateway to Western Mindanao”
and “Bottled Sardines Capital of the Philippines. Dipolognons proudly celebrate
their rich culture and colorful history. It is a city that rich natural wonders beckon
everyone to its natural shores.
 Pagadian City~ the city was known as the “Little Hong Kong of the South”
because of its topographical features that is reminiscent of Hong Kong, China. It
also has an affluent Chinese community that officially celebrates the Chinese
Lunar New Year. The city of Pagadian is the regional center of Zamboanga
Peninsula.
 Isabela City~ the city continues be under the jurisdiction of Basilan for the
administration of provincially-devolved services and functions. But for the
administration of regional services, the city is part of the Zamboanga Peninsula
despite the rest of Basilan being under the authority of the ARMM.
ETHNIC COMPOSITION
 Subanen - "suba" means River. Considered the aborigines of Zamboanga ,
settling in city before Spaniards occupied it.
 Badjaos - "sea gypsies" spent their lives on their small boats which frequent the
waters around the numerous islands of the Sulu archipelago.
 Samals - peace loving people. Generally inhabits the shorelines of northern and
southern sulu, Tawi- Tawi, Basilan, as well as Zamboanga.
 Tausug - they formed the sultanate of Sulu in the 15th century. Jolo, which has
been the seat of power, is predominantly Tausug.
 Yakan - peace loving people, originally pagans until the spread of Islam in the
Island.
RELIGIONS
* Catholic *Protestant * Muslim/Islam
LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS

*Chavacano - Spaniard word means "poor taste" *Maguindanao
*Cebuano. * Sama
*Zamboangueno. *Subanon
CULTURAL FESTIVALS
 Hudyaka Festival - celebrate the founding of Zamboanga del Norte.
 Sibug - Sibug Festival - celebrate the founding of Zamboanga Sibugay.
 Buklog Festival - thanksgiving festival of the subanen.
 Kinabayo Festival - held in Dapitan city and Zamboanga del Norte ; colorful
pageant re-enacting the spanish - Moorish war.
 Hermosa Festival - held in honor of the miraculous image of Our Lady of the
Pillar.
 Megayon Festival - highlights the cultural diversity of the three groups of people
that populated Zamboanga del Sur.
ART
 weaving .basketry and metalwork .
MUSIC
 Kulintang ensembles ( gandingan, dabakan and etc.)
ZAMBOANGA DELICACIES
Lesson 11
REGION X (NORTHERN MINDANAO)
Northern Mindanao
is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region X. It
comprises five provinces: Camiguin, Misamis Oriental, Lanao del Norte, Bukidnon and
Misamis Occidental. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro.
Geography
Northern Mindanao has a total land area of 2,049,602 hectares (5,064,680
acres).[5] More than 60% of Northern Mindanao's total land area are classified as forest
land. Its seas abound with fish and other marine products.
Climate
Rainfall in Northern Mindanao is evenly distributed throughout the year. Its
abundant vegetation, natural springs and high elevation contribute to the region's cool,
mild and invigorating climate.
Demographics
Northern Mindanao is the 8th most populous region in the Philippines and 2nd in
Mindanao (after Davao Region) according to the 2015 Philippine Statistics Authority
Census.
The predominate Religion is Roman Catholicism that forms 72% of the
population while Protestants form a significant minority forming 14% of the population.
The largest Non Christian religion is Islam forming 8% of the Population.
Economy
The economy of Northern Mindanao is the largest regional economy in the island
of Mindanao.[8] The economy in Northern Mindanao is mainly agricultural. But there is
also a booming growth of industries particularly in Cagayan de Oro and in Iligan. The
famous Del Monte Philippines located in the Province of Bukidnon and its processing
plant is located in Cagayan de Oro, which shipped to the entire Philippines and Asia-
Pacific region. The Agus-IV to VII Hydroelectric Plants in Iligan and Balo-i, Lanao del
Norte supplies most of its electrical power in Mindanao.
Geographical Features
Topography
Geologically, this region is a combination of plains, rolling hills, mountains and
coastal areas with rich soil, abundant minerals and agricultural resources. It has a
strategic location which is why it serves as the gateway to and from the rest of
Mindanao. Its modern port facilities and extensive road networks linking it to various
parts of the Mindanao region makes it an ideal destination for tourism all year round.
Moreover, it also has abundant water resources which led to the development of
hydroelectric power plants in the area. These plants generate the bulk of power
available in the Mindanao grid.
Culture
Northern Mindanao is a region rich in culture, which can be seen in their numerous
festivals.
1. Higalaay Festival in Cagayan De Oro City
- They celebrate the feast day of St. Augustine every 28th day of August. Higalaay
comes from the word "higala" which means friend, chum or pal.
2. Kaamulan festival in Bukidnon
-It is an ethnic cultural festival wherein people allocate a relative amount of their time to
remember the culture and traditions of the seven ethnic tribes in their area. It is also
considered as a thanksgiving festival to celebrate their bountiful harvest.
3. Lanzones festival in Camiguin, which is a 4-day celebration of this fruit. It is held
every 3rd week of October. It is essential to note that the sweetest Lanzones can be
found in the islands of Camiguin.
Language
There are a lot of ethnic languages in the region. Bisaya, Boholano and Cebuano
are the major ones. Native languages are still used like Higaonon in Misamis Oriental,
Marinao in Lanao Del Norte, Subanen in Misamis Occidental, Binukid in Bukidnon and
Kinamiging in Camiguin. English and Tagalog are also understood but not usually
spoken.
The South is a source of various recipes with unique tastes uncommon in the
North. You can find zesty, spicy, and sweet in CDO.
1. Sinuglaw
Northern Mindanao is proud to present its unique spin on kinilaw. Sinuglaw is a mix of
sinugba and kinilaw – two dishes common in Filipino palate
2. Binaki (Sweet Tamales)
Binaki is a kakanin from Bukidnon. It comes from the word “baki” which means frog. The
delicacy may have caught its name due to its appearance. When the binaki is ready to
eat, it is wrapped in corn husk and folded in the shape of a frog.
3. Pigok Fish
Pigok fish has a distinct quality. Its meat is sweet and tender. It also has a smooth
texture and savory aroma when cooked. It is often called as the “President’s Fish”.
Affluent people including the President are those who can afford a meal of the rare fish.
4. Puto Maya
Puto Maya is another favorite afternoon kakanin of Filipinos. The South’s version uses
sticky rice from their neighboring province, Bukidnon.
5. Proben
Proben is short for proventriculus, an organ that is part of the chicken’s digestive
system. The pieces are breaded in flour or cornstarch then fried.
Lesson 12
REGION XI (DAVAO REGION)
HISTORY
 Many historians believed that the name Davao originates from the mixture
of three aboriginal tribes given the name for Davao River.
 The manobos, reffered Davao River as the Davohoho.
 Bagobos referred it as Davohaha.
 Guingan called the river Dahwow.
 Manobos, Bagobo and Mandaya are the tribes believed to be the first
settlers of Davao Region and eventually many tribes emerges and
become Mindanao.
LOCATION
 It is located on southeastern potion of Mindanao, and it consist of four
provinces namely; Compostela Valley, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte
and Davao Oriental.
 The land is perfect for agriculture and has led to the vast development of
plantations and industries.
RELIGION
 Roman Catholic (comprising 80% of the population)
 Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ)
 Evangelicals, Jesus Miracle Crusade
 The church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
 Seventh Day Adventist and Baptist are other Christian denominations.
 (Others) Islam, Buddhism, Hinduisim and Animism.
DIALECTS
Major Dialects:
 Cebuano
 Huligyanon
Minor Dialects:
 English
 Waray
 Maguindanao
 Tagalog
 Manobo
 Mandaya
ECONOMY
 It is now developing as the center for agro-industrial business, trade
and tourism.
 Its competitive advantage is in industry as its products papayas,
mangoes, bananas, pineapples, fresh asparagus, flowers and fish
products are exported internationally.
 Export partners; Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia, Japan and
others.
 Their economic activities are mining, fishery, forestry and
agriculture.
 Foreign and private investors and businessmen are both putting up
a huge business centers in the region, fueling up its commercial
growth rate.
OTHER PRODUCTS
 DURIAN- almost synonymous of Davao City because of its
abundance, and is because of its scarcity in other parts of the
Philippines, many have sought after their exotic fruit. It is widely
known as the “King of fruits” and is abundant in Davao. Its rich
fertile volcanic soil and climate make it most suitable for sustained
production of the freshest and tastiest Durian.
 BANANA- Davao Region is known as the “Banana Capital” of the
country with the province of Davao Del Norte being the top
producer.
 COCONUT- Davao Oriental is the leading producer of coconut in
the Philippines.
 MANGOSTEEN- one of the major crops in Davao Region. Every
street corner of Davao City is abundant with this sweet citrusy fruit
that is widely known for its health benefits.
 COCOA- the most growing wide area of this product is found in
Davao Region.
 PINEAPPLE- Davao Region is the top producer of this product in
Asia. Exported in Japan, Hongkong, South Korea, Middle East and
New Zealand.
 MARANG- one of the most abundant fruit in Davao.
PRONVINCES OF DAVAO REGION

 DAVAO DEL NORTE (Hilagang Dabaw)
 Its Capital is Tagum City.
 Composed of 13 municipalities.
 Primarily agricultural but also engages in mining, forestry and commercial fishing.
FAMOUS FOODS
 KINILAW NA TUNA
 DINUGUAN
 BINIGNIT
 DURIAN PIE
 PUSO
FESTIVALS
 KADAYAWAN FESTIVAL- derives from friendly greetings “madayaw”
from dabawenyo word “dayaw” meaning good, valuable, superior or
beautiful. Celebrated for thanksgiving for the gifts of nature, the wealth of
culture, the boundless of harvest and serenity of living.
 KAHAYAG FESTIVAL- celebrated in the municipality of Carmen, Davao
Del Norte since 2012.
 BANANA FESTIVAL- the festival pays tribute to the largest economic
contributor and the province large export of banana.
 TABANOGAN FESTIVAL—most celebrated in Davao with numerous
activities. The most notable is the kite flying.
 DURIAN FESTIVAL- a month long celebration showcasing the delectable
fresh durian produced by Plant Now Pay Later beneficiaries and other
Durian growers in the city.
DAVAO DEL SUR (Timog Dabaw)

 Its capital is the largest city; Digos City
 Devided in 9 municipalities and component city.
 The early inhabitants ere the manobos and guinggas who occupied the
places at the foot of Mt. Apo.
 B’laan, is one of its primitive tribe.
FESTIVAL
 BANSAULOG FESTIVAL- the term “bansaulog” is combined word of
Bansalan and saulog which is the Visayan translation for celebration.
 SINAB BADAN FESTIVAL- festival of oneness among the different tribes
of the province showcasing indigenous art, music and dances.
DAVAO ORIENTAL (Silangang Dabaw)

 Capital; Mati
 Its major industries includes agriculture, fishing, small and medium
cottage, industries and tourism.
FAMOUS FOODS
 Crocodile Ice Cream
 Crocodile Letchon
 Crocodile Hamburger
COMPOSTELA VALLEY
 The province is called “comval” for short.
 The newest province in the Philippines.
 The capital is Nabunturan.
 The main source of livelihood is agricultural products such as rice,
coconut , cacao, coffee, papaya, mangosteen, mango, pineapple, banana
and durian. It has projected that in 2030 the province will be one of the
richest provinces in the country because of rich natural resources and
hardworking people.
 The province is also rich with gold ore.
FESTIVAL
 BULAWAN FESTIVAL- this festival is celebrated every year in the
province of comval as a symbol of thanksgiving for the rich natural
resources and for the promise of golden future.
Lesson XIII
REGION XII –SOCCSKSARGEN
 Is a region of the Philippines, located in central mindanao, and is officially

designated as region XII.
 The regional center is Koronadal City located in South Cotabato.
 Cotabato City, though geographically within the boundaries of the Province of

Maguindanao, itself is part of SOCCSKSARGEN,and is independent of that
province. Maguindanao province is, in fact, a part of the ARMM which has seat in
Cotabato City.
GEOGRAPHY
 The region is more known by its older name Central Mindanao.
 It has extensive coastlines, valleys and mountain ranges. Known for its river
system , the region catch basin of Mindanao. The system is a rich source of food,
potable water and energy production. Cotabato contains the Rio Grande de
Mindanao, which is the longest river in Mindanao and the 2 nd largest in the
Philippines.
RELIGIONS
Christians
Muslims
Others
CULTURE
 A pair of agungs is one of the instruments found in the kulintang ensemble , and
Region XII is a home to a fascinating culture that revolves around the Kulintang
music found among both muslim groups(Maguindanaon) and non-muslim
groups(indigenous people).
TRIBES
B’laan Tribe
 Among the many tribes in the Philippines, the B’laans in Saranggani and South
Cotabato are the most distinct in Region Xll as they significantly played major
historical roles in the evolution of several towns and barangays within the locality
that have named with Blaan origin.
T’boli
 They have their own story of creation; they believed that the world they lived, the
trees, the rivers, lakes and mountains has its own powerful being the Dwata/Mulu
(God). Based on the history, T’boli are proto-malayan reserve and are found in
the mountain ranges of South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat Province.
Teduray
 One can easily tell a teduray household in any community because of the
presence of their traditional baskets. Traditional basket is a symbol of Teduray. It
is a lasting display of their artistry. The term for weaving is “monom” which
includes all kinds of woven handicrafts.
Manobo
 The Obo Manobo is just one ethnic group among Manobos in North and West
forest of Cotabato Province and Kidapawan City specifically in Mt. Apo and the
boundaries of Davao del Sur, Bukidnon Province and etc. Manobo are gifted and
nature loving people endowed with talents and strength to make life not just a
living. They are remnants of the people living during the age of “survival of the
fittest” when Mindanao was once a vast of track of virgin forest.
Maguindanaon
 Long before the arrival of Shariff Kabunsuan in 1475 and the discovery of the
Philippines by Magellan (1521), there were people already living near the mouth
of Pulangi or Maguindanaon River and in the plains along its upper the tributaries
in what is now Datu Piang. In those days until now, the Mindanao River overflows
its bank from time to time, flooding the areas along its bank up to its mouth.
These floodings termed “midsanao” by the Maguindanaons. Before the coming of
the Spaniard , these people of flooded plains were characterized by strongly
kinship association headed by a Datu or Sultan. The Maguindanaon were
modest in dress and soft spoken.
Ilonggo
 Are a subgroup of the Visayan people whos primary language is Hiligaynon
language, an Austronesian language native to Panay, Guimaras, and Negros.
Now, the Hiligaynon form the majority in the the provinces Ilo-Ilo, Negros
Occidental, Guimaras, Capiz, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and North
Cotabato.
The region has five Cities:
 Kidapawan City
 Cotabato City
 General Santos City
 Koronadal City
 Tacurong City
FESTIVALS
 Flom’lok Festival- taken from B’laan word which means “hunting ground’. The
people of Polomolok celebrate this by showcasing the local products and a mix of
socio-cultural activities.
 Kamayadan Festival- coined from an ilonggo term “mayad” which means good .
Kamayadan depicts a celebration of thanksgiving for good harvest.
 Helobung Festival – every 9th to 11th of November the municipality of Lake Sebu,
the summer capital and eco-cultural of the south Cotabato celebrates its
foundation anniversary reflecting the unique cultural identity and ethnicity of the
province.
 Kasadyahan festival- a street dancing competition coined from visayan word

“Kasadya”. It is convergence of various ethnic and cultural dances featuring Tupi
as the province’s flower fruit, and vegetable basket.
 Linggo ng Matutum- a week long festivity every March 13-20 of each year in
celebration of the declaration of Mt. Matutum as protected landscape highlighting
“AmyakMaleh”, a climb and plant mountaineering activities.
 Kariton festival- annual parade of animal drawn carts bedecked with vegetables,
fruits, and flowers. Held every october and is being sponsored by the Barangay
Poblacion.
 Hinublag festival- January 11 to 18 during this festival the municipality of sto.

Nino celebrates its emancipation anniversary. This agriculturally blessed
municipality is called the rice bin of the province.
 Lum’alay Festival- June 17 to 21 this is the commemoration of the municipality of

Tampakan’s Foundation Anniversary. This festival is a celebration of good
harvest of Lubi (coconut) , mais (corn) and palay (rice).
 Lemlunay Festival- the Sta. Cruz Mission Schools Foundation INC. located in the
municipality of Lake Sebu celebrates its festival every September with true
cultural fun fair.
 Pasundayag Festival- Final schedule last week of March pasundayag an ilonggo

term which means show or presentation.
 T’nalak festival- is an intricately woven tapestry of intense and striking colors.

The hues of intertwined abaca fabric depict the vivid spirit of the people whom
this unique and artistic weaving.
 Kalimudan Festival- is one of the biggest celebration in the region. It is annual

gathering of different tribal groups in the Province of Sultan Kudarat and a
celebration for a bountiful harvest showcasing the richness of the culture of the
people. The festival coincides with the founding anniversary of the Province of
Sultan Kudarat.
 Tuna Festival- is a fantastic piece of general Santos City. The city’s other
moniker is Philippine Tuna Capital, on account of the plentitude of tuna fish.
DELICACIES
 Tilapia – as you visit Lake Sebu, you shouldn’t miss the 50 different kinds of
dishes made of Tilapia, you could enjoy the view of Lake Sebu as you take a bite
of its Crispy Chicharon Tilapia.
BEEF SININA
 Cotabato’s beef stew that you would love. It has a twist that is different from other
beef stews because it is the Maguindanaons local version of Filipino beef stew, it
is widely served in Cotabato City.
 Sinina – a traditional Muslim delicacy that is usually served during festivities or

what we normally call “Kanduli”.
FRIED CATFISH
 VE-JR IHAW IHAW located in Tacurong City Sultan Kudarat. This restaurant is
really famous because of its delightful fried catfish dishes. The resto has their
own pond full of catfishes. You could choose from fried or grilled catfish dishes,
no worries, their catfish is really fresh and clean.
Marang
 If you don’t want the smell of Durian, the Marang could be your next favorite fruit.
It tastes even sweeter than the Durian. A small piece ids worth 15 to 20 in Sultan
Kudarat.
Pastel
 A steamed rice topped with flaked chicken, beef, or tuna that is wrapped in
banana leaves. It is also best if paired with hard boiled egg. This delicacy is loved
by most locals in Cotabato City and tourists of the province, and it is also sold at
bus stations worth P8-P10 , its really affordable.
Grilled Tuna and Tuna Tacos Topped with Cheese

 Since Gensan is known for Tuna Capital of the Philippines, grilled tuna and tuna
tacos must be tried! You can get this from BigBen Steaks and Grills for unique
experience. It is one of the most favorite restaurants in the province, located in
Robinsons Mall.
Brief History
 The central mindanao region was created on July 7, 1975 under presidential
decree No. 742. Under this decree, Central Mindanao was composed of the
provinces of Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur and
Maguindanao.
 Executive order 429 was also issued on October 12, 1990, which provided for the
reorganization of Administrative regions in Mindanao and , in the case of region
XII , mandated the transfer of regional offices from Cotabato City to Koronadal
City.
 At the local scene, the municipality of Kidapawan became a city with the
enactment of Republic Act 8500 on March 21, 1998. in the same year, the
Province of Sultan Kudarat was reverted to Region XII and other purposes, which
lapsed into law on December 18, pursuant to Article VI , section 27(1)of the
constitution.
 In the year 2000, the status of the local government units were elevated. The
municipality of Koronadal became a city on August 16, 2000 through Republic
Act No. 8803.
SULTAN KUDARAT
 - was part of the former empire province of Cotabato, until its creation as an
independent province (along with Maguindanao and North Cotabato) on
November 22, 1973, through Presidential Decree No. 341 signed by President
Ferdinand E. Marcos.
 The name Sultan Kudarat given to the province was derived from the Muslim
ruler, Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat who begun to assert his leadership in
the year 1619 and reigned in the Sultanate of Maguindanao from 1625 to 1671.
He is considered a national hero, and in his honor the province was named after
him.
Municipalities
 Bagumbayan
 Columbio
 Esperanza
 Isulan
 Kalamansig
 Lambayong
 Lebak
 Lutayan
 Palimbang
 President Quirino
 Senator Ninoy Aquino
 Tacurong city
Dialects:
 Hiligaynon
 Maguindanao
 Karay a
 Blaan
 Tiruray
 Manobo
 English
Foods:
 Pastel/patel
 Halo-halo
 Buro
Festivals
 Kalimudan — celebrated in the province of Sultan Kudarat, a gathering of ethnic
groups within the province
 Bansadayaw — celebrated in Bagumbayan
 Kastifun — celebrated in Columbio
 Hinabyog — celebrated in Esperanza
 Hamungaya — celebrated in Isulan
 Salagaan — celebrated in Kalamansig
 Timpuyog — celebrated in Lambayong
 Kapeonan — celebrated in Lebak
 Kanduli — celebrated in Lutayan
 Kalilang — celebrated in Palimbang
 Sambuyawan — celebrated in President Quirino
 Sulok — celebrated in Senator Ninoy Aquino
 Talakudong — celebrated in Tacurong City
COTABATO CITY
-had witnessed more history than any other place in Mindanao. Its history dates back to
the 15th century when Shariff Kabunsuan, an Arab missionary, landed along the banks
of the Rio Grande de Mindanao and introduced Islam to the natives. Islam was the faith
that moved the early settlers to communal life, and to establish the Sultanate of
Maguindanao with its golden age ushered in by Sultan Dipatuan Qudarat during the
17th century the time when Cotabato City developed as the capital town of
Maguindanao.
 37 Baranggay's
 a capital of Maguindanao
Foods:
 Beef sinina
 Pastel
 Barbecue
Festival's:
 Shariff Kabunsuan Festival – this festival is celebrated every December 15-19,
which is celebrated in honor of Shariff Mohammad Kabunsuan, an Arab
missionary from Johore who planted the seed of Islam in Central Mindanao. On
this event, certain presentations are performed such as dances. There are also
many recreational activities and sports. Highlights in this festival are Dance
Parade, Banca Race and the re-enactment of Shariff’s arrival.
 Araw ng Kutabato (Cotabato Day) – celebrated every June 12-25, this is the
biggest celebration in all of the city’s festivals. This festival is held to
commemorate the city;s charter day.
Dialects:
 Tagalog, Maguindanaon, Chavacano, Maranao, Iranun, Cebuano, English
SOUTH COTABATO
The area of what is now South Cotabato and Sarangani provinces used to be part of
Davao province until 1914, when the reorganization of the districts in Mindanao took
place, thus it became part of the then-undivided Cotabato province. Settlers, who would
lay the foundation of what would become a progressive province, started trooping down
1914.
The significant thrust occurred during the term of President Quezon in late 1930s.
In the early 1960s as population, trade and industries grew in southern part of Cotabato,
a clamor of local self-governance arose.
Municipalities:
 Banga
 Lake Sebu
 Norala
 Polomolok
 Santo Niño
 Surallah
 T'Boli
 Tampakan
 Tantangan
 Tupi
 Koronadal city
Dialects:
 Hiligaynon
 Cebuano
 Maguindanaon
 Tboli
 Blaan
 Kapampangan
 English
Foods:
 Nilagang tilapia
 Nilasing na tilapia
 Tinagtag
 Chicharong tilapia
Festivals:
 Pinyahan Festival
 Agten Tufi Festival
 Flomlok Festival
 Tnalak festival
 Sislong festival
Lesson 13
REGION XIII (CARAGA)
Caraga Region
was created through Republic Act 7901 which was approved on February 25, 1995 by
then President Fidel V. Ramos. Also designated as Region XIII, the region is situated in the
northeast section of Mindanao.
Caraga, officially the Caraga Administrative Region](or simply known as Caraga Region)
and designated as Region XIII, is an administrative region in the Philippines occupying the
northeastern section of Mindanao. The region was created through Republic Act No. 7901 on
February 23, 1995. The region comprises five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat
Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur.
Six cities of CARAGA : Bayugan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao and Tandag; 67
municipalities and 1,311 barangays. Butuan, the most urbanized city in Caraga, serves as the
regional administrative center.
GEOGRAPHY
Caraga Region, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00' to
10 30' N. latitude and 125 15' to 126 30' E. longitude. It is bounded on the north by
the Bohol Sea; on the south by the provinces of Davao del Norte, Compostela
Valley and Davao Oriental of Region XI; on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis
Oriental of Region X; and on the east by the Philippine Sea of the Pacific Ocean.
The region has a total land area of 18,846.97 square kilometres (7,276.86 sq mi),
representing 6.3% of the country's total land area and 18.5% of the island of Mindanao.
47.6% of the total land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur. Of
the total land area, 71.22% is forestland and 28.78% is alienable and disposable land.
Major land uses include forestland comprising 31.36% and 23.98% of agricultural and
open spaces.
Topography
The region is characterized by mountainous areas, flat and rolling lands.
Mountain ranges divide Agusan and Surigao provinces and sub-ranges separate most
of the lowlands along the Pacific coast. The most productive agricultural area of the
region lies along the Agusan River Basin. The well-known Agusan Marsh sits in the
middle of Agusan del Sur. Among the lakes in the region, Lake Mainit is the widest. It
traverses eight municipalities: Alegria, Tubod, Mainit and Sison in Surigao del Norte,
and Tubay, Santiago, Jabonga and Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte.
Climate
Caraga Region has Type II climate, with no pronounced wet and dry season.
During the months of November to February, heavy rains are usually experienced in the
region.
Language
Cebuano is widely spoken by 33.79% of the households in the region.
Surigaonon is spoken by 33.21% of the households, followed by Butuanon by 15%;
Kamayo, by 7.06%, and Manobo, by 4.73%. The rest speak Boholanon, by 5.87%;
Hiligaynon, by 2.87%; and other dialects by 7.20%.
Religion
The dominant religion in the region is Roman Catholic, with 74% of the total
household population in Caraga. Other significant religious minorities includes
Protestants that constitute 20% of the total household population and Aglipayan that
constitute 6% of the total household population. [11]
Cultural groups
The majority of the inhabitants of the region are of Visayan heritage. The
province is home to several minority groups, totaling 675,722 in 1995, representing
34.7% of the region's population. Most numerous were the Manobos with 294,284 or
43.55% of the total population of ethnic minorities. Other cultural groups in the region
with significant population were the Kamayo, Higa-onon, Banwaon,
Umayamnon, Kalagan, and Mamanwa.
Most members of these cultural groups reside in the province of Agusan del Sur.
Natural Resources
The region is noted for its wood based economy, its extensive water resources
and its rich mineral deposits such as iron, gold, silver, nickel, chromite, manganese and
copper. Its leading crops are palay (rice), banana and coconut.
The region features several beaches, abundant seafood, hot and cold springs,
evergreen forests and balmy weather. Caraga's most famous attraction today is Siargao
Island, a surfing destination in Dinagat Islands.
Major Products
Major agricultural products of the region include palay, corn, coconut, gold, banana, rubber,
oil palm, calamansi, prawns, milkfish, crabs, seaweeds and mango. Caraga's proximity to Cebu and
Manila makes it a favorable shipping point for products to and from these markets. Nasipit Port can
serve as a secondary shipping hub to Cagayan de Oro when traffic volume from other points in
Mindanao increases. With a roll-on, roll-off (RORO) ferry service now in place, Surigao City serves
as a vital transportation link for trucks and buses bound for Luzon.
Agusan Agusan Dinagat

Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur
del Norte del Sur Islands
Ironwood, nickeliferous laterite palay, corn, coconut,

ore, gold, chromite, lode ore, abaca, soybeans, coffee,
gold
and laterite ore; limestone, and other high value seafood,
mining,
Palm oil, silica deposits, guano, rock crops; prawns, milkfish, coconut and
rice,
coconut, phosphate, sand, and gravel; and crabs; are Narra, red other lumber
coconut,
and rice chromate; Marlin, tuna, lapu- and white Lauan, Mayapis, products,
and
lapu, mollusks, crabs, even Almon, Apitong, Yakal, mines
bananas
squid, stingrays, and Bagtikan, Tanguile, Rattan
octopuses and Bonbon
Lesson 14
REGION IV (CORDIILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION)
Geographical Settings and Brief History

The only landlocked region in the country, Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR) is bordered by the Ilocos Region in the west and southwest, and by the Cagayan
Valley on the north, east, and southeast.
The region is composed of six provinces, namely: Abra, Apayao, Benguet,
Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province. The regional center is the highly urbanized city
of Baguio.
The region, officially created on July 15, 1987, covers most of the Cordillera
Central mountains of Luzon, and is home to numerous indigenous peoples collectively
known as the Igorot.
During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, Christianization and eventual
subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government.
Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in
strategic areas of the mountain region. Among them were Amburayan, Cabugaoan,
Kayapa, Quiangan, Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet, Bontoc, Banaue, and Tiagan.
On August 18, 1908 during the American regime, Mountain Province was
established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876. Ifugao,
which was part of Nueva Vizcaya province, and the former Spanish comandancias of
Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalingaand Lepanto, were annexed to the newly
created province as sub-provinces. Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its
corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union.
Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces
of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur.
On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain
Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao,
Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province. Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under
the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region, with Benguet and Mountain Province
placed under the Ilocos Region.
On July 15, 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Executive Order 220
which created the Cordillera Administrative Region. The provinces ofAbra, Benguet and
Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (of the
Cagayan Valley) were annexed as part of the newly created region.
On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region
was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the
enactment of Republic Act No. 7878
Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two
separate plebiscites. An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a
precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-
governance much like the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao in southern
Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23, 1989 but
failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990. The second law,
Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997,
also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide referendum
on March 7, 1998.
At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the
Cordillera Regional Development Council.
Cordillera Administrative Region CAR
Municipalities 75
Barangays 1,176
Cong.
7
districts
Ilocano Ibaloi Kankanaey Kalanguya Kalinga Ifugao Itneg Isneg
Languages
Pangasinan Filipino English others
Culture and tradition of car Region

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is rich in ancient culture. It is the home of the
indigenous tribe called the Igorot. The way of life of the people in this region existed
way back to ancient Filipinos before the Spanish colonization. Cordillera is one of the
prime tourist destinations in the Philippines.
The region is rich in natural resources and has abundant mineral reserves. Gold,
copper, silver, and zinc are among the metallic ores that can be found in the region.
Non-metallic reserves include sand, gravel, and sulfur. Although mineral reserves are
found all over the region, mining is concentrated in Benguet. Majority of Cordillera’s
population engage in farming and small-scale production.
FESTIVAL IN CAR
UlalimFestival in Kalinga,
Lang-ay Festival in Mountain Province,
Banaue Imbayah Festival, and the
Tabuk Matagoan Festival.
FOODS in Cordillera!
 Sinuman and Patupat are the local version of rice cakes in Abra. ...
 Palileng is actually a name of a certain spicies of river fish that is abundant in the
province of Abra.
 Abuos or the eggs of big red ants is a famous exotic food in Abra especially during the
summer season
RELIGION
Roman Catholic is the single largest denomination in this region. However unlike most
other provinces and regions of the Philippines, they only form a slight majority in the
region forming 60%-70% of the population while Protestants specifically Anglicans and
Evangelicals have a very strong presence that forms 20%-30% of the population. Other
religions such as traditional Animism have a significant presence in the region and it's
mainly practiced by tribal people
Lesson 15
Region 15 (BARMM)
 It is the only region in the Philippines that has its own form of government.
 From Unitary form of government, it is now a Parliamentary Democratic.
 The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao an Autonomous region of
the Philippines, situated in the Mindanao island gathering of the
Philippines, that involves five dominatingly Muslim areas: Basilan (aside
from Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi.
 The locale's accepted seat of government is Cotabato City.
 The ARMM traverses two geological territories: Lanao del Sur and
Maguindanao in south western Mindanao, and the island areas of Basilan
(with the exception of Isabela City), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi in the Sulu
Archipelago. The area covers an aggregate of 12,288 km².
Brief History
 1380 - Muslims arrived in Tawi-Tawi and native converted to Islam

 1457 – Sultanate of Sulu was established. Muslims live with their identity as
Bangsamoro, a person who is under Islamic Law and Muslim culture.
 The Republic Act No. 6734, also known as Organic Act for the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao was signed into law on August 1, 1989 by President
Cory C. Aquino and was ratified in a plebiscite in November 1989. It was
composed of the four (4) provinces of Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and
Tawi-Tawi.
 The region was strengthened and expanded through the ratification of Republic
Act No. 9054, amending for the purpose of Republic Act No. 6734 on September,
2001. The plebiscite paved the way to the inclusion of the province of Basilan
and the City of Marawi as part of the ARMM.
 The ARMM had its first election, on February 17, 1990, by virtue of the Transitory
Provision in RA 6734 that the election will not be earlier than 60 days or later
than 90 days after the law has been ratified. Zacaria Candao assumed the
position as the first Regional Governor of the ARMM with Benjamin Loong as the
Regional Vice-Governor.

Transition of ARMM to BARMM

 The BOL, now officially called the Organic Law for the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (OLBARMM), is the result of
decades-long peace negotiations between the rebel groups in Mindanao,
mainly the MILF, and the Philippine Government.
 The OLBARMM abolishes the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM), established in 1989 through Republic Act No. 6734 and
strengthened in 2001 through Republic Act No. 9054. Officials have earlier
called the ARMM a failure, marred by corruption and mismanagement.
 The new law then creates the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (BARMM), or simply the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.
 BARMM will be effective during 2022. The year from now until 2022 is just
a transitional period of the region.
Political Structure
 While the ARMM has a unitary form of government, the BARMM will have
a parliamentary-democratic one. This means that the legislative and
executive bodies in the ARMM are independent, while those in the
BARMM are more closely related and empowered to enact its own laws.
 In the ARMM, the residents elect their regional governor and vice
governor. The regional governor has his own Cabinet and advisory
council. The legislative power lies with the regional legislative assembly,
whose 24 members are also elected by the people.
 In the BARMM, the residents will elect an 80-member parliament
representing different parties, districts, and sectors, including indigenous
peoples. The members of the parliament will then elect a chief minister
and two deputy chief ministers among themselves. The chief minister shall
also appoint members of his Cabinet.
Development Fund
 BARMM will have an automatic allocation of the annual block grant,
equivalent to five percent of the net national internal revenue of the
Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Bureau of Customs.
 The region's share in government revenue taxes, fees, charges, and taxes
imposed on natural resources will increase to 75 percent from the current
70 percent.
 The national government will also allocate the Bangsamoro P5 billion
annually for a period of ten years, which will be used for the rehabilitation
of conflict-affected areas.
The Provinces
1. Basilan
 In ancient time, its name is BasihBalan.
 The word BasihBalan was derived after a heavy fight between the natives lead
by Sultan Kudarat. The word was derived from the legendary weapons they
used called “pira” which was made of Basih, meaning iron and Balan, meaning
magnetic.
Capital
 Isabela City
Dialect
 Yakan, Tausug, Sama, Chavacano, Bisaya, Badjao
Ethnic Groups
 Yakan, Tausug, Chavacanos
Major Festival
Pakaradjaan Basilan
 celebrated from March 1 to March 7 to commemorate the anniversary of the
province of Basilan
Lami- Lamihan Festival

 celebrated during the feast of St. Peter on June 29
Famous Food
Dulang
 served as one of the main dishes during food festival
 served as a sign of thanksgiving
 sticky rice with chicken, fried fish, and vegetables on a banana leaf
2. Sulu
 Its major industry is fishing
 The Sulu archipelago is the southernmost tip of the Philippines
Capital
 Jolo
Ethnic Group
 Banguingui, Samal, Tausug, Yakan, Badjao
Dialect
 Chavacano, Tausug, Yakan, Samal
Major Festival
Rajah Baguinda Festival
 Celebrated to the essential contribution of Rajah Baguinda in their history.
 Rajah Baguinda led the spread of the adaptation of Sulu Sultanate government
and Islam religion in the province.
 Celebrated during second week of August
Famous Food
Kawa and Bang-Bang
 It is a Tausug food in which Bang - Bang is a Tausug pastry and Kawa is a
Tausug Native Coffee.
 It is served during breakfast
3. Tawi-Tawi
 Biggest producer of seaweed powder
 Seaweed capital of the Philippines
Capital
 Bongao
Ethnic Groups
 Yakan, Tausug, Badjao
Dialect
 Badjao, Tausug/ Sulus, Chavacano
Major Festival
Agal- Agal Festival
 The only seaweed festival in the country
 Agal-agal is a local term in Tawi-Tawi which means seaweed.
FAMOUS FOOD
Tiyula Itum
 Black beef soup with burnt coconut
 It is served during weeding as a traditional food
 It is a Tausug food
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

 Land area: 26,972 km² (10,415 sq mi)
 Location: Southwestermost tip of the archipelago bounded by Lanao del Norte
and Sulu Sea on the north and Northwest; Bukidnon and Cotabato on the east;
Sultan Kudarat and Celebes Sea on the south.
 Population: 3,256,140 as of (2010)
 Provinces: Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.
 Languages: Maranao, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Chavacano, Maguindanao
language, Filipino, English, and Arabic.
 Religion: Islam(sunni), Catholics, Iglesia ni Cristo, and other born again.
 Province of Maguindanao(People of the plains)
 Land Area: 5,474 km²
 Capital: Sultan Kudarat
 Location: Bounded by Cotabato on the north, Lanao del Sur on the east, Moro
gulf on the west, and Sultan Kudarat on the south.
 Population: 1,173,933 as of (2015)
 Language: Maguindanao, Iranun, teduray(lumads), Hiligaynon, Cebuano,
Filipino, and English.
 History
 Early 15th century Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan, an Arabic-Malay preacher
from the Royal House of Malacca, arrived in what is now Malabang, introduced
Islamic Faith and costums, settled down with the local princess, and founded a
Sultanate whose capital was Cotabato.
 The native maguindanaon have a culture that revolves in "Kilintang" music, a
specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of
southern Philippines.
 Maguindanaoans are mostly rice farmers, and they produced brassware,
makings and mats. They practiced "Kaingin"or burn farming, do some hunting
and weave attractive baskets and handbags made of "into" and rattan. They are
divided into coastal, river and mountain groups who live in a communal
household and practice polygamy, and have an effective indigenous system.
 Festivals
MEGUYAYA FESTIVAL
-The term is a Teduray word meaning ‘Merrymaking and Thanksgiving” This is
a universal expression of thanksgiving for the triumphs, abundance, prosperity or any
form of blessing received.
SHARIFF KABUNSUAN FESTIVAL
- This colorful festival is a commemoration of the arrival of an Arab-Malay
missionary from Johore, Malaysia in the 16th century, landed along the banks of pulangi
now known as Rio Grande de Mindanao.
Sigayan - Traditional dance of Maguindanaoans
Tourist attractions
Pulangi River (trademark), Limpongo hot spring, Punta beach, Ours lady of Lourdes
Grotto, BOGO diving spot
LESSON 16
REGION XVI NCR(National Capital Region)
 Metro Manila, otherwise known as National Capital Region, is the center of

Luzon and the capital region of the Philippines.
 Metro Manila is bounded by the Cordillera Mountains on the east, Laguna de Bay
on the southeast, Central Luzon on the north and Southern Tagalog Region on
the south.
 Unlike the other Philippine regions, NCR does not have any provinces. It is
subdivided into 17 local government units comprising of 16 cities and one
municipality. Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela, Quezon City, Marikina,
Pasig, Taguig, Makati, Manila, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Pasay, Paranaque, Las
Pinas, Muntinlupa, Pateros.
Presidential Decree No. 940 - Metro Manila is the Philippines seat of Government but
the city of Manila is the Capital. The Malacanang Palace, the official residence of the
President of the Philippines and the buildings of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
are based in Metro Manila.
Climate
 Metro Manila lies entirely within the tropics and because of it's proximity to the
equator, the temperature range is very small. It has a distinct, relatively short dry
season from January to April and long wet season from May to December.
Language
 The primary language used is Tagalog with English as the Secondary language.
Population
 Total population is 13, 698, 889 as of March 2019.
People
 Metro Manila is composed of almost all the cultural groups of the Philippines
because of migration.
Facts
 Metro Manila is the shopping center of the Philippines.

 Metro Manila is a place of economic extremes.
 Metro Manila is rich in historical landmarks and recreational areas.
 Metro Manila is considered as the educational center of the Philippines. It has
511 elementary schools, 220 secondary schools and 81 colleges and
universities.
FESTIVALS
Manila
1. Feast of the Black Nazarene- January 9th) It is marked by a tumultuous procession
attended by a full-packed crowds filling the entire surroundings of the Quiapo Church
and portions of quezon Boulevard where the church is located. The big Black Nazarene
statue carrying a cross is paraded on a float. Taken out of the church, it leads a tedious
procession around the church vicinity.
Marikina
2.. Marikina Sapatos Festival -(oct. 15 up to Nov. 30) Since Marikina is the shoe
capital of the Philippines, they celebrate the Sapatos Festival, it's almost a month long
celebration. Sapatos Festival is celebrated because of the excellence and the
advancement of their products. Since Marikina also exports shoes to other cities
marikina
Malabon
3. Luglugan Pancit Malabon Festival -(10th of December) Considered as one of its
kind culinary festival in Metro Manila. Highlight of the event other than street dancing,
and marching band exhibition is the presentation of the Giant Bilaos of Pancit Malabon.
Makati
4. Caracol - conceptualized in 1988, CARACOL is a Spanish term for snail and refers to
"the shell used by the people to protect them from life's detrimental realities." It is a
combination of the three major ethnic festivals of the Philippines. Declared official
festival of Makati through the passage of Resolution 351. Held every last Sunday of
January.
San-Juan
5. The Feast Day of San Juan - (June 24)- The feast day of Saint John the Baptist and
people from the city named after the saint take all the liberty to baptize just about
everyone in sight during this day.
Caloocan
6. Pamaypay Festival (Feb 12, 2014) Pamaypay is a tool that weuse to surge heat It
can come in different colors and sizes, depending on your taste. The use of pamaypay
is one of many trait we got from the Spaniards. It symbolizes beauty and simplicity. We
often see it in a typical Maria Clara portrait or often describe in a hook being held by
finesse Filipina. It is usually paired with barot's saya; the national dress in the
Philippines.
Quezon City
7. La Loma Festival -(3rd sunday of May) Dressing up the Lechon and parading them
down the main streets
Lesson 17
Region XVII
-On May 25, 2015, President Benigno Aquino III signed Executive Order 183 creating
the Negros Island Region ( NIR )
Negros is an Island Philippines located in the Visayas.
Land Area: 13,309.6 squre kilometers

Inhabitants of the Island Region are called Negrenses( and less often Negrosanons)the
name of Filipino island means Blacks in the Spanish Language
Why is it named Negros?
Negros Island was originally known to the natives as "Buglas" meaning "cut off"
in old Hiligaynon. When the Spaniards arrived in April 1565, they named it "Negros"
because of the dark-skinned natives they found.
Population: 4,414,131 as of 2015
Negros Occidental- including its capital Bacolod city, has a population of
3,059,136 living in 13 cities and 19 municipalities.
Negros Oriental- has a population of 1,354,995
557 barangays
6 cities
19 towns
Language
*Hiligaynon
*Roman Catholicism
In August, President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Executive Order 183 to abolish
the Negros Island Region (NIR).
The Negros Island Region was probably not a good idea in the first place, for the
following reasons:
Cost. It would be incredibly expensive to set up – P19 billion or roughly $371,000,000.
Numbers. It would only comprise two provinces: Negros Occidental and Negros
Oriental. No other region in the country has only two provinces. What kind of “region” is
that?
Contrasts within. The two provinces are completely distinct: Negros Occidental is
mainly Hiligaynon-speaking, whereas Negros Oriental is mainly Cebuano speaking.
Occidental has a much bigger population than Oriental. Occidental has a much higher
income than Oriental.
Similarity with others. Negros Occidental has more in common with the rest of
the Western Visayas region, from which it was temporarily severed, than with Negros
Oriental. Likewise, Negros Oriental has more in common with the rest of Central
Visayas, from which it was severed and now reunited with.
Language. Putting two provinces together that speak different languages is problematic.
Regional offices would be forced to recruit people from both provinces, and staff would
not be able to communicate effectively in their respective languages. They would form
linguistic factions, or be forced to communicate in Tagalog or English with each other.
References
1.) Algaen, Arnold and Quizon, Nerissa, Philippine Geography, SINAG – TALA Publishers,
Inc. Manila, 1999.
2.) Agno, Balonso, Tadena, Basic Geography, 1998
3.) Agoncillo,Teodoro A.,History of the Filipino People, GAROTECH Publishing,1990
4.) Banks, James A., Beyer, Barry K., et al...,Eastern Hemisphere, For Changing World,
Macmillan/Mcgraw-Hill School Publishing Company, 1993
5.) Brads, Michael, White, George W. et al..., World Regional Geography, Global
Connections, Local Voices, MC GRAW HILL - Higher Education, 2000.
6.) Nigel Hicks, The National Parks & other Wild Places of the Philippines, 2002.
7.) Tintero, Felipa L. and Manacsa, Felicitas R., World Geography Affected By World
Upheavals, KATHA Publishing Co., Inc., 1996
8.) Zaide, Sonia M.,The Philippines: A Unique Nation, 1994

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Lesson I

REGION 1 (ILOCOS REGION)

The Spanish colonization of the region, however, was never completely

In an effort to gain more political control and because of the increasing

Augustinian missionaries came to conquer the region through evangelization.

Governor General Claveria was a visionary administrator. He believed that

CULTURE AND TRADITION

Longganisa A Vigan Food Speciality

Batac Empanadas – Striking Orange Empanadas

After falling in love with empanadas in Argentina, we could not wait to discover

Pinakbet – Popular Mixed Vegetable Ilocos Food

Poqui-Poqui – An Ilocano Grilled Eggplant Dish

Dudol an Ilocano Food with Asian Roots

____________1.Known for being hardworking, brave, cheerful and simple.

II. ESSAY. Discuss the questions to the fullest.

DELICACIES MOSTLY SERVED IN THE CAGAYAN REGION

GUINATAANG ALIMASAG (CRABS IN COCONUT MILK)

DIALECTS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

At the end of the lesson, the students can:

Central Luzon region, also known as Region 3

It is composed of seven provinces, twelve cities and 118 municipalities. Its 7

The City of san Fernando, in Pampanga, is the regional center of Central

It’s new province, Aurora, namely, Baler, Casiguran, Dilasag, Dinalungan,

It has 27 municipalities from Nueva Ecija, namely, Aliaga, Bongabon, Cabiao,

It has 20 municipalities from Pampanga, namely, Apalit, Arayat, Macabebe, Magalang,

It has 17 municipalities from Tarlac, namely, Anao, Bamban, Camiling, Capas,

It has 13 municipalities from Zambales, namely, Iba, Botolan, Cabangan,

Roman Catholics comprises 86.09 percent of the population of Central Luzon.

The average number of children born to ever-married women in Central Luzon

To have a good environment and good health, proper disposal of garbage is a

For housing units, 75.77 percent of the households owned/amortized their

At the end of the lesson, the students can:

The CaLaBaRZon Region

CALABARZON is the second most densely populated region in the country,

CALABARZON, formally known as Southern Tagalog Mainland and designated as

Culture and Traditions of Region 4A-CALABARZON

Famous Foods to Die for in MIMAROPA

Puerto Princesa Underground River, Puerto Princesa

Siete Pecados, Coron

Cheron Island, Coron

DEMOGRAPHICS AND TRIVIA ABOUT REGION 4B (MIMAROPA)

Two Visayan languages, Sorsoganon and Masbateño or Minasbate, are spoken in

FAMOUS FOODS IN BICOL REGION

is an administrative region in the Philippines, numerically designated as Region

The region's current name is in reference to its position in the

Aklan ((Minuro it Akean) (Home of Abacca and Pina fiber)

Ati-atihan festival has inspired many other Philippine Festivals including

• It may be difficult to discern which beliefs and practices are of Spanish or

• Tinu-om is a popular Aklan dish composed of a native chicken which is sliced

Antique (where the mountains meet the sea)

• Libertad celebrates annually the Banigan Festival showcasing the creative

• Despite of being an island, Caluya has its own distinct culture. The Tatusan

• Binirayan is Antique's annual festival. Literally means, “where they landed”,

 Sarungsong (ground rice suman)

ILOILO (WHERE DID THIS “ILOILO” CAME FROM?)

Iloilo is Catholic predominated province comprising about 60% of the population.

THE ILONGOS CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

ABOUT THE BIRTH

ABOUT THE COURTSHIP

ABOUT THE MARRIAGE

ABOUT THE DEATH AND BURIAL

The Ilongos are also influenced by many superstitious beliefs as follows;

BELIEFS RELATED TO HOUSE BUILDING