ax eh Practice exam Paper 1 Reading You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete this paper. 4 Part 1 You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with sleep problems. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Night owl or early riser? Scientists nickname early risers “larks’ and people Who like to stay up late ‘owls’. While about 80 percent of people fall into the middle of the spectrum, only slightly favouring the morning or the night, it is now believed that about 10 percent of the population are extreme tarks and a further 10 percent fre extreme owls, Littks are most alert around noon, are at their best in the late morning, and are talkative, friendly, and pleasant from around 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Owls, meanwhile, are not really up and running until the aftemoon, are at their most productive later in the day, and most alert around 6 p.m. Rescarch hay also shown that children tend to slcep later and later in the morning until they reach about age twenty, At that point, there is an abrupt change in sleeping habits and the mid-point starts getting earlier and cartier again. Scientists believe such a sudden shift suggests a biological cause and serves as the first marker for the end of adolescence. The study also reflects the trend for girls to mature faster than boys: the women in the study who slept the latest were 19.5 years of age compared with 20.9 years of age for the men, The research involving \eenagers has highlighted the unique sleep needs required by this age group adolescents sleeping late should no longer be ‘considered lazy, tut ay exhibiting normal biological traits for their age, This study has also sparked a debate about the carly start of the schoo! day and whether it should be adjusted to account for teenagers’ need for more sleep. 1 The weiter states that research shows that in the middle of the day A early and late risers both function best B early risers begin to feel tired. c late tisers begin to be more talkative. D_ earlyand late risers are at different stages. one The writer suggests that the research on people under the age of twenty has proved that gitls mature faster than boys, has demonstrated that boys need mare sleep than girls. hes prompted a change in achool start times has confirrned that teenagers can be lazy, sompre nee Tree weer tine What to do if you’re not sleeping =, “The hey to feeling reireshed is having a regular pattern, ‘ot bow many hours of sleep you get. Ifyou gp to bed before you're really tired and then sleep badly, you'll tend to stay in bed Iater in the morning, which will affect the next night's sleep, and so on. The following, Steps can help you establish a good pattern. Set yourself a routine. For example, go to bed only when You really fee! tired enough to sleep. Ifyou read, watch {elexision or use your computer in bed, you'l find that although these are restful, they are waking activities. So if you don’t fall askeep within twenty minutes, get uP and relax in another room. Do something soothing, ‘uch as listening to music, until you're tired enough to ‘gn back to Ded. You should repeat this process if you fre awake for long periods. Set the alarm at the same time each morning. Don’tsieep in late to make up for a tad night. This wil only make it Banter to sleep the following night. You may feel the effects of this for several weeks, making it hard to get hack to s ruler pattern. Avoid taking: a nap during the day. But if you really are overtied, taking a short nap after lunch can bbe beneficial. After a long flight, you need to get your ‘body clock in tune with local time. However tired you {ecl, avoid going tobed until the local bedtime and get ap reasonably early the next morning, You should then quickly adjust 1 a new pattern. 3 According to the writer, sleep patterns can be disturbed by A not napping duri B not sleeping after long-distance vavel. not getting up early enough after a late night. D not setting the alarm at a regular time. 4 Thewrter mentions leisure activities in lines 8 and © to illustrate 'A__ the kinds of activities you can do to relax. . B things you should avoid doing in bed. ways to take your mind off not sleeping, D _ methods of winding down before bedtime. BOOK REVIEW wn your Gulls sleping. chances are that you are lhe. Solve Your Chile's Sleep Problems - the tired parent's essential waite for more than ten years ~ offen: valuable advice and TCncrte help when lables arerit enough 1 Tul your cit iro ‘heamland. This book js & praca, eappsi-undontend guide 10 ‘ronan sleping problems for children ape one 0 st. Detaled tae hires on na waking iftculy sleping and move wane disorders such at sloop apnea and sleepwalking help illusrate & trie are of protienm and thee oluions, New pres sill bonwit rom the approach then, which is proactive advice on ‘evcloping gl slenyng tenes daily schedules to ensure that sleeping problems don’t develop in the first place. ‘Ws banks rant Ht nly eplaine Row and why te cupped texhqucs work but open ce stints of hie that the techniques have been een. 1am te endy of many of my fends tri chien because mine ow soe ing tho night unless theyll recommen ths back anyone with young chien ton shaving problems withthe sleeping even covers hein, Die inten a alee! wal dealing ih the tranetion ta ening ‘lane 2 well. The techragques realy do wok na shor space of me fei ery lithe estes 40 all. Yoo abo find a bition of ‘hlden’s books on edie, sleep and dreaming 3s well aba ts of frp! onions, Her’ book that set put you and your ‘whole fay to sleep inthis ce, ats a a0 hung: 5 In the first paragraph, which aspect of the book does the writer recommend? ‘A__ the length of time it has been published 8 the authority of its advice © _ the usefulness of the examples given Do ‘the section for new parents 6 Inthe second paragraph. the result the writer mentions is her enjoyment onNe> her pleasure that her children sleep better than others. her aratitude that her children sleep in their own 190m. it of the recommended chilcren’s books. her relief that her children are no longer distressed. Turn overPart 2 You are going to read a magazine article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article, Choose from paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (712). There is one extra paregreph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Think about what animals feel! The organisation Compassion in World Farming (CIWE) works to advance animal well being worldwide We have to recognise that humans share the planet with as many as 4700 species of marminals, 9700 species of birds, 4800 species of amphibians, over 23,000 species of fish and around 6000 species of reptiles (as far as we know up to now), not to mention the countless. species of invertebrate animals. We interact with and use animals in a multitude of ways in ovr daily lives. SS Sd ‘The mest hasic way of experiencing the world is through fecting or sensation. ‘Sentience” is defined iss the ability to have perceptions and sensations. A “sentient animal’ is an animal that is aware of its surroundings and of what happeas to it and is capable of feeling pain and pleasure. at the least. The current scientific consensus is that all vertebrate animals, at least, are capable of feeling pain and experiencing distress. a Questions {ike these may seem simple, even simple- minded, but in fact they are very complex and important {0 our understanding of the place of tumans in dhe-natural world. ‘Me need to know how animals experience the world — what they fecl. why they behave in the ways they do, how they understand their environment, how and what they communicate. BS a Modern research is proving these are founded in fact = it tums out that many of the animals we interact with also have more complex mental and emotional lives than people have understood in the past. New sciemtifie research is constantly revealing new evidence of animals’ cognitive abilities and their emotions. It has shows, for example, that some animals can both remember and anticipate events and some can foresee their future needs and plan ahead. vier eT] Further evidence of this sophistication is that they can ‘maintain complex social relationships in their groups. ‘Some aninvals can understand what another animal is going to do and attempt to deceive that animal in order to gain an advantage. Some animals enjoy earning a new skill, Some animals react to other ‘animals in ways resembling human empathy. On the negative side, animals ean experience the unpleasant emotions of pain, fear, frustration and probably boredom as well, oeeewtie: Tae Perhaps more importantly. we cannot assume that if an animal behavesin ways that look familiar to us, the ‘animal has the same mental experiences as a human ‘would have in similar circumstances. But itis equally ‘important not to underestimate animals’ feelings and the sophistication of their mental processes, because this may well affect how we behave towards animals. a 7) ‘What is exciting about the present time is that scientists are once again interested: in studying ‘animals’ emotions and mental processes and that huge progess in undentanding. animals is being ‘Compassion in Werld Farming PRorce eer PRACTICE EXAM Rut how can we guess what these feelings may be? From the point of view of evolutionary biology, it makes sense that ‘humans should share many of our emotional and cognitive abilities with some of the other animal species. Throughout history people have known that animals do very ‘clever’ and impressive things — such as a bird building an intricate nest or a mother animal teaching her young. Folk stories all over the world attribute intelligence and cunning to animals. So a huge increase in scientific research on animal sentience is beginning to answer some of the questions about animal semtience and animal consciousness. However, we have to remember that abilities will vary between species. This means that we have to think about how wwe treat these animals that are so important to us. The work that CIWF does on farm animal welfare is based on the recognition that animals are sentient beings. In other words, they are capable of being aware of sensations and emotions, of feeling pain and suffering, and of experiencing a state of well being. CIWF believes that our own behaviour towards animals should be guided by recognition of their sentience. ‘The facts and theories of animal sentience: ae sill hotly debated among scientists and philosophers. But most people aver history have assumed that many animals fee! pain, hunger, thirst, heat, cold, fear, anger and other basic emotions, because we have everyday evidence that they do. Ceniinly there are many unsalved mysteries and questions remaining for future study and debate and this will be one of the most exciting areas of biology in the coming decades. For example, we may eventually be able to proye beyond doubt what an animal is feeling, oF perhaps thinking. However, many of us are aware that animals may experience more than just these physical feelings. At some time we must all have watched another animal — a dog, a cat, 4 horse, a bird, a flock of sheep — and wondered, “What is she feeling now?" or “Why is he behaving like that?” or “What do they want?" Yet although’ most of us use animal products every day, we make little effort to find out about the animals’ needs snd wants, or about their emotional lives, Importantly, it has also demonstrated that several of the abilities that in the past have een thought to be uniquely haman — for example, the use of tools, the ability to plan ahead, the ability 1o empathise with another cr to deceive another. the iransmission of skills in ways that can be classified as ‘culture’, behaviour that can be classified as ‘morality’ — are now known {6 exist to some ‘extent among non-huynan animals too,Part3 You are going to read a newspaper article. For qui jestions 13-19, choose the answer (A.B Cor D) which you think fits best according to the text. ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet What Ellen did next The round-the-world sailor talks about money, boyfriends and her latest challenge. But will she ever race round the world again? hen Ellen MacArthur sailed inco Falmouth Harbour in February 2005, the tiny twenty-eght-yearold fad baited agnnst huge seas to shave chiry-c¥0 hours off the round-the-world record. But the trouble with Sraraoedimary feats that everyone wants an encore. Since February 2005, she has kept us wating, Has she lox her nerve! len has been fr from ile. She's taken part in an exhausting series of races and challenges but compared with the sailing equivalent of conquering Everest several times. such Javentures seem tame. Thats deliberate, she sos. ‘Secting the rorld record was hugely exhausting It takes six months to 4 Year to got over Kk Becaure you are living on adrenaline and Jeute levels of stress. In the Southern Ocean | had twenty Iinutes”slep in Ure cays: Ue seas were 20 huge that I had fo keep changing the sus or else |would capsize. a race you ‘anit stop and take dhe sais down. Everything is full-on all che ‘time. You reach the point of exhaustion where you can't stop! ‘But surely, once she was back. she could relx? Catching up ‘on sleep wasnt the problem, se says, fearing co eat morally ‘vas. "You know the feeling when you go to an exam and she fase thing you want co do ls ext? I lke tha all the time. On the Bort you eat because you know you have 10, 9 keep your Strength up. You'd thie that when you get back youl be desperate for fresh food or ice cream but you don fee! hungry nd you cont bother to eat because you know i doen't ‘mateer, because nathing is happening’ It sounds 38 if she felt J, but she denies i. Lke a true motivational speaker, she is relentessy upbeat. the has na quale shout admitting. however. chat during the races she often had to “dig deep’ nto herself ~ by which she Seems co. mean overriding feelings of panic with grim ddavermination. She ean. for examle. say precisely how many times she has had to ascend the mast, 3 lone sailors most terrifying ocdea. “i's horrendous as you really get a battering, ‘especialy on # multi-hull beeause the two outer hulls slap ‘down on the water alternately, causing the mast to shake violently You are more likely to break your back or your lez or Your arm than to fl of. You have to g9 into mechanical mode. thinking, "This what | have to do" F you think, "Vim going to de, you shoul be on te boat a. Tring crucial art piicily and mentalh, you cn keep puttne youself Despite her ease with words and friendly demeanour, she ea ee ee cannons Se aoe See ete re eee nee er ee See ero rch in a world of her own that she's insensitive co other eee ee eae fait cerry guity, bue at the time she was so busy stecling Saepenetenatae err eee ae 2 aes i ere octane erie ‘qualified asa Yachtmaster before she sailed around Britain. For ee cameo eee rates Semen ci a aeeee ee el eee eee Saree reas sponsorship for her. Their company, Offshore Chalienges, now ee Fearn srr eing ater becoming fluent in French, an expert on meteorology, oF area ere eeeie instantly likable and a sponsor's dream is her ability to ¢¢ the extraordinary experiences she’s had, both ane vores (she's written swo autobiographies) and pictures. She talks fiuently and vividly about the albatrosses that swoop like low~ flying planes over the deserted whalng stations on South Georgia, o the flotillas of fishing boats she saw when she sailed oe But it's more than just the nautical equivalent of ce cue cat ‘encounters. ing 1. where 175.000 whales Se ee te Soate nme cstranapicnes! it ‘but she: ‘make a good for any lights. ‘al —EEOC AMEE eened f re PPP eRPenrrne 13 4 15 16 Ww 8 19 payer ean Ellen says that the experience of sailing round the world, ‘A has eft her feeling very lazy. B has made her scared of repeating it. Cc has enabled her to tolerate high levels of stress. has limited her to less challenging activities. What did Ellen find difficult after completing the round-the-world race? ‘A having to eat when she lacked an appetite B controlling cravings for certain types of food C recognising the importance of eating regularly D__ allowing depression to affect her eating habits How does Ellen say she coped with a frightening experience on the boat? A byhaving special training B__ bythinking about what could go wrong ¢ _byconquering her fears D__bypractising the task many times In the fifth paragraph, what does Ellen say about saiiing alone? ‘A She uses her imagination to divert herself B She can cope only f she has a team to helo her. She's aware of how much it upsets her parents. D She prefers sailing with a group of people. Ellen was given the opportunity to become a professional sailor because of A her youth. B her enthusiasm. C her ability. D her experience. ‘According to the writer, why is Ellen s0 popular with sponsors? A because she is willing to try new experiences BB because she has donc things that are unusual because she likes describing what she's done D because she is a good communicator In the final paragraph, the writer says that in the future Ellen could become a student. become a figurehead. work with whales, move to another country. onopPRACTICY. BRAT Part 4 You are going to read an article in which an author gives advice about writing books. For questions 20-34, choose from the sections AE, The sections may be chosen more than once ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet In which section does the writer mention the advantage of planning rest periods into her work 20 the distractions of the non-creative aspects of a book wa doing something different from her intentions ‘taking somebody up on their suggestion S being forced to acquire a skill = having to do a job and write at the same time 25 being grateful for some outside input 26 alternating the type of work she is doing eo doing a task which used up a lot of time 28 the stage at which she prefers to review her work Bo het methods for resolving difficulties 30 worrying about the quality of her work & being prepared to change her plans being surprised at having become a writer FAG recognising that people work differentlyMEweweworCCeEsVeUrrrer~~ ~~~ PRACTICE EXAM Working on the book: lessons learned so far Tam currently writing a book on libraries and techndlogy and thought 1 would share ‘some of the things I've learned so far about writing a book 1's really important to manage the project well. Write down all of the tasks that need to be done by your deadline and give yourself deadlines for each task. Mentally, I just can’t handle doing things at the last minute, so T've had to become very good at planning and following through with my plans. Structure things the way that works: ‘best for you, There is no right way to write a ook. 1 got advice early on that T should do research for a few months and then spend the rest ‘of the time writing. But because each of my chapters ison a different subject, [find it better to spend a week researching a chapter and a week writing the chapter (sometimes less and sometimes more depending on the topic). This is what works best for me for this particular project. Figure out what works best for you and do it that way, I went through a period when T was about ‘halfway done with the writing part of the book when T really didn’t want to write, I just felt wom ‘out and unmotivated. So I restructured my deadlines in light of how I was feeling. It's important that you put some padding into your project plan for such malaises. You can’t force ‘yourself to write or your writing may end up being awful. Also a book is a lot more than research and writing, There are so many other things, like figures, graphics, citations, ete,, that you have to think about. I decided to save most of ‘this stuff until the end, because I don’t want to Jose focus on my writing. At first, I was trying to create correct citations while | was writing and it was taking up too many hours and too much mental energy. I decided to just write and put all ‘of the citation information down in whatever form | happened to put it in for now. I'll fix them when I edit the chapters. It'S a good idea not to edit anything until you've written everything. Maybe it's just me, but I will totally lose focus if T start editing any of my writing before I've finished writing. Also, it's better to edit when you know what the whole book looks like and you know better what needs to be restructured. You will need to lay out the chapters in your book for your proposal, but don’t P be surprised if it doesn’t work out when you start writing. You need to be flexible. I've been writing more than I'd projected for nearly every chapter, but 1 made a conscious decision not to worry ‘about it until I edit the book so that 1 don’t lose focus on writing I'm sure there are plenty of things Ican cut later on, but I don't want 10 obsess over it while I'm writing. The more I think about things other than writing, the more difficult I find it to write. If you're having trouble, talk to your editor. My editor has given me a lot of good advice. An editor is a good support since they deal with crazy writers all the time. My husband has also been a big help in keeping me sane. It’s important to hhave someone (significant other, parent, friend, etc.) you can talk to about all of your irrational fears about whether the book and your writing are good enough and who will tell you that you are being ridiculous. I don’t know if I could have done this without Adam's support. When I freak ‘out about stuff, he's always there to encourage me and to help me come up with a concrete plan to get things done. . [Gy Books are really hard to write when you are ‘working full-time — but totally worth it. 1 hadn't actually planned on writing a book. 1 was approached by my editor who asked me if 'd ever considered writing a book. And while | honestly hadn't thought of it since school, 1 was certainly interested. This is an amazing opportunity and | probably would have regretted it for ever if I'd said no, Don’t underestimate yourself! You may think that you couldn't ever write a book, You may love to write but think that you're not good enough. You may not think you have anything interesting or worthwhile to say. Consider for a ‘moment that maybe you are wrong. Maybe you fare underestimating yourself and are looking at yourself through a funhouse mirror. I have spent most of my life thinking that I'm not good enough for things and have let plenty of opportunities pass me by. So whether someone emails you and asks you fo write a book or not, if you want 10 do it, go for it! np emoretth wotwatercom