Automatic Identification System (AIS)

Introduction.

AIS forms part of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) and is a
requirement for all vessels over 300 tons on international voyages, 500 tons non
international and all passenger ships to transmit, on VHF, information in digital form which
says who they are, where they are, what sort of vessel they are and useful information like
course, speed and heading.1

This information is available to all both by direct reception and on various internet sites.2

Vessels not required to fit by regulation may also fit AIS. Most fishing vessels don’t transmit
AIS and most naval vessels, though they have the capability, don’t either. Masters of vessels
can switch off their transmissions to protect the security of the vessel and do so in areas
where piracy is rife.

The system has expanded to include AIS transmitters on major navigational marks which are
known as Aids to Navigation or “Atons”. This has further developed into the concept of
“virtual Atons” which are discussed below.

Types of AIS equipment.

For a shipboard fitting there are three types of AIS equipment, Class A, Class B and receive
only.

Class A is intended for vessels where the fit is mandatory. Class A transmits more
information, more frequently and at higher power than Class B. Most of the information in the
AIS transmission is derived from other instruments on the vessel e.g. course over the ground
(COG) and speed over the ground (SOG) from GPS but there is some information that
requires manual entry such as vessel status which can be “underway”, “at anchor”,
“alongside” etc. Similarly next port of call and numbers of passengers.

AIS950 Class A transceiver.

Class B is intended for voluntary fit vessels. It is largely “fit and forget” and does not require
manual updating. Vessel details are entered when it is installed and it then transmits vessel
name, callsign (MMSI), position, COG and SOG.

AIS350 Class B transceiver.

Both Class A and B receive data from other vessels and this is used to place icons on the
screen of the plotter. These in turn can be interrogated to show all the vessel data.

The third option for a small vessel is to just receive AIS transmissions from other vessels
and display them. Early equipment for small craft was receive only and then Class B came
into the market and is now favoured. Having receive only means you will be able to see
what other vessels are doing but they can’t see you. Large vessels are becoming used to
seeing small on AIS and craft transmitting AIS are likely to get more attention than those
who are not.

AIS350 receive only.

Recently AIS Man Overboard devices have become available and at least one manufacturer
now integrates one into its lifejackets. These devices have an advantage over the
conventional satellite based units (EPIRBS) in that they will show up on chart plotters on
adjacent vessels whereas the EPIRB will only alert shore side search and rescue authorities.

AIS on the Internet.

There are a number of websites and applications on the internet that allow you to look at
AIS, for instance Marine Traffic (www.marinetraffic.com). These work by taking the data
from a number of receiving points around the coast and aggregating it to give an overall
picture. The coverage continues to improve but there are gaps. If you are tracking a vessel
that goes out of coverage and then comes back in, the application will draw a straight line
between the two. On one occasion, going round North Foreland, the internet showed me
going up the M2 and caused some consternation ashore.

There are also some applications that will “transmit” AIS from a tablet or smartphone
(http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/p/mais). It is important to note that they are not transmitting
on VHF but are sending data direct to the internet over the phone data system. That means
that this information will not show up on a normal VHF AIS receiver on vessels up to about 4
miles away ( http://www.mcmurdomarine.com/ais-mob-devices ).

The technology.

AIS is transmitted on two reserved channels in the marine VHF allocation (87B and 88B).
Just like your normal VHF, the range is dependent on antenna height although the AIS
signal is more rugged than speed which slightly increases the range. Typically on a small
craft you will pick up big ships up to about 20 miles away.

To accommodate lots of vessels transmitting on just two channels a system known as

TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)3 is used. This means that a time period is divided into
a number of time slots. When a Class A or B switches on, it looks for a vacant time slot and
reserves it. Other sets in range will avoid this slot and select another one. Precise timing is
needed to ensure that all vessels are synchronised and this is derived from GPS; hence why
Class A/B equipment has its own GPS receiver.

Recently it has become possible to receive AIS information globally by satellite. This is
available from several providers, normally by subscription and is used by fleet operators.
From a technical standpoint it was not straight forward as the satellite can receive over a
large area and within that footprint there might be several different ships using the same
timeslot (they could not receive each other so would think the slot vacant). There is a
process of “de-confliction” to make sure all vessels are identified and give a complete
picture.

As well as shipborne systems, major navigational marks are now increasingly transmitting
AIS Aids to Navigation (Atons). At an Aton there will be an AIS transmitter and aerial and
the AIS signal comes from this location. However this need not be the case, the symbol will
show up on the chartplotter at a position determined by the latitude and longitude fed into
the AIS transmitter. Normally this is the same as where you are but it is possible for the
transmitter to be, say, on the harbour masters office and transmitting the location of the clear
water buoy at the harbour entrance. This is called a virtual Aton and the Aton symbol will
show on the chartplotter in the correct place but there will be nothing physically there. The
attraction to the authorities in terms of cost and ease of altering buoyage is obvious but there
is something very comforting in seeing the buoy where it should be as you approach a port.

Screen shot from the Solent showing different craft types by symbol including sailing vessels
(teardrop shape), high speed vessels and an Aton on the West bramble Buoy

Installation.

Adding AIS to a modern system is simple and the unit just needs power, an antenna and a
connection to the main system. For current Raymarine systems this is via Seatalk NG.

Older systems can be connected via NMEA-0183. This system is very limited in that it can
only deal with one source of data (referred to as a “talker”) but can have multiple places for
the data to go (“listeners”). The system usually runs at 4800 baud but for AIS needs to run
at a higher 34800 speed. This means you need to dedicate an NMEA port on a chartplotter
to AIS and set the speed at 34800 or, if it is already in use, use and NMEA multiplexer to
combine the 4800 and 34800 traffic.

The AIS unit can have its own antenna or, by using a splitter, can use the same antenna as
the VHF. The loss in sensitivity to the VHF radio by adding a splitter is marginal and not a
problem but some older VHF aerials may not be suitable for AIS as the frequencies used are
on the edge of the marine band and some aerials do not work well at the band edges. If you
are using an AIS that transmits (Class A/B), the splitter must be suitable for transmit use; this
is particularly the case if you are upgrading from a receive-only to Class B.
AIS100 Antenna splitter

Ideally the aerial should be as high as possible to ensure you can receive AIS from other
ships and be received at the maximum range.

For Class A and B systems, a new installation requires the vessel details to be entered. This
is done via a PC using a program called Pro AIS that comes with the unit. In the UK, it is
acceptable for a boat owner to enter this detail; in the US it must be done by an authorised
installer.

In use on the chartplotter.

AIS information can be displayed on both the chart and radar screens. Vessels transmitting
AIS will show up as a blue wedge shape with the point of the wedge showing the heading of
the vessel (this is taken from heading not COG so beware double ended ferries like the Isle
of Wight ones as they sometimes forget to switch heading and show as doing 12 knots
astern). The latest software release differentiates between vessel types, see latest
developments below.

Screen shot showing dock head at Southampton with two large vessels alongside and a
commercial vessel underway with the cursor over it.
Each AIS icon can be interrogated and give information on the target vessel including name,
position, size, COG and SOG, and Closest Point of Approach (CPA) and Time to CPA
(TCPA). It is particularly valuable to know the other vessel’s identity if you wish to call on
VHF.

Full information on the vessel under the cursor in the previous picture; it is the Hythe ferry.

If an AIS target poses a threat to you, the icon will turn red and an alarm will sound (if alarm
switched on). It is judging the threat against criteria set by you. It is checking whether the
target will come within a set distance within a set time, for example within 0.5miles within the
next 6 minutes. You can see how close it will come by looking at the CPA.

From the information you can make an assessment of the risk of collision and take
appropriate action according to the COLREGS4

Pitfalls.

AIS is one of the great leaps forward in marine electronics and safety at sea. Coming across
the channel, it is a joy to be able to see the commercial traffic ahead of you and pick your
way through the streams of ships entering and leaving separation schemes. It is very
tempting though to concentrate on the AIS targets on the screen and forget there will be
other vessels out there not transmitting AIS. There will always be a fishing boat or two doing
something odd and the only way you will see those is visually or by radar.

AIS allows calculation of Closest Point of Approach (CPA) but does not give an indication of
whether you will pass ahead or astern of another vessel. Its down to you to use the
information to work this out and make the right decision in accordance with the regulations
(COLREGS). This constraint has been addressed in the latest software release (R15) for
Raymarine a,e,gS and eS chart plotters and takes AIS one step further in its usefulness.
Latest developments (v15)

The latest release of Raymarine chart plotter software has two new features for AIS.

The first is to show different types of vessel with different icons rather than all being the
same. This depends on vessel type being correct on the sending vessel but it can now
differentiate between sailing, power, fast ferries, commercial vessels, SAR helicopters and
Atons.

The second feature which is a major step forward is the addition of “predicted areas of
danger”. The chart plotter will show a vector indicating direction of your vessel and one for a
crossing vessel. It will then show and hatched red area ahead of the other vessel. If you
vector passes through this area there is a collision risk. If it passes ahead of the area, then
you will pass ahead. If astern of the area (not necessarily astern of the AIS target) then you
will pass astern. This gives a great deal of useful information but it is just that, information,
and you must be aware of and obey the COLREGS particularly in making your intentions
clear by bold and early moves. In working out the size of the predicted area of danger, the
system adds its own safety margins but if you are crossing ahead of a large vessel it’s wise
to make sure you have a margin that you are comfortable with.
The predicted area of danger shown in red ahead of the sailing vessel. This shows that I will
pass close astern if I maintain course and speed.

The same situation a few minutes later.

Helping to unscramble a more complex situation off Calshot. Important to remember that not
all vessels will be transmitting AIS so good lookout still vital.

More detail on using these new features can be found at:

https://raymarine.app.box.com/s/8o1sxspkhvf8ev7smk40#/s/8o1sxspkhvf8ev7smk40/1/5406
830377/29762052705/1?&_suid=145157315385202071710508528521

In Conclusion

AIS is a major development in safety at sea and provides information to make better
decisions. It must be borne in mind though that there are plenty of hazards out there not
transmitting AIS and that it is still necessary to have a good understanding of and apply
COLREGS. The new predicted are of danger feature in V15 software is a great step forward
in presenting AIS information visually but still no substitute for good sense and seamanship.

References

1. International Maritime Organisation

http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/AIS.aspx
2. There are a number of internet sites, some free, some subscription providing AIS
data. One with wide coverage is http://www.marinetraffic.com/
3. Technical detail of the TDMA system. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-
REC-M.1371-0-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf
4. Full text of the COLREGS http://www.collisionregs.com/MSN1781.pdf
5.