HMT Manual

Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory |1
ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR GOVERNMENT COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.
(A GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19MEL61 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY
MANUAL
NAME:
ROLL .NO:
REG. NO:
SEMESTER & SECTION VI - A

BATCH: 2019 - 2023
Heat and Mass Transfer Lab Manual |2
INDEX
S.NO EXPT. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT REMARK SIGN
NO.
CYCLE 1
CYCLE 2
10
11
12
19MEL61 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the heat and mass transfer properties of materials and

performance of thermal system.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1 : Predict the thermal conductivity of given materials.
CO2 : Estimate the heat transfer coefficient in natural and forced convection fields.
CO3 : Determine the emissivity of a radiating surface.
CO4 : Evaluate the performance of heat exchangers.
CO5 : Assess the performance of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
List of experiments as per classwork note
1. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Composite Wall.

2. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Plate using Guarded Plate Apparatus.
3. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Pipe using Lagged Pipe Apparatus.
4. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder using Composite
Spherical Container.
5. Determination of Heat transfer co-efficient from a Vertical Tube using Natural
Convection Apparatus.
6. Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant by Radiation Heat Transfer.
7. Determination of Emissivity of a given specimen using Emissivity Apparatus.
8. Determination of Effectiveness of Recuperative Type (Parallel Flow & Counter Flow)
Heat Exchanger.
9. Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Co- efficient and Effectiveness of Shell and
Heat Tube Exchangers.
10. Determination of Coefficient of Performance of Water Cooler Test Rig.
11. Determination of Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration System using HC as
Refrigerant.
12. Performance test on Window Air Conditioner Test Rig.
13. Study of factors affecting the rate of evaporation: i) Effect of Surface Area. ii) Effect
of Temperature.
DIAGRAM:
THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM:
EX NO : 1
DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPOSITE WALL
AIM:
To determine the overall thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity of each
material of the composite wall.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The apparatus consists of three slabs of different materials of different thickness
clamped in the center using screw rod at the center of a composite wall heater is
fitted.
2. Slab assembly arranged symmetrically on both sides of heater.
3. End losses from the composite wall are minimized by providing thick insulation
all round to ensure unidirectional heat flow
4. Temperature sensors are fitted at the interface of the plate at different point as to
obtain average temperature for each surface.
5. Heat conducted through the composite wall is taken away atmospheric air
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Heater Nichrome heater wound on mica former and insulation with control unit
capacity 300W maximum.
2. Heater control unit: 0-230V, ammeter 0-2A, single phase dimmer stat (one
number).
3. Voltmeter 100 -200V.
4. Temperature indicator (digital type: 0-200°C), service required AC single phase
230V earthed surface.
5. Diameter of plate=200 mm.
6. Thickness of MS plate LA =20 mm.
7. Thickness of Bakelite LB=10 mm.
8. Thickness of wood LC=10 mm.
FORMULA:
𝐓𝟏 +𝐓𝟐
1. Temperature at the outer surface of heater, 𝐓𝐀 = ,K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟏 &𝐓𝟐 - Temperature of Outer surface of the MS plate arranged
above & below the heater respectively.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE (in ℃)

S.NO
VOLTAGE CURRENT 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖
(V) (I)
CALCULATIONS:
1. Temperature at the outer surface of heater (𝐓𝐀 )
2. Temperature at the outer surface of MS Plate (𝐓𝐁 )
3. Temperature at the outer surface of Bakelite (𝐓𝐂 )
4. Temperature at the outer surface of wood (𝐓𝐃 )
5. Heat Transfer (Q)

𝐓𝟑 +𝐓𝟒
2. Temperature at the outer surface of MS Plate, 𝐓𝐁 = ,K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟑 &𝐓𝟒 - Temperature of Outer surface of Bakelite plate arranged
𝐓𝟓 +𝐓𝟔
3. Temperature at the outer surface of Bakelite, 𝐓𝐜 = ,K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟓 &𝐓𝟔 - Temperature of Outer surface of Bakelite plate arranged
𝐓𝟕 +𝐓𝟖
4. Temperature at the outer surface of Wood, 𝐓𝐃 = ,K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟕 &𝐓𝟖 - Temperature of Outer surface of Bakelite plate arranged
𝐕𝐈
5. Heat Transfer, 𝐐 = ,W
𝟐
(Since heat flow in both direction).
𝐋𝐀
6. Thermal Conductivity of MS Plate, 𝐤 𝐀 = ,K
𝑹𝑨 𝑨
𝐓𝐀 −𝐓𝐁
Where, Thermal resistance, 𝐑 𝐀 = , K/W
𝐐
𝐋𝐁
7. Thermal Conductivity of Bakelite, 𝐤 𝐁 = ,K
𝑹𝑩 𝑨
𝐓𝐁 −𝐓𝐂
Where, Thermal resistance, 𝐑 𝐁 = , K/W
𝐐
𝐋𝐂
8. Thermal Conductivity of Wood, 𝐤 𝐂 = ,K
𝑹𝑪 𝑨
𝐓𝐂 −𝐓𝐃
Where, Thermal resistance, 𝐑 𝐂 = , K/W
𝐐
𝑳
9. Overall Thermal Conductivity, 𝐤 = ,K
∑𝑹𝑨
Where, Thermal resistance, ∑𝐑 = 𝐑 𝐀 +𝐑 𝐁 +𝐑 𝐂 , K/W
(∆𝑻)𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 (∆𝑻)𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
Q= Q=
∑𝑹 𝑳
∑
𝒌𝑨
Total Thickness of the composite wall ∑𝐑 = 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 + 𝑹𝑪 , K/W
arranged on one side of the heater.
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 10
6. Thermal Conductivity of MS Plate (𝐤 𝑨 )
7. Thermal Conductivity of Bakelite (𝐤 𝐁 )
8. Thermal Conductivity of Wood (𝐤 𝐂 )
9. Overall Thermal Conductivity (k)

H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 11
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Start the supply of heater.
2. By varying dimmerstat adjust the input (range 90-230V).
3. Wait until steady state is reached.
4. Then note down the temperature along different points on the various materials
RESULT:
Thus, the overall thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity of each material of the
composite wall has been determined.
Overall Thermal conductivity, 𝐤 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of MS Plate, 𝐤𝐀 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of Bakelite, 𝐤𝐁 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of Wood, 𝐤𝐂 = W/mK
INFERENCE:
HEAT FLOW DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
GUARDED CENTRAL
GUARDED CENTRAL
HEATED HEATED ALUMINIUM ASBESTOS BRASS
HEATER HEATER
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟏𝟎
EX NO : 2 DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF PLATE USING GUARDED
PLATE APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of guarded plate apparatus.
1. A double sided guarded hot plate apparatus is specially designed, fabrication and
constructed for the measurement.
2. It is operated under different pressure 0.005 to 0.105 pa.
3. selection of the material is aluminium, asbestos, brass are used.
4. It has consist of two heaters, one is central heater and other one is guarded heater.
5. Central heater are used to heat the system. Guarded heater is used to prevent the heat
dissipation from the specimens.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Guarded Diameter of Cylinder, 𝐃 = 225 mm
Thickness of the Aluminium, 𝐋𝟏 = 10 mm
Thickness of the asbestos, 𝐋𝟐 = 9 mm
Thickness of the brass, 𝐋𝟑 = 5 mm
FORMULA:
1. Heated Input of Guarded Heater 𝐐𝟏 = 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏
,W
2. Heat Input of Central Heater 𝐐𝟐 = 𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟐 ,W

3. Total Heat Input 𝐐 = 𝐐𝟏 + 𝐐𝟐 ,W
4. 𝐓𝐀 = 𝐓𝟏 + 𝐓𝟐 + 𝐓𝟑 + 𝐓𝟒
,°C
𝟒
5. 𝐓𝐁 = 𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔
,°C
𝟐
6. 𝐓𝐂 = 𝐓𝟕 + 𝐓𝟖
,°C
𝟐
7. 𝐓𝐃 = 𝐓𝟗 + 𝐓𝟏𝟎
,°C
𝟐
CALCULATIONS:
6. Heat input of Guarded Heater (𝐐𝟏 )
7. Heat Input of Central Heater (𝐐𝟐 )
8. Total Heat Input (Q)
9. 𝐓𝐀
10. 𝐓𝐁
11. 𝐓𝐂
12. 𝐓𝐃
𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔
8. Surface Area 𝐀 = ,𝐦𝟐
𝟐
Where D = Diameter of guard cylinder
𝐋𝟏
9. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum 𝐤𝟏 = ,W/mK
𝐑𝟏𝐀
T𝐴 − T𝐵
Where Thermal Resistance, R1 = ,°C/W
𝑄
𝐋𝟐
10. Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos 𝐤𝟐 = ,W/mK
𝐑𝟐𝐀
TB − TC
Where Thermal Resistance, R2 = ,°C/W
Q
𝐋𝟑
11. Thermal Conductivity of Brass 𝐤𝟑 = ,W/mK
𝐑𝟑𝐀
T𝐵 − T𝐶
Where Thermal Resistance 𝑅2 = ,°C/W
𝑄
13. Surface Area (A)
14. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium ( 𝐤 𝟏 )
15. Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos ( 𝐤 𝟐 )
16. Thermal Conductivity of Brass ( 𝐤 𝟑 )

1. Connect the three-pin plug top to 230V, 50Hz, 5A power supply socket,
dimmers in off position
2. Keep the voltmeter and ammeter switch 1 position. Turn the dimmer in
clockwise and adjust the power input to main heater to any desired value
by looking at voltmeter and ammeter,
3. Turn the voltmeter and ammeter switch to position marked 2 and check
the voltage & current are same ring heater.
4. Allow the unit to stabilize (approx. 30 minutes)
5. Note down the temperature indicated by the digital temperature indicator
by turning the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step
6. Repeat the experiment for different power inputs to the heater.
7. Tabulate all readings and calculate for different conditions.
8. After the experiment is over turn all the dimmer knobs anticlockwise
direction to zero.
9. Disconnect the three-pin plug top from the mains.
RESULT:
Thus, the thermal conductivity of varying material is determined by using

guarded plate apparatus.
Thermal Conductivity of
𝐤𝟏 = W/mK
Aluminium
Thermal conductivity of Asbestos 𝐤𝟐 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of Brass 𝐤𝟑 = W/mK
INFERENCE:
HEAT FLOW DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
GUARDED CENTRAL
GUARDED CENTRAL
HEATED HEATED ALUMINIUM ASBESTOS BRASS
HEATER HEATER
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟏𝟎
CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE USING LAGGED
PIPE APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine thermal conductivity of pipe insulation using lagged pipe apparatus.
1. The apparatus consists of three concentric pipes mounted on suitable stand.
2. The hollow space of the innermost pipe consists of the heater.
3. Between first two cylinders the insulating material(saw dust) with which
lagging is to be done is filled compactly.
4. Between second and third cylinders, another insulating material(asbestos) used
for lagging is filled.
5. The third cylinder is concentric to other outer cylinder.
6. The thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders
appropriately to measure the temperatures.
7. The input to the heater is varied through a dimmerstat and
measured on voltmeter and ammeter.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Length of the pipe = 450 mm
Diameter of the Heater 𝐃𝟏 = 10 mm
Diameter of the Saw Dust 𝐃𝟐 = 50 mm
Diameter of the Asbestos 𝐃𝟑 = 150 mm
FORMULA:
1) Actual Heat Flow Rate 𝐐 = 𝐕𝐈 ,W

𝐓𝟏 + 𝐓𝟐
2) Average Temperature at outer surface of Heater 𝐓𝐀 = ,°C
𝟐
Where 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 are the temperatures at the outer surface of heater
3) Average Temperature at outer surface of Saw 𝐓𝟑 + 𝐓𝟒
𝐓𝐁 = ,°C
Dust 𝟐
𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔
4) Average Temperature at outer surface of Asbestos 𝐓𝐂 = ,°C
𝟐
OBSERVATION TABLE:
HEATER SAW DUST ASBESTOS
HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
RADIUS (5mm) RADIUS (25mm) RADIUS (75mm)
V I Q 𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟑 𝐓𝟒 𝐓𝟓 𝐓𝟔
CALCULATIONS:
1. Actual Heat Flow Rate (Q)
2. Average Temperature at outer surface of Heater (𝐓𝐀 )
3. Average Temperature at outer surface of Saw Dust (𝐓𝐁 )
4. Average Temperature at outer surface of Asbestos ( 𝐓𝐂 )

𝐫
𝐥𝐧( 𝟐 )
12. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟏 = 𝐫𝟏 ,W/mK
𝟐𝛑𝐑 𝐬𝐚𝐰 𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐋
TA − TB
Where Thermal Resistivity R saw dust = ,K/W
Q Actual
Actual Heat Flow Q Actual = V×I ,W
L = Length of Lagged Pipe
𝐫
𝐥𝐧( 𝟑 )
13. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟐 = 𝐫𝟐 ,W/mK
𝟐𝛑𝐑 𝐀𝐬𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐬 𝐋
TB − TC
Where Thermal Resistivity R Asbestos = ,K/W
Q Actual
Actual Heat Flow Q Actual = V×I ,W
L = Length of Lagged Pipe

5. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust (𝐤 𝟏 )
6. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust (𝐤 𝟐 )

1. Start the supplies of heater and by varying dimmerstat adjust the
input for desired value (range 60 to 120 Watts) by using voltmeter
and ammeter, also start water supply.
2. Take readings of all the 6 thermocouples at an interval of 5 min
until the steady state is reached.
3. Note down steady readings in observation table.
RESULT:
Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟏 = W/mK

Thermal conductivity of Asbestos 𝐤𝟐 = W/mK
INFERENCE:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
INNER
HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE OUTER TEMPERATURE (˚C)
S. (˚C)
NO VOLT AMPERE
(V) (I) 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟏𝟎
APPARATUS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING

MATERIAL:
1. Shell
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Temperature indicator
5. Selector switch
6. Main Switch
7. Heater control
𝐑 𝐓𝐇
CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER
USING COMPOSITE SPHERICAL CONTAINER
AIM:
To determine thermal conductivity of insulating powder at average temperature.
1. The apparatus consists of a smaller (inner) sphere, inside, which is fitted a mica
electric heater.
2. Smaller sphere is fitted at the center of outer sphere.
3. The heat generated by heater flows through the powder to the outer sphere.
4. The outer sphere loses heat to atmosphere.
5. The input to the heater is controlled by a dimmerstat and is measured on
voltmeter and ammeter
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Inner Sphere – 100mm O.D., halved construction
2. Outer sphere – 200mm O.D., halved construction
FORMULA:
1) Heat Input 𝐐 = 𝐕𝐈 ,W
2) Average Inner sphere surface 𝐓𝟏 + 𝐓𝟐 + 𝐓𝟑 + 𝐓𝟒
𝐓𝐀 = ,°C
temperature 𝟒
Where T1 , T2 , T3 & T4 are the temperatures at different point on inner sphere
3) Average Outer sphere surface 𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔 + 𝐓𝟕 + 𝐓𝟖 + 𝐓𝟗 + 𝐓𝟏𝟎
𝐓𝐁 = ,°C
temperature 𝟒
Where T5 , T6 , T7 , T8 , T9 , T10 are the temperatures at different point on outer sphere
𝐓𝐀 − 𝐓𝐁
4) Heat Transfer 𝐐 = ,W
𝐑
5) Thermal Conductivity of 𝟏 𝐫𝐁 − 𝐫𝐀
𝐤 = × ( ) ,W/mK
Insulating Powder 𝟒𝛑𝐑 𝐫𝐀 𝐫𝐁
Where rA = Radius of Inner Sphere, rB = Radius of Outer Sphere
6) Temperature of Insulating 𝐓𝐀 + 𝐓𝐁
𝐓 = ,K
Powder 𝟐
DIAGRAM:
CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat Input (Q)
2. Average Inner sphere surface temperature (𝐓𝐀 )
3. Average Outer sphere surface temperature (𝐓𝐁 )
4. Heat Transfer (Q)

5. Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder(𝐤)
6. Temperature of Insulating Powder (𝐓)

1. Keep dimmer stat knob at ZERO position and switch ON the equipment.
2. Slowly rotate the dimmer stat knob, so that voltage is applied across the heater.
3. Let the temperatures rise.
5. Note down all the temperatures and input of heater in terms of volts and current.
RESULT:
Thermal conductivity of insulating powder is W/mK at
Temperature of K
INFERENCE:
DIAGRAM:
EX NO : 5 DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CO-

EFFICIENT FROM A VERTICAL TUBE USING
NATURAL CONVECTION APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the surface heat transfer coefficient and local heat transfer coefficients
along the length of the tube and also to draw the graph between local heat transfer
coefficient and the distance along the height of the tube.
1) The apparatus consists of a tube fitted in a rectangular vertical duct.
2) The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the
purpose of undisturbed surrounding.
3) One side of the duct is made up of Perspex for visualization.
4) An electric heating element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the
tube surface. The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural
convection.
5) The temperature of the vertical tube is measured by 9 thermocouples.
6) The heat input to the heart is measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter and is
varied by a dimmer stat.
7) The vertical cylinder with the thermocouple positions is shown in figure.
8) The tube surface is polished to minimize the radiation losses.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1) Diameter of the tube (d) = 40 mm
2) Length of tube (L) = 50 cm
FORMULA:
𝑇1 +𝑇2 +𝑇3 +𝑇4 + 𝑇5 +𝑇6 +𝑇7 +𝑇8
1) Average Surface Temperature 𝑇𝑠 = ,K
8
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
2) Heat transfer coefficient h = ,W/𝑚2 𝐾
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)
Where 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = V×I ,W
Area of heat transferring surface A = πdL , 𝑚2
𝑇∞ = 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ,℃
𝑇 +𝑇 +𝑇 +𝑇 + 𝑇
3) Average Fin Temperature 𝑇5 = 1 2 3 4 5 ,K
5
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
4) Mean Film Temperature 𝑇𝑚𝑓 = ,K
2
Temperature difference ∆T = ,K
TABULATION:
S. AMBIENT
No VOLTAGE CURRENT JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (℃) TEMPERATURE
(℃)
V A 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖 𝑻∞
CALCULATIONS:
1
1) Coefficient of volumetric expansion of fluid β = , 𝐾 −1
𝑇𝑚𝑓 +273
𝑔𝛽∆𝑇𝐿3
2) Grashof Number G=
𝜗2
2
Where 𝜗 = Kinematic Viscosity , 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
FORMULA USED:
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
The heat transfer coefficient is given by:
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
h= ⁄𝐴(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) ,W
𝑠 ∞
where
h = Average surface heat transfer coefficient , W/𝑚2 ℃
Q = Heat transfer rate = V. I ,W
A = Area of the heat transferring surface = πdL , 𝑚2
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇5 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇7 + 𝑇8
𝑇𝑠 =
8
𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ,℃
THEORETICAL METHOD:
T +T +T +T +T +T +T +T
Ts = Average fin temperature = ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ) ,℃
8
Tmf = Mean film tmperature = (Ts + T∞ )/2 ,℃
K air = Thermal Conductivity of air ,W/m℃
h = Heat transfer coefficient , W/m2 ℃
μ = Absolute velocity , Ns/m2
ϑ = Kinematic viscosity , m2 /s
β = 1/(Tmf + 273) , K −1
∆T= Ts − T∞ ,℃
Corresponding to Tmf from HMT data book, take ϑ, Pr, k, Gr Pr
Grashof number Gr = (gβ∆TL3 )/ϑ2
Pr = Prandtl number (From Data Book)
For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection
Nu =0.59(Gr. Pr. )0.25 for 104 < Gr. Pr. < 109
Nu =0.021(Gr. Pr. )0.4 for 109 < Gr. Pr. < 1013
Nusselt number Nu = hL/k air

Nu × kair
h= , W/m2 K
L
6. Switch ON the power supply and adjust the heater and obtain the require heat
input to 80 voltage.
8. Note down surface temperatures at various points.
9. Note down the ambient temperature
10. By using Nusselt’s number find the theoretical heat transfer coefficient.
11. Compare the theoretical value with the actual value.
RESULT:
1. Theoretical heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑡ℎ = ____________________ , W/𝑚2 𝐾
2. Actual heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ____________________ , W/𝑚2 𝐾
INFERENCE:
GRAPH:
DIAGRAM:
EX NO : 6
DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY USING
STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and compare that value with
theoretical value.
1. The Apparatus consists of a water-heated jacket of hemispherical shape.
2. A copper test disc is fitted at the center of jacket.
3. The hot water is obtained from a hot water tank, fitted to the panel, in which
water is heated by an electric immersion heater.
4. The hot water is taken around the hemisphere, so that hemisphere temperature
rises.
5. The test disc is then inserted at the center.
6. Thermocouples are fitted inside hemisphere to average out hemisphere
temperature.
7. Another thermocouple fitted at the center of test disc measures the temperature
of test disc.
8. A timer with a small buzzer is provided to note down the disc temperatures at
the time intervals of 5 seconds.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Mass of the disc = 0.0076 kg
2. Specific Heat Capacity = 381 J/kg K
3. Area of the Disc = 3.16×10−4 m2
FORMULA:
1. Temperature of disc v/s time to obtain the slope (dT/dt) of the line, which passes
through/nearer to all points.
2. Average temperature of the hemisphere
𝑇𝐻 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 ) /4, ℃
3. 𝑇𝐷 = Temperature of the disc before inserting to test chamber (ambient), ℃
4. Rate of change of heat capacity of the disc Q = m𝑐𝑃 (Dt/dt)
5. Net energy radiated on the disc Q = σ𝐴𝐷 (𝑇𝐻4 − 𝑇𝐷4 )
OBSEVATION TABLE:
HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE, ℃
𝐓𝟏 =
𝐓𝟐 =
𝐓𝟑 =
𝐓𝟒 =
Time, sec Temperature of Disc, ℃

E ∝ 𝐓𝟒
E = σ 𝐓𝟒
E = A σ 𝐓𝟒
Where E = Emissive Power
T = Absolute Temperature
E = Q (heat capacity rate of disc)
∴ Q = A σ 𝐓𝟒
𝐝𝐓
Or) m𝐜𝐏 ( ) = 𝐀𝐃 σ (𝐓𝐇𝟒 − 𝐓𝐃𝟒 )
𝐝𝐭
Here, 𝑇𝐻4 & 𝑇𝐷4 are in K

𝒅𝑻
𝒎𝐜𝑷 ( )
𝒅𝒕
σ= 𝑨𝑫 (𝑻𝟒𝑯 − 𝑻𝟒𝑫 )
𝑑2
Where 𝐴𝐷 = area of the disc = π ,𝑚2
4
𝐶𝑃 = specific heat of copper = 0.381 kJ/kg – K = 381 J/kgK

Rate of change of heat capacity of the disc = Net energy radiated on the disc
1. See that water inlet cock of water jacket is closed and fill up sufficient water
in the heater tank.
2. Put ‘ON’ the heater.
3. Blacken the test disc with the help of lamp black and let it cool.
4. Put the thermometer and check water temperature.
5. Boil the water and switch ‘OFF’ the heater.
6. See that drain cock of water jacket is closed and open water inlet cock.
7. See that there is sufficient water above the top of hemisphere. (A piezometer
tube is fitted to indicate water level)
8. Note down the hemisphere temperatures.
9. Note down the test disc temperature.
10. Start the timer.
11. Buzzer will start ringing.
12. At the start of time cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the bottom of
hemisphere.
13. Note down the temperatures of disc, every ten times of the buzzer rings.
Take at least 10 readings
CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Experimental value of Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant, σ = W/m2k4.
Theoretical value of Stefan – Boltzmann’s constant ,σ = W/m2k4
INFERENCE:
DIAGRAM:
EX NO : 7 DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY
OF A GIVEN SPECIMEN USING
EMISSIVITY APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the emissivity of the given specimen (test plate).
1. The experimental set-up consists of two circular copper plates identical in
size and is provided with heating coils at the bottom.
2. The plates are mounted asbestos cement sheet and are kept in an enclose
so as to provide undistributed natural convection surroundings.
3. The heat input is varied by dimmer stat and is measured by ammeter and
voltmeter with the help of switches.
4. The temperature of the plates is measured by thermocouples; separate

wires are connected to diametrically opposite points to get the average
surface temperature of the plates.
5. Another thermocouple is kept the enclosure to read the ambient

temperature of the enclosure.
6. Plate 1 = Black Plate and Plate 2 is test plate whose emissivity is to be

determined.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Diameter of the test plate D = 150 mm
2. Thickness of the test plate t = 6 mm
FORMULA:
1. Heat input, Q = VI ,W
Where, V in volts and I in ampere
2. Average test surface temperature, 𝑇𝑡 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 )/3 , K
Where 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 are thermocouple temperatures on the surface of the
black body.
3. Average black body temperature, 𝑇𝑏 = (𝑇4 + 𝑇5 + 𝑇6 )/3 , K
Where 𝑇4 , 𝑇5 , 𝑇6 are the thermocouple temperature on the surface of
the test plate.
OBSEVATION TABLE:
TEST SURFACE BLACK BODY AMBIENT

HEAT INPUT
TEMPERATURE ˚C TEMPERATURE ˚C TEMPERATURE ˚C
V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T∞
CALCULATION:
1. HEAT INPUT (Q):
2. AVERAGE TEST SURFACE TEMPERATURE (𝑻𝒕 ):

4. Emissivity of the test surface,
Heat input to the black body = Heat input to the test surface
Q = 𝜖𝑏 ∗ 𝐴𝑏 ∗(𝑇𝑏 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 ) = 𝜖𝑡 ∗ 𝐴𝑡 ∗(𝑇𝑡 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 )
Since the power input is same for both the black and test surface is also
same. Knowing the 𝜖𝑏 =1 for black body,
𝜖𝑡 =𝜖𝑏 ∗ ((𝑇𝑏 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 )/ (𝑇𝑡 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 ))

𝐴𝑏 & 𝐴𝑡 = Surface area of the test plate (π𝐷2 /4) + (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
D = Diameter of the plate ,m
t = Thickness of the plate ,m
𝜖𝑡 = emissivity of test surface
𝜖𝑏 = emissivity of black surface = 1
𝑇𝑏 = Average black body temperature ,K
𝑇𝑡 = Average test surface temperature ,K
1. Switch on the supply and select one of the plates.
2. Keep the rotary switch on black plate and adjust the dimmer stat to obtain the
required heat input.
3. Wait till the steady state is reached.
4. Note the value of V and I and take the readings of the thermocouples T1, T2& T3.
5. Change the toggle switch to test plate and adjust the dimmer stat to a value slightly
lesser than the applied black plate.
6. Note the steady temperature of T4, T5& T6.
7. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
8. Buzzer will start ringing.
9. At the start of time cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the bottom of hemisphere.
10. Note down the temperatures of disc, every ten times of the buzzer rings. Take at
least 10 readings
3. AVERAGE BLACK BODY TEMPERATURE (𝑻𝒃 ) :
4. EMISSIVITY OF THE TEST SURFACE (𝝐𝒕 )

RESULT:
The Emissivity of the test surface is _______________
INFERENCE:
DIAGRAM:
GRAPH:
To find Fouling factor or Correction factor
EX NO : 9 DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT

TRANSFER CO- EFFICIENT AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF SHELL AND HEAT TUBE
EXCHANGERS.
AIM:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell and
tube heat exchanger.
1. The apparatus consists of one shell pass and multiple tube in which fluid pass.
2. The hot fluid is hot water obtained from water heater.
3. The cold fluid is tap water.
4. Hot water enters the lower side of end box, flows through the tubes in lower half of
shell and comes to the other end of the shell, where it reverses its direction, flows
through tubes in upper half of the shell and leaves out.
5. Cold water enters lower part of the shell passes over the tubes between the baffles
and leaves out the shell through outlet at upper surface of shell.
SPECIFICATIONS:
4. Diameter of the shell, D = 208 mm
5. Thickness of the shell, t = 6 mm
6. Length of the shell and tube, L = 500 mm
7. Diameter of the tube, 𝐷1 = 13 mm
8. Diameter of the tube, 𝐷0 = 16 mm
FORMULA:
For shell and tube Heat Exchanger, Q = FUA(∆T)∗𝑙𝑚
INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE:

Heat given by hot water 𝑄ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) , W
Where,
𝑚ℎ - Hot water flow rate, kg/s
𝑚ℎ = 1/𝑡ℎ
𝑡ℎ – Time required for one litre of water, sec
𝑇ℎ𝑖 – Hot water inlet temperature, K
𝑇ℎ𝑜 – Hot water outlet temperature, K
𝑐𝑝ℎ – Specific heat of water = 4200J/kgK
OBSEVATION TABLE:
HOT WATER COLD WATER

TIME FOR TIME FOR
S.NO TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
1Lit WATER 1Lit WATER
INLET OUTLET 𝐭 𝐡 , sec 𝐭 𝐜 , sec
INLET ℃ OUTLET ℃
℃ ℃
CALCULATION:
OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE:

Heat given by cold water 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ), W
Where, 𝑚𝑐 - Cold water flow rate, kg/s
𝑚ℎ = 1/𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐 – Time required for one litre of water, sec
𝑇𝑐𝑖 – Cold water inlet temperature, K
𝑇𝑐𝑜 – Cold water outlet temperature, K
𝑐𝑝𝑐 – Specific heat of water = 4200J/kgK
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:

∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝐹 × (𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 , K
Where,
(𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 )/𝑙𝑛(∆𝑇1 /∆𝑇2 )
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 and
F = Correction factor
For finding out correction factor, values of P and R are required
𝑹 = 𝑻𝒄𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊 /𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝑷 = 𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒉𝒐 /𝑻𝒄𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊
Find out value of F from graph using values of P and R
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U):
INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:
Heat transfer rate 𝑄ℎ = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑚 ,W
2
Inside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑄ℎ /(𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑚 ) ,W/𝑚 𝐾
Where,
2
Inside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿, 𝑚
𝐷𝑖 – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the tube, m
OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:
Heat transfer rate 𝑄𝑐 = 𝐹𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑚 ,W
2
Outside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = 𝑄𝑐 𝐹 /(𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑚 ) ,W/𝑚 𝐾
Where,
2
Outside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐿, 𝑚
𝐷𝑜 – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the tube, m
EFFECTIVENESS:
ε = Rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger /Max heat transfer rate
ε = Q/𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where,
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 )
𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Cℎ or 𝐶𝑐 which is smaller capacity rate of 𝐶ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑐
1. Start the water supply.
2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.
3. Switch ‘ON’ the geyser.
4. Temperature of water will start rising.
6. Then note down the temperature along the hot and cold water
RESULT:
Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell

and tube heat exchangers was determined.
Inside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = W/m2K

Outside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = W/m2K
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε =
INFERENCE:
OBSEVATION TABLE(CAPILLARY TUBE):

Total Chiller Time High Low Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator
Running Temperature taken Pressure Pressure entering leaving entering leaving
Time for 5 (psi) (psi) temperature temperature temperature temperature
(min) rev. of (𝐓𝟐 ) (𝐓𝟑 ) (𝐓𝟒 ) (𝐓𝟏 )
energy
meter
𝐓𝟓𝒊 𝐓𝟓𝒇
RESULT :
Mass Actual Work Experimental Carnot Theoretical Relative

of Refrigeration Done COP COP COP COP
water Effect (kW) (kW)
(kg)
EX NO : 10 DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE OF WATER COOLER
TEST RIG.
AIM:
To study the various parts of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle in a water cooled
test rig and conduct a performance analysis on the same.
1) This apparatus consists of a refrigeration cycle based on the reversed carnot cycle
and vapour compression cycle.
2)The trainer consists of hermetically sealed components evaporator,condenser,
capillary tube.
3)The condenser is air cooled type for atmospheric air.
4)Evaporator is freezer type which is housed in a thermally insulated
calorimeter.
5)A temperature indicator with six-point selection switch has been provided to get
the various temperature of R134 viz compressor suction, compressor discharge
,after condenser, after expansion & water temperature.
6) Special gauges are provided for indicator a pressure.
7)An energy meter has been provided which indicates the consumption of energy of
compressor.
SPECIFICATIONS:
2) Rate of capacity: 5L
3) Refrigerant / weight: R134 a
4) Compressor Type: Reciprocating
5) Condenser Type: Air cooled
6) Expansion Device: Thermostatic expansion valve
7) Evaporator: Storage Type Evaporator
8) Electrical Supply: 220V | 50Hz
9) Motor efficiency: 90%
FORMULA:
1) Total Refrigerating effect Q = mCpΔT/Δt kW.
Where, m = Mass of water in kg = 40 kg
Cp = Specific heat of water =4.186 kJ/kg.
ΔT = Temperature drop in the water.
Δt = Total running time(sec)
OBSEVATION TABLE(EXPANSION TUBE):

Total Chiller Time High Low Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator
Running Temperature taken Pressure Pressure entering leaving entering leaving
Time for 5 (psi) (psi) temperature temperature temperature temperature
(min) rev. of (𝐓𝟐 ) (𝐓𝟑 ) (𝐓𝟒 ) (𝐓𝟏 )
energy
meter
𝐓𝟓𝒊 𝐓𝟓𝒇
RESULT :
Mass Actual Work Experimental Carnot Theoretical Relative

of Refrigeration Done COP COP COP COP
water Effect (kW) (kW)
(kg)
2) Theoretical COP = [h1 - h3]/[h2 - h₁]

[Enthalpy is to be found out from the P-h diagram of R134a]
Where, h₁ = Enthalpy corresponding to Compressor inlet pressure (low
pressure) and refrigerant entering the compressor temperature at T4.
h₂ = Enthalpy corresponding to Compressor outlet Pressure (High
Pressure) and refrigerant leveling the Compressor temperature at T₁.
h4 = h3 = Enthalpy corresponding to pressure (High Pressure) and
refrigerant temperature after condensing at T3.
3) Experimental COP = Actual Refrigeration Effect/Workdone.
Actual Refrigeration effect = m CpAT/At.
Where, m = mass of water in kg.
Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.186 KJ/kg.
ΔT = Temperature drop in the water.
Δt= Total running time(sec)
mass of water, m = πr²h ×ρ , kg
Where, r-radius of chiller 105 mm
h- height of the water level in mm
p -Density of water - 1000 kg/m³.
Pressure Indication
P₁ = Pressure of the Refrigerant before the compressor.
P₂ = Pressure of the Refrigerant after the compressor.
Temperature Indication
𝑇1 = Temperature of Refrigerant before condenser.
𝑇2 = Temperature of Refrigerant after condenser.
𝑇3 = Temperature of Refrigerant before evaporation.
𝑇4 = Temperature of Refrigerant after evaporation.
𝑇5 = Temperature of Refrigerant in cooler Tank
Work done = Energy consumed by the compressor motor to be found out from the
energy meter.
Work done = (5/t) x (3600/x) x 0.9.
Where, x = Energy meter constant = 750 rev./Kw-hr.
t = Time taken in sec. for 5 revolutions of energy meter reading.
Experimental COP = Total Refrigerant Effect/work done.
1) Carnot COP = TL/[TH-TL]
TL = Pmin ; TH = Pmax
Where, TL = Lower temperature to be maintained in the evaporator in absolute
units
TH=Higher temperature to be maintained in the condenser in absolute units
2) Relative COP. = Actual COP/Carnot COP
1. Start the water supply.
2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.
3. Switch ‘ON’ the geyser.
4. Temperature of water will start rising.
6. Then note down the temperature along the hot and cold water
RESULT:
Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell

and tube heat exchangers was determined.
Inside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = W/m2K

Outside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = W/m2K
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε =
INFERENCE:

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Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory |1

ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR GOVERNMENT COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER & SECTION VI - A

19MEL61 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY

To evaluate the heat and mass transfer properties of materials and

List of experiments as per classwork note

1. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Composite Wall.

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE (in ℃)

2. Temperature at the outer surface of MS Plate (𝐓𝐁 )

3. Temperature at the outer surface of Bakelite (𝐓𝐂 )

4. Temperature at the outer surface of wood (𝐓𝐃 )

5. Heat Transfer (Q)

6. Thermal Conductivity of MS Plate (𝐤 𝑨 )

7. Thermal Conductivity of Bakelite (𝐤 𝐁 )

8. Thermal Conductivity of Wood (𝐤 𝐂 )

9. Overall Thermal Conductivity (k)

2. By varying dimmerstat adjust the input (range 90-230V).

3. Wait until steady state is reached.

HEAT FLOW DIAGRAM:

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

2. Heat Input of Central Heater 𝐐𝟐 = 𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟐 ,W

7. Heat Input of Central Heater (𝐐𝟐 )

8. Total Heat Input (Q)

Where D = Diameter of guard cylinder

13. Surface Area (A)

14. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium ( 𝐤 𝟏 )

15. Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos ( 𝐤 𝟐 )

16. Thermal Conductivity of Brass ( 𝐤 𝟑 )

Thus, the thermal conductivity of varying material is determined by using

HEAT FLOW DIAGRAM:

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

1) Actual Heat Flow Rate 𝐐 = 𝐕𝐈 ,W

2. Average Temperature at outer surface of Heater (𝐓𝐀 )

3. Average Temperature at outer surface of Saw Dust (𝐓𝐁 )

4. Average Temperature at outer surface of Asbestos ( 𝐓𝐂 )

Actual Heat Flow Q Actual = V×I ,W

L = Length of Lagged Pipe

Actual Heat Flow Q Actual = V×I ,W

L = Length of Lagged Pipe

5. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust (𝐤 𝟏 )

6. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust (𝐤 𝟐 )

Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟏 = W/mK

APPARATUS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

1. Inner Sphere – 100mm O.D., halved construction

2. Outer sphere – 200mm O.D., halved construction

2. Average Inner sphere surface temperature (𝐓𝐀 )

3. Average Outer sphere surface temperature (𝐓𝐁 )

4. Heat Transfer (Q)

5. Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder(𝐤)

6. Temperature of Insulating Powder (𝐓)

Thermal conductivity of insulating powder is W/mK at

EX NO : 5 DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CO-

The heat transfer coefficient is given by:

𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ,℃

Nusselt number Nu = hL/k air

1. Theoretical heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑡ℎ = ____________________ , W/𝑚2 𝐾

2. Actual heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ____________________ , W/𝑚2 𝐾

Time, sec Temperature of Disc, ℃

Here, 𝑇𝐻4 & 𝑇𝐷4 are in K