Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory |1

ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR GOVERNMENT COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.
(A GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19MEL61 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY
MANUAL

NAME:

ROLL .NO:

REG. NO:

SEMESTER & SECTION VI - A

BATCH: 2019 - 2023
Heat and Mass Transfer Lab Manual |2
Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory |3
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INDEX
S.NO EXPT. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT REMARK SIGN
NO.

CYCLE 1

CYCLE 2

10

11

12
Heat and Mass Transfer Lab Manual |6
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19MEL61 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the heat and mass transfer properties of materials and

performance of thermal system.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1 : Predict the thermal conductivity of given materials.
CO2 : Estimate the heat transfer coefficient in natural and forced convection fields.
CO3 : Determine the emissivity of a radiating surface.
CO4 : Evaluate the performance of heat exchangers.
CO5 : Assess the performance of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Composite Wall.

2. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Plate using Guarded Plate Apparatus.
3. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Pipe using Lagged Pipe Apparatus.
4. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder using Composite
Spherical Container.
5. Determination of Heat transfer co-efficient from a Vertical Tube using Natural
Convection Apparatus.
6. Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant by Radiation Heat Transfer.
7. Determination of Emissivity of a given specimen using Emissivity Apparatus.
8. Determination of effectiveness of recuperative type (concentric tube) heat exchanger
in both parallel flow and counter flow mode
9. Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Co- efficient and Effectiveness of Shell and
Heat Tube Exchangers.
10. Determination of Coefficient of Performance of Water Cooler Test Rig.
11. Determination of Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration System using HC as
Refrigerant.
12. Performance test on Window Air Conditioner Test Rig.
 Heat and Mass Transfer Lab Manual |8

DIAGRAM:

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

DIAGRAM:
 Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory |9

EX NO :
DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPOSITE WALL

AIM:
To determine the overall thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity of each
material of the composite wall.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The apparatus consists of three slabs of different materials of different thickness
clamped in the center using screw rod at the center of a composite wall heater is
fitted.
2. Slab assembly arranged symmetrically on both sides of heater.
3. End losses from the composite wall are minimized by providing thick insulation
all round to ensure unidirectional heat flow
4. Temperature sensors are fitted at the interface of the plate at different point as to
obtain average temperature for each surface.
5. Heat conducted through the composite wall is taken away atmospheric air

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Heater Nichrome heater wound on mica former and insulation with control unit
capacity 300W maximum.
2. Heater control unit: 0-230V, ammeter 0-2A, single phase dimmer stat (one
number).
3. Voltmeter 100 -200V.
4. Temperature indicator (digital type: 0-200°C), service required AC single phase
230V earthed surface.
5. Diameter of plate=200 mm.
6. Thickness of MS plate LA =20 mm.
7. Thickness of Bakelite LB=10 mm.
8. Thickness of wood LC=10 mm.

FORMULA:
𝐓𝟏 +𝐓𝟐
1. Temperature at the outer surface of heater, 𝐓𝐀 = ,K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟏 &𝐓𝟐 - Temperature of Outer surface of the MS plate arranged
above & below the heater respectively.
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 10

OBSERVATION TABLE:

HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE (in ℃)

S.NO
VOLTAGE CURRENT 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖
(V) (I)

CALCULATIONS:
1. Temperature at the outer surface of heater (𝐓𝐀 )

2. Temperature at the outer surface of MS Plate (𝐓𝐁 )

3. Temperature at the outer surface of Bakelite (𝐓𝐂 )

4. Temperature at the outer surface of wood (𝐓𝐃 )

5. Heat Transfer (Q)

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 11

𝐓𝟑 +𝐓𝟒
2. Temperature at the outer surface of MS Plate, 𝐓𝐁 = , K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟑 &𝐓𝟒 - Temperature of Outer surface of Bakelite plate arranged
above & below the heater respectively.
𝐓𝟓 +𝐓𝟔
3. Temperature at the outer surface of Bakelite, 𝐓𝐜 = , K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟓 &𝐓𝟔 - Temperature of Outer surface of Bakelite plate arranged
above & below the heater respectively.
𝐓𝟕 +𝐓𝟖
4. Temperature at the outer surface of Wood, 𝐓𝐃 = , K
𝟐
Where, 𝐓𝟕 &𝐓𝟖 - Temperature of Outer surface of Bakelite plate arranged
above & below the heater respectively.
𝐕𝐈
5. Heat Transfer, 𝐐 = , W
𝟐
(Since heat flow in both direction).
𝐋𝐀
6. Thermal Conductivity of MS Plate, 𝐤 𝐀 = , W/mK
𝑹𝑨 𝑨
𝐓𝐀 −𝐓𝐁
Where, Thermal resistance, 𝐑 𝐀 = , K/W or ℃/W
𝐐
𝐋𝐁
7. Thermal Conductivity of Bakelite, 𝐤 𝐁 = , W/mK
𝑹𝑩 𝑨
𝐓𝐁 −𝐓𝐂
Where, Thermal resistance, 𝐑 𝐁 = , K/W or ℃/W
𝐐
𝐋𝐂
Thermal Conductivity of Wood, 𝐤 𝐂 = , W/mK
𝑹𝑪 𝑨
𝐓𝐂 −𝐓𝐃
Where, Thermal resistance, 𝐑 𝐂 = , K/W or ℃/W
𝐐
𝑳
8. Overall Thermal Conductivity, 𝐤 = , W/mK
∑𝑹𝑨
Where, Thermal resistance, ∑𝐑 = 𝐑 𝐀 +𝐑 𝐁 +𝐑 𝐂 , K/W
(∆𝑻)𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 (∆𝑻)𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
Q= Q=
∑𝑹 𝑳
∑
𝒌𝑨
Total Thickness of the composite wall ∑𝐑 = 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 + 𝑹𝑪 , K/W
arranged on one side of the heater.
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 12

6. Thermal Conductivity of MS Plate (𝐤 𝑨 )

7. Thermal Conductivity of Bakelite (𝐤 𝐁 )

8. Thermal Conductivity of Wood (𝐤 𝐂 )

9. Overall Thermal Conductivity (k)

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 13

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Start the supply of heater.

2. By varying dimmerstat adjust the input (range 90-230V).

3. Wait until steady state is reached.

4. Then note down the temperature along different points on the various materials

RESULT:

Thus, the overall thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity of each material of the
composite wall has been determined.
Overall Thermal conductivity, 𝐤 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of MS Plate, 𝐤𝐀 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of Bakelite, 𝐤𝐁 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of Wood, 𝐤𝐂 = W/mK

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 14

HEAT FLOW DIAGRAM:

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:
GUARDED CENTRAL
GUARDED CENTRAL
HEATED HEATED ALUMINIUM ASBESTOS BRASS
HEATER HEATER
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟏𝟎
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 15

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF PLATE USING GUARDED
PLATE APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of guarded plate apparatus.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. A double sided guarded hot plate apparatus is specially designed, fabrication and
constructed for the measurement.
2. It is operated under different pressure 0.005 to 0.105 pa.
3. selection of the material is aluminium, asbestos, brass are used.
4. It has consist of two heaters, one is central heater and other one is guarded heater.
5. Central heater are used to heat the system. Guarded heater is used to prevent the heat
dissipation from the specimens.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Guarded Diameter of Cylinder, 𝐃 = 225 mm
Thickness of the Aluminium, 𝐋𝟏 = 10 mm
Thickness of the asbestos, 𝐋𝟐 = 9 mm
Thickness of the brass, 𝐋𝟑 = 5 mm
FORMULA:
1. Heated Input of Guarded Heater 𝐐𝟏 = 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏
,W

2. Heat Input of Central Heater 𝐐𝟐 = 𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟐 ,W

3. Total Heat Input 𝐐 = 𝐐𝟏 + 𝐐𝟐 ,W
4. 𝐓𝐀 = 𝐓𝟏 + 𝐓𝟐 + 𝐓𝟑 + 𝐓𝟒
,°C
𝟒
5. 𝐓𝐁 = 𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔
,°C
𝟐
6. 𝐓𝐂 = 𝐓𝟕 + 𝐓𝟖
,°C
𝟐
7. 𝐓𝐃 = 𝐓𝟗 + 𝐓𝟏𝟎
,°C
𝟐
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 16

CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat input of Guarded Heater (𝐐𝟏 )

2. Heat Input of Central Heater (𝐐𝟐 )

3. Total Heat Input (Q)

4. 𝐓𝐀

5. 𝐓𝐁

6. 𝐓𝐂

7. 𝐓𝐃
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 17

𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔
8. Surface Area 𝐀 = ,𝐦𝟐
𝟐

Where D = Diameter of guard cylinder

𝐋𝟏
9. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum 𝐤𝟏 = ,W/mK
𝐑𝟏𝐀

T𝐴 − T𝐵
Where Thermal Resistance, R1 = ,°C/W
𝑄

𝐋𝟐
10. Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos 𝐤𝟐 = ,W/mK
𝐑𝟐𝐀

TB − TC
Where Thermal Resistance, R2 = ,°C/W
Q

𝐋𝟑
11. Thermal Conductivity of Brass 𝐤𝟑 = ,W/mK
𝐑𝟑𝐀

T𝐵 − T𝐶
Where Thermal Resistance 𝑅2 = ,°C/W
𝑄
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 18

8. Surface Area (A)

9. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium ( 𝐤 𝟏 )

10. Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos ( 𝐤 𝟐 )

11. Thermal Conductivity of Brass ( 𝐤 𝟑 )

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 19

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three-pin plug top to 230V, 50Hz, 5A power supply socket,
dimmers in off position
2. Keep the voltmeter and ammeter switch 1 position. Turn the dimmer in
clockwise and adjust the power input to main heater to any desired value
by looking at voltmeter and ammeter,
3. Turn the voltmeter and ammeter switch to position marked 2 and check
the voltage & current are same ring heater.
4. Allow the unit to stabilize (approx. 30 minutes)
5. Note down the temperature indicated by the digital temperature indicator
by turning the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step
6. Repeat the experiment for different power inputs to the heater.
7. Tabulate all readings and calculate for different conditions.
8. After the experiment is over turn all the dimmer knobs anticlockwise
direction to zero.
9. Disconnect the three-pin plug top from the mains.

RESULT:

Thus, the thermal conductivity of varying material is determined by using

guarded plate apparatus.
Thermal Conductivity of
𝐤𝟏 = W/mK
Aluminium
Thermal conductivity of Asbestos 𝐤𝟐 = W/mK
Thermal conductivity of Brass 𝐤𝟑 = W/mK

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 20

HEAT FLOW DIAGRAM:

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:
GUARDED CENTRAL
GUARDED CENTRAL
HEATED HEATED ALUMINIUM ASBESTOS BRASS
HEATER HEATER
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟏𝟎
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 21

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE USING LAGGED
PIPE APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine thermal conductivity of pipe insulation using lagged pipe apparatus.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The apparatus consists of three concentric pipes mounted on suitable stand.
2. The hollow space of the innermost pipe consists of the heater.
3. Between first two cylinders the insulating material(saw dust) with which
lagging is to be done is filled compactly.
4. Between second and third cylinders, another insulating material(asbestos) used
for lagging is filled.
5. The third cylinder is concentric to other outer cylinder.
6. The thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders
appropriately to measure the temperatures.
7. The input to the heater is varied through a dimmerstat and
measured on voltmeter and ammeter.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Length of the pipe L = 450 mm
Diameter of the Heater 𝐃𝟏 = 10 mm
Diameter of the Saw Dust 𝐃𝟐 = 50 mm
Diameter of the Asbestos 𝐃𝟑 = 150 mm
FORMULA:

1) Actual Heat Flow Rate 𝐐 = 𝐕𝐈 ,W

𝐓𝟏 + 𝐓𝟐
2) Average Temperature at outer surface of Heater 𝐓𝐀 = ,°C
𝟐
Where 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 are the temperatures at the outer surface of heater
3) Average Temperature at outer surface of Saw 𝐓𝟑 + 𝐓𝟒
𝐓𝐁 = ,°C
Dust 𝟐
Where 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 are the temperatures at the outer surface of heater
𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔
4) Average Temperature at outer surface of Asbestos 𝐓𝐂 = ,°C
𝟐
Where 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 are the temperatures at the outer surface of heater
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 22

OBSERVATION TABLE:
HEATER SAW DUST ASBESTOS
HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
RADIUS (5mm) RADIUS (25mm) RADIUS (75mm)
V I Q 𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟑 𝐓𝟒 𝐓𝟓 𝐓𝟔

CALCULATIONS:
1. Actual Heat Flow Rate (Q)

2. Average Temperature at outer surface of Heater (𝐓𝐀 )

3. Average Temperature at outer surface of Saw Dust (𝐓𝐁 )

4. Average Temperature at outer surface of Asbestos ( 𝐓𝐂 )

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 23

𝐫
𝐥𝐧( 𝟐 )
6. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟏 = 𝐫𝟏 ,W/mK
𝟐𝛑𝐑 𝐬𝐚𝐰 𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐋

TA − TB
Where Thermal Resistivity R saw dust = ,K/W
Q Actual

Actual Heat Flow Q Actual = V×I ,W

L = Length of Lagged Pipe

𝐫
𝐥𝐧( 𝟑 )
7. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟐 = 𝐫𝟐 ,W/mK
𝟐𝛑𝐑 𝐀𝐬𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐬 𝐋

TB − TC
Where Thermal Resistivity R Asbestos = ,K/W
Q Actual

Actual Heat Flow Q Actual = V×I ,W

L = Length of Lagged Pipe

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 24

5. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust (𝐤 𝟏 )

6. Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust (𝐤 𝟐 )

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 25

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Start the supplies of heater and by varying dimmerstat adjust the
input for desired value (range 60 to 120 Watts) by using voltmeter
and ammeter, also start water supply.
2. Take readings of all the 6 thermocouples at an interval of 5 min
until the steady state is reached.
3. Note down steady readings in observation table.

RESULT:

Thermal Conductivity of Saw Dust 𝐤𝟏 = W/mK

Thermal conductivity of Asbestos 𝐤𝟐 = W/mK

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 26

OBSERVATION TABLE:

INNER
HEAT INPUT TEMPERATURE OUTER TEMPERATURE (˚C)
S. (˚C)
NO VOLT AMPERE
(V) (I) 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖 𝑻𝟗 𝑻𝟏𝟎

APPARATUS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING

MATERIAL:

1. Shell
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Temperature indicator
5. Selector switch
6. Main Switch
7. Heater control

THERMAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM:

𝐑 𝐓𝐇
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 27

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER
USING COMPOSITE SPHERICAL CONTAINER

AIM:
To determine thermal conductivity of insulating powder at average temperature.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The apparatus consists of a smaller (inner) sphere, inside, which is fitted a mica
electric heater.
2. Smaller sphere is fitted at the center of outer sphere.
3. The heat generated by heater flows through the powder to the outer sphere.
4. The outer sphere loses heat to atmosphere.
5. The input to the heater is controlled by a dimmerstat and is measured on
voltmeter and ammeter

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Inner Sphere – 100mm O.D., halved construction

2. Outer sphere – 200mm O.D., halved construction

FORMULA:
1) Heat Input 𝐐 = 𝐕𝐈 ,W
2) Average Inner sphere surface 𝐓𝟏 + 𝐓𝟐 + 𝐓𝟑 + 𝐓𝟒
𝐓𝐀 = ,°C
temperature 𝟒
Where T1 , T2 , T3 & T4 are the temperatures at different point on inner sphere
3) Average Outer sphere surface 𝐓𝟓 + 𝐓𝟔 + 𝐓𝟕 + 𝐓𝟖 + 𝐓𝟗 + 𝐓𝟏𝟎
𝐓𝐁 = ,°C
temperature 𝟒
Where T5 , T6 , T7 , T8 , T9 , T10 are the temperatures at different point on outer sphere
𝐓𝐀 − 𝐓𝐁
4) Heat Transfer 𝐐 = ,W
𝐑
5) Thermal Conductivity of 𝟏 𝐫𝐁 − 𝐫𝐀
𝐤 = × ( ) ,W/mK
Insulating Powder 𝟒𝛑𝐑 𝐫𝐀 𝐫𝐁
Where rA = Radius of Inner Sphere, rB = Radius of Outer Sphere
6) Temperature of Insulating 𝐓𝐀 + 𝐓𝐁
𝐓 = ,K
Powder 𝟐
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 28

DIAGRAM:

CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat Input (Q)

2. Average Inner sphere surface temperature (𝐓𝐀 )

3. Average Outer sphere surface temperature (𝐓𝐁 )

4. Heat Transfer (Q)

H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 29
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 30

5. Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder(𝐤)

6. Temperature of Insulating Powder (𝐓)

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 31

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Keep dimmer stat knob at ZERO position and switch ON the equipment.
2. Slowly rotate the dimmer stat knob, so that voltage is applied across the heater.
3. Let the temperatures rise.
4. Wait until steady state is reached.
5. Note down all the temperatures and input of heater in terms of volts and current.

RESULT:

Thermal conductivity of insulating powder is W/mK at

Temperature of K

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 32

DIAGRAM:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 33

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CO-

EFFICIENT FROM A VERTICAL TUBE USING
NATURAL CONVECTION APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the surface heat transfer coefficient and local heat transfer coefficients
along the length of the tube and also to draw the graph between local heat transfer
coefficient and the distance along the height of the tube.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1) The apparatus consists of a tube fitted in a rectangular vertical duct.
2) The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the
purpose of undisturbed surrounding.
3) One side of the duct is made up of Perspex for visualization.
4) An electric heating element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the
tube surface. The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural
convection.
5) The temperature of the vertical tube is measured by 9 thermocouples.
6) The heat input to the heart is measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter and is
varied by a dimmer stat.
7) The vertical cylinder with the thermocouple positions is shown in figure.
8) The tube surface is polished to minimize the radiation losses.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1) Diameter of the tube (d) = 40 mm
2) Length of tube (L) = 50 cm

FORMULA:
𝑇1 +𝑇2 +𝑇3 +𝑇4 + 𝑇5 +𝑇6 +𝑇7 +𝑇8
1) Average Surface Temperature 𝑇𝑠 = ,K
8
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
2) Heat transfer coefficient h = ,W/𝑚2 𝐾
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)
Where 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = V×I ,W
Area of heat transferring surface A = πdL , 𝑚2
𝑇∞ = 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ,℃
𝑇 +𝑇
3) Mean Film Temperature 𝑇𝑚𝑓 = 𝑠 ∞ ,K
2

Temperature difference ∆T = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ,K
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 34

TABULATION:
S. AMBIENT
No VOLTAGE CURRENT JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (℃) TEMPERATURE
(℃)
V A 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖 𝑻∞

CALCULATIONS:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 35

1
4) Coefficient of volumetric expansion of fluid β = , 𝐾 −1
𝑇𝑚𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝐾

𝑔𝛽∆𝑇𝐿3
5) Grashof Number G=
𝜗2

2
Where 𝜗 = Kinematic Viscosity , 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

FORMULA USED:

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:

The heat transfer coefficient is given by:

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
h= ⁄𝐴(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) ,W
𝑠 ∞

where
h = Average surface heat transfer coefficient , W/𝑚2 ℃
Q = Heat transfer rate = V. I ,W
A = Area of the heat transferring surface = πdL , 𝑚2

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇5 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇7 + 𝑇8
𝑇𝑠 =
8

𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ,℃

THEORETICAL METHOD:
T +T +T +T +T +T +T +T8
Ts = Average surface temperature = ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ) ,℃
8
Tmf = Mean film tmperature = (Ts + T∞ )/2 ,℃
K air = Thermal Conductivity of air ,W/m℃
h = Heat transfer coefficient , W/m2 ℃
μ = Absolute velocity , Ns/m2
ϑ = Kinematic viscosity , m2 /s
β = 1/(Tmf + 273) , K −1
∆T= Ts − T∞ ,℃
Corresponding to Tmf from HMT data book, take ϑ, Pr, k, Gr Pr
Grashof number Gr = (gβ∆TL3 )/ϑ2
Pr = Prandtl number (From Data Book)
For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 36
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 37

Nu =0.59(Gr. Pr. )0.25 for 104 < Gr. Pr. < 109

Nu =0.021(Gr. Pr. )0.4 for 109 < Gr. Pr. < 1013

Nusselt number Nu = hL/k air

Nu × kair
h= , W/m2 K
L

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply and adjust the heater and obtain the require heat
input to 80 voltage.
2. Wait until steady state is reached.
3. Note down surface temperatures at various points.
4. Note down the ambient temperature
5. By using Nusselt’s number find the theoretical heat transfer coefficient.
6. Compare the theoretical value with the actual value.

RESULT:

1. Theoretical heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑡ℎ = ____________________ , W/𝑚2 𝐾

2. Actual heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ____________________ , W/𝑚2 𝐾

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 38

GRAPH:
Temperature in ℃ Vs Time in sec

DIAGRAM:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 39

EX NO :
DETERMINATION OF STEFAN BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT BY RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

AIM:
To determine the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and compare that value with
theoretical value.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The Apparatus consists of a water-heated jacket of hemispherical shape.
2. A copper test disc is fitted at the center of jacket.
3. The hot water is obtained from a hot water tank, fitted to the panel, in which
water is heated by an electric immersion heater.
4. The hot water is taken around the hemisphere, so that hemisphere temperature
rises.
5. The test disc is then inserted at the center.
6. Thermocouples are fitted inside hemisphere to average out hemisphere
temperature.
7. Another thermocouple fitted at the center of test disc measures the temperature
of test disc.
8. A timer with a small buzzer is provided to note down the disc temperatures at
the time intervals of 5 seconds.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Mass of the disc = 0.0076 kg
2. Specific Heat Capacity = 381 J/kg K
3. Area of the Disc = 3.16×10−4 m2

FORMULA:
1. Temperature of disc v/s time to obtain the slope (dT/dt) of the line, which passes
through/nearer to all points.
2. Average temperature of the hemisphere
𝑇𝐻 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 ) /4, ℃
3. 𝑇𝐷 = Temperature of the disc before inserting to test chamber (ambient), ℃
4. Rate of change of heat capacity of the disc Q = m𝑐𝑃 (Dt/dt)
5. Net energy radiated on the disc Q = σ𝐴𝐷 (𝑇𝐻4 − 𝑇𝐷4 )
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 40

OBSEVATION TABLE:

HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE, ℃

𝐓𝟏 =
𝐓𝟐 =
𝐓𝟑 =
𝐓𝟒 =

Time, sec Temperature of Disc, ℃

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 41

E ∝ 𝐓𝟒
E = σ 𝐓𝟒
E = A σ 𝐓𝟒
Where E = Emissive Power
T = Absolute Temperature
E = Q (heat capacity rate of disc)
∴ Q = A σ 𝐓𝟒
𝐝𝐓
Or) m𝐜𝐏 ( ) = 𝐀𝐃 σ (𝐓𝐇𝟒 − 𝐓𝐃𝟒 )
𝐝𝐭

Here, 𝑇𝐻4 & 𝑇𝐷4 are in K

𝒅𝑻
𝒎𝐜𝑷 ( )
𝒅𝒕
σ= 𝑨𝑫 (𝑻𝟒𝑯 − 𝑻𝟒𝑫 )
𝑑2
Where 𝐴𝐷 = area of the disc = π ,𝑚2
4

𝐶𝑃 = specific heat of copper = 0.381 kJ/kg – K = 381 J/kgK

Rate of change of heat capacity of the disc = Net energy radiated on the disc
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. See that water inlet cock of water jacket is closed and fill up sufficient water
in the heater tank.
2. Put ‘ON’ the heater.
3. Blacken the test disc with the help of lamp black and let it cool.
4. Put the thermometer and check water temperature.
5. Boil the water and switch ‘OFF’ the heater.
6. See that drain cock of water jacket is closed and open water inlet cock.
7. See that there is sufficient water above the top of hemisphere. (A piezometer
tube is fitted to indicate water level)
8. Note down the hemisphere temperatures.
9. Note down the test disc temperature.
10. Start the timer.
11. Buzzer will start ringing.
12. At the start of time cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the bottom of
hemisphere.
13. Note down the temperatures of disc, every ten times of the buzzer rings.
Take at least 10 readings
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 42

CALCULATION:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 43

RESULT:

Experimental value of Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant, σ = W/m2k4.

Theoretical value of Stefan – Boltzmann’s constant ,σ = W/m2k4

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 44

DIAGRAM:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 45

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY
OF A GIVEN SPECIMEN USING
EMISSIVITY APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the emissivity of the given specimen (test plate).
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The experimental set-up consists of two circular copper plates identical in
size and is provided with heating coils at the bottom.

2. The plates are mounted asbestos cement sheet and are kept in an enclose
so as to provide undistributed natural convection surroundings.

3. The heat input is varied by dimmer stat and is measured by ammeter and
voltmeter with the help of switches.

4. The temperature of the plates is measured by thermocouples; separate

wires are connected to diametrically opposite points to get the average
surface temperature of the plates.

5. Another thermocouple is kept the enclosure to read the ambient

temperature of the enclosure.

6. Plate 1 = Black Plate and Plate 2 is test plate whose emissivity is to be

determined.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Diameter of the test plate D = 150 mm
2. Thickness of the test plate t = 6 mm
FORMULA:
1. Heat input, Q = VI ,W
Where, V in volts and I in ampere
2. Average test surface temperature, 𝑇𝑡 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 )/3 , K
Where 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 are thermocouple temperatures on the surface of the
black body.
3. Average black body temperature, 𝑇𝑏 = (𝑇4 + 𝑇5 + 𝑇6 )/3 , K
Where 𝑇4 , 𝑇5 , 𝑇6 are the thermocouple temperature on the surface of
the test plate.
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 46

OBSEVATION TABLE:

TEST SURFACE BLACK BODY AMBIENT

HEAT INPUT
TEMPERATURE ˚C TEMPERATURE ˚C TEMPERATURE ˚C

V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T∞

CALCULATION:
1. HEAT INPUT (Q):

2. AVERAGE TEST SURFACE TEMPERATURE (𝑻𝒕 ):

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 47

4. Emissivity of the test surface,

Heat input to the black body = Heat input to the test surface

Q = 𝜖𝑏 ∗ 𝐴𝑏 ∗(𝑇𝑏 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 ) = 𝜖𝑡 ∗ 𝐴𝑡 ∗(𝑇𝑡 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 )

Since the power input is same for both the black and test surface is also
same. Knowing the 𝜖𝑏 =1 for black body,

𝜖𝑡 =𝜖𝑏 ∗ ((𝑇𝑏 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 )/ (𝑇𝑡 4 − 𝑇∞ 4 ))

𝐴𝑏 & 𝐴𝑡 = Surface area of the test plate (π𝐷2 /4) + (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
D = Diameter of the plate ,m
t = Thickness of the plate ,m
𝜖𝑡 = emissivity of test surface
𝜖𝑏 = emissivity of black surface = 1
𝑇𝑏 = Average black body temperature ,K
𝑇𝑡 = Average test surface temperature ,K

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the supply and select one of the plates.
2. Keep the rotary switch on black plate and adjust the dimmer stat to obtain the
required heat input.
3. Wait till the steady state is reached.
4. Note the value of V and I and take the readings of the thermocouples T1, T2& T3.
5. Change the toggle switch to test plate and adjust the dimmer stat to a value slightly
lesser than the applied black plate.
6. Note the steady temperature of T4, T5& T6.
7. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
8. Buzzer will start ringing.
9. At the start of time cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the bottom of hemisphere.
10. Note down the temperatures of disc, every ten times of the buzzer rings. Take at
least 10 readings
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 48

3. AVERAGE BLACK BODY TEMPERATURE (𝑻𝒃 ) :

4. EMISSIVITY OF THE TEST SURFACE (𝝐𝒕 )

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 49

RESULT:

The Emissivity of the test surface is _______________

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 50

FLOW DIAGRAM :

T-A DIAGRAM :
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 51

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF
RECUPERATIVE TYPE (CONCENTRIC TUBE) HEAT
EXCHANGER IN BOTH PARALLEL FLOW AND
COUNTER FLOW MODE

AIM:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of
concentric tube or double pipe heat exchanger in both parallel flow and counter flow
mode.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
9. The Apparatus consists of a two concentric tubes in which fluids pass.
10. The hot fluid is hot water, which is obtained from an electric geyser.
11. Hot water flows through the inner tube in one direction and cold fluid is cold
water, which flows through annulus.
12. Control valves are provided so that direction of cold water can be kept
parallel and opposite to that of hot water.
13. Thus, the heat exchanger can be operated as parallel flow and counter flow, as
per the apparatus.
14. The temperatures are measured with thermometer.
15. Thus, the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, LMTD and effectiveness
of heat exchanger can be calculated in both parallel flow and counter flow
mode.
SPECIFICATIONS:

4. Inner copper tube diameter 𝐷𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟)

= 12.7 mm
5. Outer copper tube diameter 𝐷𝑜(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟)
= 13.7 mm

6. Inner cast iron tube diameter 𝐷𝑖(𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛) = 25.4 mm

7. Outer cast iron tube diameter 𝐷𝑜(𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛) = 27.4 mm

8. Length of the heat exchanger = 1700 mm

 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 52

OBSERVATION TABLE (PARALLEL FLOW MODE):

S.NO HOT WATER COLD WATER
TEMPERATURE Time TEMPERATURE Time
for for
1Lit of 1Lit of
water water
INLET ℃ OUTLET ℃ 𝐭 𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐜 INLET ℃ OUTLET ℃ 𝐭 𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜

CALCULATION :
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 53

FORMULA USED (PARALLEL FLOW MODE):

INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE :

Heat given by hot water 𝑄ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 -𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) ,W
𝑚ℎ =Hot water flow rate , kg/s
𝑚ℎ =1/𝑡ℎ
𝑡ℎ =Time required for one litre of water , sec
𝑇ℎ𝑖 =Hot water inlet temperature ,K
𝑇ℎ𝑜 =Hot water outlet temperature ,K
𝐶𝑝ℎ =Specific heat of water = 4186 J/kg-K

OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE:

Heat given by cold water 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 -𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) ,W

𝑚𝑐 =Cold water flow rate , kg/s
𝑚𝑐 =1/𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐 =Time required for one litre of water , sec
𝑇𝑐𝑖 =Cold water inlet temperature ,K
𝑇𝑐𝑜 =Cold water outlet temperature ,K
𝐶𝑝𝑐 =Specific heat of water = 4186 J/kg-K

LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERECE:

LMTD ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (∆𝑇1 −∆𝑇2 )/ln(∆𝑇1 /∆𝑇2 )
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BASED ON INSIDE
(𝑼𝒊 ):
Heat transfer rate 𝑄ℎ = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 ,W
Inside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈1 = 𝑄ℎ /𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , W/𝑚2 𝐾
Where,
Inside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) = 𝛑𝐷𝑖 𝐿 , 𝑚2
𝐷𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the heat exchanger, m
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 54
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 55

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BASED ON OUTSIDE (𝑼𝒊 ):

Heat transfer rate 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 ,W
Inside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = 𝑄𝑐 /𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , W/𝑚2 𝐾
Where,
Inside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑜(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) = 𝛑𝐷𝑜 𝐿 , 𝑚2
𝐷𝑜(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the heat exchanger, m

EFFECTIVENESS:
ε = Actual heat transfer /Max possible heat transfer
ε = 𝑄𝐴𝑐𝑡 /𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where,
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Minimum heat capacity rate × Maximum temperature difference
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Cℎ or 𝐶𝑐 which is smaller capacity rate of 𝐶ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑐

FORMULA USED (COUNTER FLOW MODE):

INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE :

Heat given by hot water 𝑄ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 -𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) ,W
𝑚ℎ =Hot water flow rate , kg/s
𝑚ℎ =1/𝑡ℎ
𝑡ℎ =Time required for one litre of water , sec
𝑇ℎ𝑖 =Hot water inlet temperature ,K
𝑇ℎ𝑜 =Hot water outlet temperature ,K
𝐶𝑝ℎ =Specific heat of water = 4186 J/kg-K

OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE:

Heat given by cold water 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 -𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) ,W

𝑚𝑐 =Cold water flow rate , kg/s
𝑚𝑐 =1/𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐 =Time required for one litre of water , sec
𝑇𝑐𝑖 =Cold water inlet temperature ,K
𝑇𝑐𝑜 =Cold water outlet temperature ,K
𝐶𝑝𝑐 =Specific heat of water = 4186 J/kg-K
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 56

FLOW DIAGRAM :

T-A DIAGRAM :
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 57

LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERECE:

LMTD ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (∆𝑇1 −∆𝑇2 )/ln(∆𝑇1 /∆𝑇2 )
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BASED ON INSIDE (𝑼𝒊 ):
Heat transfer rate 𝑄ℎ = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 ,W
Inside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈1 = 𝑄ℎ /𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , W/𝑚2 𝐾
Where,
Inside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) = 𝛑𝐷𝑖 𝐿 , 𝑚2
𝐷𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the heat exchanger, m

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BASED ON OUTSIDE (𝑼𝒊 ):

Heat transfer rate 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 ,W
Inside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = 𝑄𝑐 /𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , W/𝑚2 𝐾
Where,
Inside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑜(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) = 𝛑𝐷𝑜 𝐿 , 𝑚2
𝐷𝑜(𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the heat exchanger, m

EFFECTIVENESS:
ε = Actual heat transfer /Max possible heat transfer
ε = 𝑄𝐴𝑐𝑡 /𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where,
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Minimum heat capacity rate × Maximum temperature difference
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Cℎ or 𝐶𝑐 which is smaller capacity rate of 𝐶ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑐

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (PARALLEL FLOW) :

1. Start the water supply.
2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.
3.Firstly, keep the valves V2 and V3 closed and V1 and V4 opened so that
arrangement is parallel flow.
4.Switch ‘ON’ the geyser.
5.Temperature of water will start rising.
6.Wait until steady state is reached.
7.Then note down the temperature along the hot and cold water
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 58

OBSERVATION TABLE (COUNTER FLOW MODE):

S.NO HOT WATER COLD WATER
TEMPERATURE Time TEMPERATURE Time
for for
1Lit of 1Lit of
water water
INLET ℃ OUTLET ℃ 𝐭 𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐜 INLET ℃ OUTLET ℃ 𝐭 𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜

CALCULATION :
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 59

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (COUNTER FLOW) :

1. Start the water supply.
2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.
3. Firstly, keep the valves V1 and V4 closed and V2 and V3 opened so that
arrangement is counter flow.
4. Switch ‘ON’ the geyser. 5)Temperature of water will start rising.
5. Wait until steady state is reached.
6. Then note down the temperature along the hot and cold water
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 60
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 61

RESULT:

Thus the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of parallel flow heat
exchanger was determined.
Inside overall heat transfer coefficient Ui = W/m2K
Outside overall heat transfer coefficient Uo = W/m2K
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε=

Thus the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of counter flow heat
exchanger was determined.
Inside overall heat transfer coefficient Ui = W/m2K

Outside overall heat transfer coefficient Uo = W/m2K

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε =

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 62

DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:
To find Fouling factor or Correction factor
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 63

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT

TRANSFER CO- EFFICIENT AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT
EXCHANGER.
AIM:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell and
tube heat exchanger.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1. The apparatus consists of one shell pass and multiple tube in which fluid pass.
2. The hot fluid is hot water obtained from water heater.
3. The cold fluid is tap water.
4. Hot water enters the lower side of end box, flows through the tubes in lower half of
shell and comes to the other end of the shell, where it reverses its direction, flows
through tubes in upper half of the shell and leaves out.
5. Cold water enters lower part of the shell passes over the tubes between the baffles
and leaves out the shell through outlet at upper surface of shell.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Diameter of the shell, D = 208 mm
2. Thickness of the shell, t = 6 mm
3. Length of the shell and tube, L = 500 mm
4. Diameter of the tube, 𝐷1 = 13 mm
5. Diameter of the tube, 𝐷0 = 16 mm

FORMULA:
For shell and tube Heat Exchanger, Q = FUA(∆T)∗𝑙𝑚

INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE:

Heat given by hot water 𝑄ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) , W
Where,
𝑚ℎ - Hot water flow rate, kg/s
𝑚ℎ = 1/𝑡ℎ
𝑡ℎ – Time required for one litre of water, sec
𝑇ℎ𝑖 – Hot water inlet temperature, K
𝑇ℎ𝑜 – Hot water outlet temperature, K
𝑐𝑝ℎ – Specific heat of water = 4200J/kgK
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 64

OBSEVATION TABLE:

HOT WATER COLD WATER

TIME FOR TIME FOR 1Lit
S.NO TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
1Lit of WATER of WATER
INLET OUTLET 𝐭 𝐡 , sec 𝐭 𝐜 , sec
INLET ℃ OUTLET ℃
℃ ℃

CALCULATION:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 65

OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER RATE:

Heat given by cold water 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ), W
Where, 𝑚𝑐 - Cold water flow rate, kg/s
𝑚ℎ = 1/𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐 – Time required for one litre of water, sec
𝑇𝑐𝑖 – Cold water inlet temperature, K
𝑇𝑐𝑜 – Cold water outlet temperature, K
𝑐𝑝𝑐 – Specific heat of water = 4200J/kgK

LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:

∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝐹 × (𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 , K
Where,
(𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 )/𝑙𝑛(∆𝑇1 /∆𝑇2 )
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 and
F = Correction factor
For finding out correction factor, values of P and R are required
𝑹 = 𝑻𝒄𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊 /𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝑷 = 𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒉𝒐 /𝑻𝒄𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊
Find out value of F from graph using values of P and R
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U):
INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:
Heat transfer rate 𝑄ℎ = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑚 ,W
2
Inside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑄ℎ /(𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑚 ) ,W/𝑚 𝐾
Where,
2
Inside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿, 𝑚
𝐷𝑖 – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the tube, m
OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:
Heat transfer rate 𝑄𝑐 = 𝐹𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑚 ,W
2
Outside heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = 𝑄𝑐 𝐹 /(𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑚 ) ,W/𝑚 𝐾
Where,
2
Outside surface area of the tube 𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐿, 𝑚
𝐷𝑜 – Inside diameter of the tube, m
L – Length of the tube, m
EFFECTIVENESS:
ε = Actual heat transfer /Max possible heat transfer
ε = 𝑄𝐴𝑐𝑡 /𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where,𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Minimum heat capacity rate × Maximum temperature diference
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Cℎ or 𝐶𝑐 which is smaller capacity rate of 𝐶ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑐
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 66
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 67

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Start the water supply.

2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.

3. Switch ‘ON’ the geyser.

4. Temperature of water will start rising.

5. Wait until steady state is reached.

6. Then note down the temperature along the hot and cold water

RESULT:

Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell

and tube heat exchangers was determined.

Inside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = W/m2K

Outside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = W/m2K

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε =

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 68

OBSEVATION TABLE(CAPILLARY TUBE):

Total Chiller Time High Low Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator
Running Temperature taken Pressure Pressure entering leaving entering leaving
Time for 5 (psi) (psi) temperature temperature temperature temperature
(min) rev. of (𝐓𝟐 ) (𝐓𝟑 ) (𝐓𝟒 ) (𝐓𝟏 )
energy
meter
𝐓𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝐓𝟓 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 69

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE OF WATER COOLER
TEST RIG.

AIM:
To study the various parts of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle in a water cooled
test rig and conduct a performance analysis on the same.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
1) This apparatus consists of a refrigeration cycle based on the reversed carnot cycle
and vapour compression cycle.
2)The trainer consists of hermetically sealed components evaporator,condenser,
capillary tube.
3)The condenser is air cooled type for atmospheric air.
4)Evaporator is freezer type which is housed in a thermally insulated
calorimeter.
5)A temperature indicator with six-point selection switch has been provided to get
the various temperature of R134 viz compressor suction, compressor discharge
,after condenser, after expansion & water temperature.
6) Special gauges are provided for indicator a pressure.
7)An energy meter has been provided which indicates the consumption of energy of
compressor.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Rate of capacity: 5L
2. Refrigerant / weight: R134 a
3. Compressor Type: Reciprocating
4. Condenser Type: Air cooled
5. Expansion Device: Thermostatic expansion valve
6. Evaporator: Storage Type Evaporator
7. Electrical Supply: 220V | 50Hz
8. Motor efficiency: 90%

FORMULA:
1) Total Refrigerating effect Q = mCpΔT/Δt kW.
Where, m = Mass of water in kg = 40 kg
Cp = Specific heat of water =4.186 kJ/kg.
ΔT = Temperature drop in the water.
Δt = Total running time(sec)
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 70

OBSEVATION TABLE(EXPANSION VALVE):

Total Chiller Time High Low Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator
Running Temperature taken Pressure Pressure entering leaving entering leaving
Time for 5 (psi) (psi) temperature temperature temperature temperature
(min) rev. of (𝐓𝟐 ) (𝐓𝟑 ) (𝐓𝟒 ) (𝐓𝟏 )
energy
meter
𝐓𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝐓𝟓 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 71

2) Theoretical COP = [h1 - h3]/[h2 - h₁]

[Enthalpy is to be found out from the P-h diagram of R134a]
Where, h₁ = Enthalpy corresponding to Compressor inlet pressure (low
pressure) and refrigerant entering the compressor temperature at T4.
h₂ = Enthalpy corresponding to Compressor outlet Pressure (High
Pressure) and refrigerant leveling the Compressor temperature at T₁.
h4 = h3 = Enthalpy corresponding to pressure (High Pressure) and
refrigerant temperature after condensing at T3.
3) Experimental COP = Actual Refrigeration Effect/Workdone.
Actual Refrigeration effect = m CpAT/At.
Where, m = mass of water in kg.
Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.186 KJ/kg.
ΔT = Temperature drop in the water.
Δt= Total running time(sec)
mass of water, m = πr²h ×ρ , kg
Where, r-radius of chiller 105 mm
h- height of the water level in mm
p -Density of water - 1000 kg/m³.
Pressure Indication
P₁ = Pressure of the Refrigerant before the compressor.
P₂ = Pressure of the Refrigerant after the compressor.
Temperature Indication
𝑇1 = Temperature of Refrigerant before compressor.
𝑇2 = Temperature of Refrigerant after compressor.
𝑇3 = Temperature of Refrigerant before expansion device.
𝑇4 = Temperature of Refrigerant after expansion device.
𝑇5 = Temperature of Refrigerant in cooler Tank
Work done = Energy consumed by the compressor motor to be found out from the
energy meter.
Work done = (5/t) x (3600/x) x 0.9.
Where, x = Energy meter constant = 750 rev./kW-hr.
t = Time taken in sec. for 5 revolutions of energy meter reading.
Experimental COP = Total Refrigerant Effect/work done.
1) Carnot COP = TL/[TH-TL]
𝑇𝐿 = Pmin ; 𝑇𝐻 = Pmax
Where,
𝑇𝐿 = Lower temperature to be maintained in the evaporator in absolute units
𝑇𝐻 =Higher temperature to be maintained in the condenser in absolute units
2) Relative COP. = Actual COP/Theoretical COP
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 72

RESULT TABLE (CAPILLARY TUBE) :

Mass Actual Work Experimental Carnot Theoretical Relative

of Refrigeration Done COP COP COP COP
water Effect (kW) (kW)
(kg)

RESULT TABLE (EXPANSION VALVE):

Mass Actual Work Experimental Carnot Theoretical Relative

of Refrigeration Done COP COP COP COP
water Effect (kW) (kW)
(kg)
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 73

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Start the water supply.

2. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides.

3. Switch ‘ON’ the geyser.

4. Temperature of water will start rising.

5. Wait until steady state is reached.

6. Then note down the temperature along the hot and cold water

RESULT:

Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell

and tube heat exchangers was determined.

Inside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = W/m2K

Outside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = W/m2K
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε =

INFERENCE:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 74

OBSEVATION TABLE(CAPILLARY TUBE):

Total Chiller Time High Low Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator
Running Temperature taken Pressure Pressure entering leaving entering leaving
Time for 5 (psi) (psi) temperature temperature temperature temperature
(min) rev. of (𝐓𝟐 ) (𝐓𝟑 ) (𝐓𝟒 ) (𝐓𝟏 )
energy
meter
𝐓𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝐓𝟓 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 75

EX NO : DETERMINATION OF COP OF A
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING HC
AS REFRIGERANT
AIM :
To study and performance test of a vapour compression refrigeration system using
HC as refrigerant.
SPECIFICATION :
1. Rate of capacity : 170L
2. Refrigerant / weight : R600 a
3. Compressor Type : Reciprocating
4. Condenser Type : Air cooled
5. Expansion Device : Capillary tube
6. Evaporator : Plate and Tube Evaporator
7. Electrical Supply : 220V | 50Hz
FORMULA USED :
1) Total Refrigerating effect Q = mCpΔT/Δt , kW.
Where, m = Mass of water in kg.
Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg.
ΔT = Temperature drop in the water.
Δt = Total running time, sec
2) Theoretical COP = [h1 - h3]/[h2 - h₁]
[Enthalpy is to be found out from the P-h diagram of R134a]
Where, h₁ = Enthalpy corresponding to Compressor inlet pressure (low pressure)
and refrigerant entering the compressor temperature at T4.
h₂ = Enthalpy corresponding to Compressor outlet Pressure (High Pressure)
and refrigerant levelling the Compressor temperature at T₁.
h4 = h3 = Enthalpy corresponding to pressure (High Pressure) and refrigerant
temperature after condensing at T3.
3) Experimental COP = Actual Refrigeration Effect/Work done.
Actual Refrigeration effect = m 𝑐𝑝 ∆T/∆t , kW
Where, m = mass of water in kg.
𝑐𝑝 = Specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg.
ΔT = Temperature drop in the water.
Δt= Total running time, sec
mass of water, m = πr²h ×ρ , kg
Where, r-radius of chiller 105 mm
h- height of the water level in mm
ρ -Density of water - 1000 kg/m³.
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 76

OBSEVATION TABLE(EXPANSION VALVE):

Total Chiller Time High Low Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator
Running Temperature taken Pressure Pressure entering leaving entering leaving
Time for 5 (psi) (psi) temperature temperature temperature temperature
(min) rev. of (𝐓𝟐 ) (𝐓𝟑 ) (𝐓𝟒 ) (𝐓𝟏 )
energy
meter
𝐓𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝐓𝟓 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 77

Pressure Indication
P₁ = Pressure of the Refrigerant before the compressor.
P₂ = Pressure of the Refrigerant after the compressor.
Temperature Indication
𝑇1 = Temperature of Refrigerant before compressor.
𝑇2 = Temperature of Refrigerant after compressor.
𝑇3 = Temperature of Refrigerant before expansion device.
𝑇4 = Temperature of Refrigerant after expansion device.
𝑇5 = Temperature of Refrigerant in cooler Tank
Work done = Energy consumed by the compressor motor to be found out from the
energy meter.
Work done = (5/t) x (3600/x) x 0.9.
Where, x = Energy meter constant = 750 rev./kW-hr.
t = Time taken in sec. for 5 revolutions of energy meter reading.
4) Carnot COP = 𝐓𝐋 /[𝐓𝐇 -𝐓𝐋 ]
𝑇𝐿 = 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑇𝐻 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where, 𝑇𝐿 = Lower temperature to be maintained in the evaporator in absolute
units
𝑇𝐻 =Higher temperature to be maintained in the condenser in absolute units
5) Relative COP. = Actual COP/Theoretical COP

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
REFRIGERANT : R600 a (HC)
➢ First, Open the any one valve if Capillary tube or expansion valve.
➢ Switch on the main.
➢ Now note down the chiller Initial Temperature (T5i )
➢ Switch on the fan, motor and then compressor motor.
➢ Allow the plant to run to reach steady conditions. Take readings after 30min to
know the steady state.
➢ Observe the readings in compressor motor energy meter, pressure gauges and
temperature indicator and record it in a tabular form.
➢ Switch off the plant after experiment is over by switching off the compressor
motor.
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 78

RESULT TABLE (CAPILLARY TUBE) :

Mass Actual Work Experimental Carnot Theoretical Relative

of Refrigeration Done COP COP COP COP
water Effect (kW) (kW)
(kg)

RESULT TABLE (EXPANSION VALVE):

Mass Actual Work Experimental Carnot Theoretical Relative

of Refrigeration Done COP COP COP COP
water Effect (kW) (kW)
(kg)
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 79

MODEL CALCULATION:
Mass of the Water = πr²h ×ρ ,kg
Actual Refrigeration Effect = m𝐶𝑝 ΔT/Δt ,kW
Work done = (5/t)x (3600/x) x 0.9 ,kW
Experimental COP = Actual Refrigeration Effect / Work done
Carnot COP = 𝑇𝐿 /[𝑇𝐻 -𝑇𝐿 ]
Theoretical COP = [h1 - h3 ] / [h2 - h1 ]
Relative COP = Actual COP / Carnot COP

RESULT:

Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of shell and tube
heat exchangers was determined.

Inside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 = W/m2K

Outside overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜 = W/m2K
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ε =

INFERENCE:
Time Temperature (˚C) Pressure (PSIG) Psychrometer reading (˚C) Air velocity Energy
(˚C) meter
reading for
10 rev.
Supply air Room air Outdoor Supply air (sec)
air
(t)
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4 P1 P2 P3 P4 𝑡𝑑2 𝑡𝑤2 𝑡𝑑1 𝑡𝑤1 𝑡𝑑3 𝑡𝑤3 V
OBSERVATION TABLE :

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 80
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 81

EX NO :
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
WINDOW-AIR CONDITIONER
AIM :
To study the various component & its working principle and to conduct the
performance test on window air conditioner.
SPECIFICATION :
1. Cooling capacity : 12000 KJ/hr
2. Refrigerant / weight : R22
3. Compressor Type : Reciprocating
4. Condenser Type : Air cooled
5. Expansion Device : Thermostatic Expansion Valve
6. Evaporator : Fin and Tube Type Evaporator
7. Electrical Supply : 220V | 50Hz
8. Motor efficiency : 90%

PROCEDURE :
1) The Air Conditioned room should be kept closed before starting the experiment.
2) Switch ON the main in the control panel.
3) Keep the cooling fan switch in fan position and then start the unit.
4) Keep the cooling fan switch according to the required condition.
5) Keep the thermostat position according to the required position.
6) Take the pressure and temperature readings for every 10 min.
Where,
T1 = Temperature before compressor
T2 = Temperature after compressor
T3 = Temperature before expansion device
T4 = Temperature after expansion device
Temperature of point (1-4) have been taken using temperature indicator
P1 = Pressure before compression
P2 = Pressure after compression
P3 = Pressure before expansion
P4 = Pressure after expansion
The pressure (1-4) have been taken using pressure gauge.
7) The dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of supply of air, room air and outside
air using a sling Psychrometer.
8) Take down the voltmeter and Ammeter reading.
9) Measure the air velocities of supply air grill and return grill using anemometer
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 82

RESULT TABULATION :

C.O.P.
Capacity
SI. No.
𝐑 𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐓𝐑
Carnot Actual Theoretical

CALCULATION:
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 83

10) Continue the observations upto one hour till the steady state condition is
reached.

SPECIMEN CALCULATION :
1) Enthalpy of room air (ha1 ) kJ/kg (from psychometric chart)
Enthalpy of air, ha1
2) Enthalpy of cooling coil outlet (ha2 ) kJ/kg (from psychometric chart)
Enthalpy of cooling outlet air, ha2
(ha1 & ha2 values are taken from psychometric chart corresponding to 𝑡𝑑1 &
t 𝑤1 of room air and supply air respectively.
3) Volume flow rate of air (Va ) , 𝑚3 /𝑠
Velocity of air at grill × area of the grill.
Area of the grill (A) = b × h , 𝑚2
= 16×27 𝑐𝑚2
16 27
=( × )
100 100
2
= 0.0432 𝑚
𝑣 +𝑣 +𝑣
Average velocity of air at the grill (v) = 1 2 3 , m/s
3

4) Mass flow rate of air through coil (ma )

𝑣𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝑎 = = , kg/s
𝜗𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝜗𝑎 corr. to 𝑡𝑑2 and 𝑡𝑤2 (supply air) from psychrometric

chart.

5) Capacity of the plant (C)

𝑅𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑅
C=
(𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

1 TR = 3.5 kg
𝑅𝑛
C= , TR
3.5

6) Net Refrigeration Effect (𝑅𝑛 ) :

𝑅𝑛 = ṁ𝑎 (∆h)𝑎
= ṁ𝑎 (ℎ𝑎1 − ℎ𝑎2 ) , kJ/s
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 84
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 85

7) Input to the Compressor (𝑊𝑐 ):

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑑

= , kW
𝐸𝑀𝐶×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐

(Energy meter constant(EMC) = 600 rev/kW-hr)

10×3600
= , Kw
600×𝑡
8) Experiment C.O.P. of Refrigerant unit
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃.𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑅
= 𝑛
𝑊𝑐

9) Theoretical C.O.P. :

ℎ𝑟1 −ℎ𝑟2
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃.𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 =
ℎ𝑟2 −ℎ𝑟1
Where ℎ𝑟1 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃1 and 𝑡1 , (kJ/kg)
ℎ𝑟2 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃2 and 𝑡2 , (kJ/kg)
ℎ𝑟3 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃3 and 𝑡3 , (kJ/kg)

10) Carnot C.O.P.

𝑇𝐿
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃.𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿
𝑇𝐿 = Average of 𝑃1 & 𝑃4 (in bar) and find corresponding saturation temperature
from p-h chart
∴ 𝑇𝐿 =___________

𝑇𝐻 = Average of 𝑃2 & 𝑃3 (in bar) and find corresponding saturation temperature

from p-h chart

∴ 𝑇𝐻 = ______________
Carnot C.O.P. =
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 86
 H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b o r a t o r y | 87

RESULT :

Thus the various components of window air conditioning were studied and
performance test was conducted and COP’s were found.

INFERENCE:
H e a t a n d M a s s T r a n s f e r L a b M a n u a l | 88