Professional Documents
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Kelompok 1 - CJR Ak - Forensik
Kelompok 1 - CJR Ak - Forensik
Kelompok 1 - CJR Ak - Forensik
By:
Group 1St
Lecturer:
Subject:
FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
PREFACE
Thanks to God for helping us and giving us chance to finish this assighment timely. And I
would like to say thank you to Mrs. ANGGRIYANI, SE., M.Si., Ak., CA as the lecturer that
always teaches us and give much knowledge about forensic accounting.
Critical Journal Review was created to fulfill the tasks given by the lecturer and to increase
knowledge about forensic accounting
We realize that this Critical Journal Review is still far from perfect. Therefore, we expect
constructive criticism and suggestions for the improvement of this assignment.
Group 1
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................ i
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 10
APPENDICES
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Often we feel confused when choosing a reference journal for us to read and
understand. Sometimes we choose one journal, but we are not able to absorb the knowledge
due to language incompatibility, lack of material and other things. For example, in terms of
language analysis, less thorough discussion and writing errors. Therefore, the author made
this Critical Journal Review easier for readers to choose journals as references, especially on
the subject of Forensic Accounting and Investigation Audit.
Critical Journal Review (critical journal review) was created as a scientific reference
which is useful to add insight to the author and the reader in knowing advantages and
disadvantages of a journal, are taken into consideration, and also complete one of the
assignments for the forensic accounting course.
1. Helping readers to know the general description and assessment and a journal or other
scientific writings in a nutshell.
2. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the criticized journal.
3. Knowing the background and reasons for the journal was created.
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1.4 Formulation of the problem
The formulation of the problem in writing this Critical Journal Review are:
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
Research purposes The purpose of this study was to analyze the disclosure of fraud by
using the application of forensic accounting and investigative
auditing.
Research subject The research subject is a business company taken from online
media
Research methodology This research was conducted on Media Reports and Civil Registry
for 6 (six) months starting from January 2018 to June 2018. This
research was conducted using analytical methods with forensic
accounting and investigative auditing, the research method used
was a qualitative method. Qualitative methods are methods that
focus on in-depth observations. Therefore, the use of qualitative
methods in research can result in a more comprehensive study of a
phenomenon.
Assesment Data The data used is secondary data, in this case the analysis used is
comparative. In analyzing the data collection techniques used, all
documents related to fraud were used. This study uses data taken in
online media to analyze fraud disclosure by using forensic
accounting and investigative auditing.
Research Step The steps of the research carried out in this journal are compiling a
research design, determining the location and subject of the study,
collecting data, and analyzing data, then presenting the data and
making closing and drawing conclusions.
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forensic accounting is a combination of accounting, auditing, and
investigative abilities that produce a specialty called forensic
accounting. The uniqueness of forensic accounting itself is that this
method has a different frame of mind from auditing financial
statements. Financial statement audits are more procedural and less
effective in detecting fraud, while forensic accounting is more
effective in detecting fraud because the process sometimes relies
more on intuition and deductive reasoning. Observations show that
forensic accounting analyzes problems in terms of accounting, so
that it is analyzed with detailed, systematic and periodic accounting
knowledge, a case or problem will be analyzed with precise
calculations as in a case, namely the e-ID card case analyzed, with
a forensic accountant. tasked with providing legal opinions in court
(litigation).
Investigative Audit
According to Herlambang (2011) investigative audit is a form of
audit or examination that aims to identify and reveal fraud or crime
by using approaches, procedures or techniques that are generally
used in an investigation or investigation of a crime. A form of audit
or examination that aims to identify and reveal fraud or crime by
using approaches, procedures and techniques that are generally
used in an investigation or investigation of a crime. Since the
purpose of an investigative audit is to identify and uncover fraud or
crime, the approaches, procedures and techniques used in
investigative audits are relatively different from those used in
financial audits, performance audits or other specific purpose
audits. In an investigative audit, an auditor begins an audit with a
presumption/indication of the possibility of fraud and crimes that
will be identified and revealed through the audit to be carried out.
These conditions, for example, will affect who will be interviewed
first or what documents must be collected first. In addition, in an
investigative audit, if authorized, the auditor may use procedures
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and techniques commonly used in criminal investigations and
investigations, such as reconnaissance and search.
Fraud Disclosure
Fraud or what is often known as fraud is something that is now
widely discussed in Indonesia. The definition of fraud itself is a
fraud that is intentionally carried out, which causes losses to other
parties and provides benefits for the perpetrators of fraud and or
their groups, Meanwhile Albrecht defines fraud as a representation
of material facts that are false and intentionally or careless so that
they are believed and acted upon by the victim and damage the
victim. In the original language, fraud includes various acts against
the law. In accounting, there are two types of errors, namely errors
and fraud. The difference between these two types of errors is only
distinguished by a very thin gap, namely the presence or absence of
an element of intent. The standard also recognizes that often
detecting fraud is more difficult than error because management or
employees will try to hide the fraud. "Fraud is a fraudulent act,
which is carried out in such a way, so that it benefits oneself / a
group or harms other parties (individuals, companies or
institutions)." Fraud can occur in a profession, for example the
accounting profession. An accountant who commits fraud in
accounting procedures will result in the resulting accounting
information being useless for those who need it. Because an
accounting information generated from the accounting process of
an entity is very important, where this information becomes a
consideration for the program or policy of the entity to achieve its
objectives. For example, fraud in financial reporting, accounting
errors can cause material misstatements in financial reporting. In
addition, fraud in financial statements may involve acts such as
manipulation, falsification or alteration of accounting records or
supporting documents that are the source of data for the
presentation of financial statements, misrepresentations in or
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omission from financial statements of significant events,
transactions, or information.
Fraud
Pressure (Unshareable pressure / incentive). Is a person's
motivation to commit fraud. Motivations for committing fraud
include economic motivation, emotional reasons (envy/jealousy,
revenge, power, prestige), values and anything else because of
greed. According to SAS no. 99, there are four types of conditions
that commonly occur in pressure that can lead to fraud. These
conditions are financial stability, external pressure, personal
financial need, and financial targets. There is an opportunity
(Perceived Opportunity). That is a condition or situation that allows
someone to do or cover up a dishonest act. Usually this can happen
due to weak internal control of the company, lack of supervision,
and/or abuse of authority. Among the 3 elements of the fraud
triangle, opportunity is the most likely element to be minimized
through the implementation of processes, procedures, and controls
and early detection of fraud. Techniques for Detecting Fraudulent
Financial Statements Management and Directors Management is
almost always involved when fraud on financial statements occurs.
Like embezzlement and fraud, financial statement fraud is usually
perpetrated by the highest-ranking individual in the organization,
and most often on behalf of the organization. Because management
is usually involved, management and directors should be
investigated to determine their exposure and motivation when
committing fraud. In detecting financial statement fraud, gaining an
understanding of management and what motivates them is at least
as important as understanding financial statements. Based on the
description above, it can be seen that fraud is a general term, and
includes all means with various ingenuity that can be devised by
humans, which are forced to be carried out by one individual, to
gain an advantage over the other party by false statements. There is
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no definite and unchanging rule that can be laid down as a general
proportion in defining fraud, as it includes surprise, deception,
cunning and unfair ways in which the other party is deceived. This
can be triggered by several factors including pressure, opportunity,
and rationalization. These factors are what make fraud rampant in
all aspects, not closing the possibility in the accounting field.
Therefore, it is proper that acts of fraud must be prevented by
anyone. As for the techniques for detecting a fraud, it can help
those who deal with fraud.
Conclusion Investigative audit, A form of audit or examination that aims to
identify and reveal fraud or crime by using approaches, procedures
and techniques that are generally used in an investigation or
investigation of a crime. Since the purpose of an investigative audit
is to identify and uncover fraud or crime, the approaches,
procedures and techniques used in investigative audits are
relatively different from those used in financial audits, performance
audits or other specific purpose audits. Fraud is the process of
creating, adapting, imitating or objects, statistics, or documents,
with the intent to deceive. But we can prevent fraud and we can
avoid fraud is very detrimental to various parties because it can
destroy government and business. Fraud in the form of corruption
has a broader destructive power. Basically, the scope of forensic
accounting is fraud in a broad sense.
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2.2 Journal Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• Abstracts and keywords displayed are in accordance with the title and are clear in
providing problem points to be discussed in the research and the order in which the
research is carried out and displayed in the journal is good and orderly.
• The advantage of the journal lies in the material which is quite complete and not
complicated.
• Research uses good methods and appropriate analysis in processing information, namely
qualitative methods
• The author can develop a few points that are small but important enough to be studied.
• In terms of language, this journal is easy to understand. Has a discussion on Forensic
Accounting and Investigative Auditing in Fraud Disclosure
Disadvantages:
• There are letters that are too small in this journal, so it is not difficult for readers to read
the journal.
• Journal display is less attractive, writing is too small and few spaces.
• There are some spelling mistakes
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CHAPTER III
3.1 Conclusion
Forensic accountants are tasked with providing legal opinions in litigation. Besides
that, there is also the role of forensic accountants in the field of law outside the court (non-
itigation) for example in helping to formulate alternative settlement cases in disputes,
formulation of compensation calculations and efforts to calculate the impact of termination /
breach of contract. Investative audit, a form of audit or examination that aims to identify and
uncover fraud or crime by using approaches, procedures and techniques commonly used in an
investigation or investigation into a crime.
3.2 Recomendations
The advice I can give as a review journal writer to journal writers is: that this journal
research can be developed again. including adding variables other methods or methods used
that were not included in this study.
I realize that the Critical Journal Review that I made is still far from complete perfect,
it is hoped that the reader can provide criticism and suggestions that are building, so that I can
improve my abilities to be even better.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anggraini, D., Triharyati, E., & Novita, H. (2019). Akuntansi Forensik dan Audit Investigatif
dalam Pengungkapan Fraud. COSTING : Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting,
2(2), 372-380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v2i2.708
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COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting
Volume 2 Nomor 2, Juni 2019
e-ISSN : 2597-5234
https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v2i2.708
ABSTRAK
Akuntan forensik bertugas memberikan pendapat hukum dalam pengadilan (litigation). Disamping
itu, ada juga peran akuntan forensik dalam bidang hukum diluar pengadilan (non itigation) misalnya
dalam membantu merumuskan alternatif penyelesaian perkara dalam sengketa, perumusan
perhitungan ganti rugi dan upaya menghitung dampak pemutusan / pelanggaran kontrak. Audit
investigative, Suatu bentuk audit atau pemeriksaan yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan
mengungkap kecurangan atau kejahatan dengan menggunakan pendekatan, prosedur dan teknik-
teknik yang umumnya digunakan dalam suatu penyelidikan atau penyidikan dalam suatu kejahatan.
Karena tujuan audit investigasi adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengungkap kecurangan atau
kejahatan, maka pendekatan, prosedur dan teknik yang digunakan di dalam audit investigatif relatif
berbeda dengan pendekatan, prosedur dan teknik yang digunakan di dalam audit keuangan, audit
kinerja atau audit dengan tujuan tertentu lainnya. Dalam audit investigatif, seorang auditor memulai
suatu audit dengan praduga/ indikasi akan adanya kemungkinan kecurangan dan kejahatan yang
akan diidentifikasi dan diungkap melalui audit yang akan dilaksanakan. Kondisi tersebut, misalnya,
akan mempengaruhi siapa yang akan diwawancarai terlebih dahulu atau dokumen apa yang harus
dikumpulkan terlebih dahulu. Selain itu, dalam audit investigatif, jika memiliki kewenangan,
auditor dapat menggunakan prosedur dan teknik yang umumnya digunakan dalam proses
penyelidikan dan penyidikan kejahatan, seperti pengintaian dan penggeledahan. Fraud adalah proses
pembuatan, beradaptasi, meniru atau benda, statistik, atau dokumen-dokumen , dengan maksud
untuk menipu. Tetapi fraud bisa kita cegah dan bisa kita hindari fraud sangat merugikan berbagai
pihak karena dapat menghancurkan pemerintahan maupun bisnis. Fraud berupa korupsi lebih luas
daya penghancurnya.Pada dasarnya cakupan akuntansi forensik adalah fraud dalam arti yang luas.
Kata Kunci : Akuntansi Forensik, Audit Investigatif dan Fraud
ABSTRACT
Forensic accountants are tasked with providing legal opinions in litigation. Besides that, there is
also the role of forensic accountants in the field of law outside the court (non-itigation) for example
in helping to formulate alternative settlement cases in disputes, formulation of compensation
calculations and efforts to calculate the impact of termination / breach of contract. Investative
audit, a form of audit or examination that aims to identify and uncover fraud or crime by using
approaches, procedures and techniques commonly used in an investigation or investigation into a
crime. Because the purpose of an investigative audit is to identify and disclose fraud or crime, the
approaches, procedures and techniques used in investigative audits are relatively different from the
approaches, procedures and techniques used in financial audits, performance audits or audits with
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2019. COSTING:Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting 2 (2):372-380
other specific objectives. In an investigative audit, an auditor initiates an audit with presumptions /
indications of possible fraud and crimes that will be identified and revealed through the audit to be
carried out. Such conditions, for example, will affect who will be interviewed in advance or what
documents must be collected first. In addition, in an investigative audit, if it has authority, the
auditor can use procedures and techniques commonly used in the investigation and investigation of
crimes, such as surveillance and searches. Fraud is the process of making, adapting, imitating or
objects, statistics, or documents, with the intent to cheat. But we can prevent fraud and we can
avoid fraud is very detrimental to various parties because it can destroy government and business.
Fraud is in the form of corruption in its wider destructive power. Basically the scope of forensic
accounting is fraud in the broadest sense.
Keywords: Forensic Accounting, Investigative Audit and Fraud
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2019. COSTING:Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting 2 (2):372-380
disiplin akuntansi dalam arti luas, standar dan potensi hasil yang umumnya
termasuk auditing pada masalah hukum akuntan forensik harus bekerja. Akuntan
untuk penyelesaian hukum di dalam atau forensik, juga disebut sebagai auditor
di luar pengadilan (Tuanakotta, 2009). forensik atau auditor investigasi,
Akuntansi forensik dahulu digunakan seringkali harus memberikan bukti ahli
untuk pembagian warisan atau pada sidang akhirnya.
mengungkap kasus pembunuhan. Hal ini Bolgna dan Lindquist (1987)
yang menjadi dasar pemakaian istilah mendefinisikan akuntansi forensik
akuntansi dan bukan audit. Secara tegas sebagai aplikasi dari keterampilan
yang membedakan antara keduanya, finansial dan investigatif mentalitas untuk
misalnya dalam tindak pidana korupsi memecahkan permasalahan dari isu-isu,
menghitung besarnya kerugian keuangan sesuai dengan konteks aturan dalam suatu
negara masuk ke wilayah akuntansi. upaya pembuktian. Sedangkan, menurut
Kumalahadi (2009) akuntansi forensik
METODE PENELITIAN merupakan perpaduan
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada antaraaccounting, auditing, dan
Laporan Media dan Catatan Sipil selama kemampuan investigasi yang
6 (enam) bulan terhitung dari bulan menghasilkan kekhususan yang
Januari 2018 sampai dengan bulan Juni disebut forensik accounting. Keunikan
2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dari akuntansi forensik ini sendiri adalah
metode analisa dengan akuntansi forensik metode ini memiliki kerangka berpikir
dan audit investigative, metode penelitian yang berbeda dari audit laporan
yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, keuangan. Audit laporan keuangan lebih
dengan data yang digunakan adalah data berprosedur dan kurang efektif dalam
sekunder, dalam hal ini analisa yang mendeteksi kecurangan sedangkan
digunakan yaitu secara komperatif. akuntansi forensik lebih efektif digunakan
Dalam menganalisa Teknik pengumpulan dalam mendeteksi kecurangan karena dari
data yang digunakan menggunakan prosesnya metode ini terkadang lebih
dokumen semua yang berkaitan mengenai mengandalkan intuisi dan deduktif.
fraud. Penelitian ini dengan data yang Pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa
diambil di media online untuk akuntansi forensic bahwa menganalisa
menganalisa pengungkapan fraud dengan permasalahan dalam sisi akuntansi,
menggunakan penerapan akuntansi sehingga dianalisa dengan ilmu akuntansi
forensik dan audit investigatif. yang detail, sistematis dan periodic maka
suatu kasus atau masalah akan dinalisa
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dengan perhitungan yang tepat seperti
Akutansi Forensik dalam suatu kasus, yaitu kasus e-ktp yang
Menurut Harvarindo (2012) dianlisa, dengan akuntan forensik
akuntansi forensik adalah praktik khusus bertugas memberikan pendapat hukum
bidang akuntansi yang menggambarkan dalam pengadilan (litigation). Disamping
keterlibatan yang dihasilkan dari itu, ada juga peran akuntan forensik
perselisihan aktual atau yang diantisipasi dalam bidang hukum diluar pengadilan
atau litigasi. "Forensik" berarti "yang (non itigation) misalnya dalam membantu
cocok untuk digunakan dalam pengadilan merumuskan alternatif penyelesaian
hukum", dan itu adalah untuk yang perkara dalam sengketa, perumusan
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2019. COSTING:Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting 2 (2):372-380
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2019. COSTING:Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting 2 (2):372-380
atau kebijakan entiti tersebut untuk perhitungan ganti rugi dan upaya
mencapai tujuannya. Contohnya menghitung dampak pemutusan /
kecurangan dalam pelaporan keuangan, pelanggaran kontrak.
kesalahan pencatatan akuntansi dapat Akuntansi forensik dibagi ke
menyebabkan salah saji material pada dalam dua bagian: jasa penyelidikan
pelaporan keuangan. (investigative services) dan jasa litigasi
Salah saji material pada pelaporan (litigation services). Jasa Penyelidikan
keuangan mengacu pada pengertian mengarahkan pemeriksa penipuan atau
bahwa keputusan pengguna laporan auditor penipuan, yang mana mereka
keuangan akan terpengaruh/terkecoh oleh menguasai pengetahuan tentang akuntansi
ketidakakuratan informasi yang terjadi mendeteksi, mencegah, dan
karena salah saji tersebut. Secara umum mengendalikan penipuan, dan
salah saji material dapat dikategorikan misinterpretasi. Jasa litigasi
menjadi dua, yaitu kualitatif dan merepresentasikan kesaksian dari seorang
kuantitatif. Contoh salah saji yang pemeriksa penipuan dan jasa-jasa
kategori pertama adalah kesalahan akuntansi forensik yang ditawarkan untuk
pengelompokan rekening di pelaporan memecahkan isu-isu valuasi, seperti yang
keuangan. Semisal pinjaman dari bank dialami dalam kasus perceraian.
yang berumur kurang dari 1 tahun Sehingga, tim audit harus menjalani
(current) dilaporkan di rekening pinjaman pelatihan dan diberitahu tentang
jangka panjang (non-current). Efek dari pentingnya prosedur akuntansi forensik di
kesalahan ini bisa berakibat pada tidak dalam praktek audit dan kebutuhan akan
akuratnya perhitungan rasio lancar adanya spesialis forensik untuk
(current ratio) dan perbandingan hutang membantu memecahkan masalah
pada modal (debt to equity ratio).Selain Audit Investigatif
itu kecurangan dalam laporan keuangan Suatu bentuk audit atau
dapat menyangkut tindakan seperti pemeriksaan yang bertujuan untuk
manipulasi, pemalsuan atau perubahan mengidentifikasi dan mengungkap
catatan akuntansi atau dokumen kecurangan atau kejahatan dengan
pendukungnya yang menjadi sumber data menggunakan pendekatan, prosedur dan
bagi penyajian laporan keuangan, teknik-teknik yang umumnya digunakan
representasi yang salah dalam atau dalam suatu penyelidikan atau penyidikan
penghilangan dari laporan keuangan terhadap suatu kejahatan. Karena tujuan
peristiwa, transaksi, atau informasi audit investigasi adalah untuk
signifikan mengidentifikasi dan mengungkap
kecurangan atau kejahatan, maka
Akutansi Forensik pendekatan, prosedur dan teknik yang
Akuntan forensik bertugas digunakan di dalam audit investigatif
memberikan pendapat hukum dalam relatif berbeda dengan pendekatan,
pengadilan (litigation). Disamping itu, prosedur dan teknik yang digunakan di
ada juga peran akuntan forensik dalam dalam audit keuangan, audit kinerja atau
bidang hukum diluar pengadilan (non audit dengan tujuan tertentu lainnya.
itigation) misalnya dalam membantu Dalam audit investigatif, seorang auditor
merumuskan alternatif penyelesaian memulai suatu audit dengan praduga/
perkara dalam sengketa, perumusan indikasi akan adanya kemungkinan
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kecurangan dan kejahatan yang akan yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal yang akan
diidentifikasi dan diungkap melalui audit diaudit. Secara khusus, auditor yang akan
yang akan dilaksanakan. Kondisi tersebut, melaksanakan audit investigatif juga
misalnya, akan mempengaruhi siapa yang harus mempunyai pemahaman yang
akan diwawancarai terlebih dahulu atau cukup tentang ketentuan-ketentuan
dokumen apa yang harus dikumpulkan hukum yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal
terlebih dahulu. Selain itu, dalam audit yang akan diaudit maupun ketentuan-
investigatif, jika memiliki kewenangan, ketentuan hukum yang berkaitan dengan
auditor dapat menggunakan prosedur dan pengungkapan kejahatan misalnya Kitab
teknik yang umumnya digunakan dalam Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana
proses penyelidikan dan penyidikan atau KUHAP.
kejahatan seperti pengintaian dan Fraud
penggeledahan. Tekanan (Unshareable pressure/
Audit investigatif terhadap incentive). Merupakan motivasi seseorang
indikasi korupsi bisa dilaksanakan oleh untuk melakukan fraud. Motivasi
auditor di lembaga negara dan lembaga melakukan fraud, antara lain motivasi
pemerintah serta auditor di lembaga non- ekonomi, alasan emosional (iri/cemburu,
pemerintah. Pelaksanaan audit investigatif balas dendam, kekuasaan, gengsi), nilai
di lembaga negara dan lembaga (values) dan apa pula karena dorongan
pemerintah terikat kepada ketentuan yang keserakahan. Menurut SAS no. 99,
terdapat di dalam Standar Pemeriksaan terdapat empat jenis kondisi yang umum
Keuangan Negara atau SPKN. Sementara terjadi pada pressure yang dapat
itu, pelaksanaan audit investigatif oleh mengakibatkan kecurangan. Kondisi
auditor di lembaga non-pemerintah dapat tersebut adalah financial stability,
mengacu kepada standar pemeriksaan external pressure, personal financial
yang dikeluarkan oleh lembaga yang need, dan financial targets.
memiliki otoritas untuk mengeluarkan Adanya kesempatan / peluang
standar seperti itu, di Indonesia misalnya (Perceived Opportunity). Yaitu kondisi
Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia atau atau situasi yang memungkinkan
standar pemeriksaan yang lain tergantung seseorang melakukan atau menutupi
kepada keterikatan antara auditor dengan tindakan tidak jujur. Biasanya hal ini
pemberi mandat audit. dapat terjadi karena adanya internal
Kualifikasi Auditor Audit control perusahaan yang lemah kurangnya
investigatif seharusnya dilaksanakan oleh pengawasan, dan/atau penyalahgunaan
orang-orang yang mempunyai wewenang. Di antara 3 elemen fraud
pengalaman dan keahlian dalam triangle, opportunity merupakan elemen
melaksanakan audit investigatif. Auditor yang paling memungkinkan untuk
yang belum memiliki pengalaman dan diminimalisir melalui penerapan proses,
keahlian harus mendapat bimbingan dari prosedur, dan control dan upaya deteksi
auditor lain yang memiliki pengalaman dini terhadap fraud.
dan keahlian audit investigatif. Auditor Rasionalisasi (Rationalization).
investigatif juga perlu mempunyai Merupakan elemen penting dalam
pemahaman yang cukup tentang hal-hal terjadinya fraud, dimana pelaku mencari
yang akan diaudit terutama menyangkut pembenaran sebelum melakukan
peraturan yang berlaku serta proses bisnis kejahatan, bukan sesudah melakukan
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