Momentum: Jumlah Momentum Adalah Sentiasa Malar Jika Tiada Daya Luar Yang Terlibat

Seminar Zen Physics for SPM 2021 with Cikgu Heery
1. MOMENTUM
1. Definisi momentum:
Hasil darab jisim dan halaju.

* Semua objek yang bergerak mempunyai momentum:
momentum =mxv
= 50kg x 5ms-1
= 250 kgms-1
2. Prinsip Meabadian Momentum:
Jumlah momentum adalah sentiasa malar jika tiada

daya luar yang terlibat.
3. Keabadian momentum dalam perlanggaran antara dua objek:
PERLANGGARAN KENYAL PERLANGGARAN TIDAK KENYAL
Jumlah momentum = Jumlah momentum

sebelum perlanggaran selepas perlanggaran
1
mu + mu = mv + mv mu + mu = (m + m) v
4. Pemuliharaan momentum dalam letupan:
J.momentum = J.momentum
sebelum letupan selepas letupan
0 = mv + mv
-mv = mv
5. Contoh letupan:
1. MOMENTUM
1. Definition of momentum:
Product of mass and velocity.

*All moving objects have momentum:
His momentum = m x v
= 50kg x 5ms-1
= 250 kgms-1
2. The POCOM (Principles of Conservation of Momentum)
2
Total momentum is always constant if no external

force involved in the system.
3. Conservation of momentum in collision between two objects:
ELASTIC COLLISION INELASTIC COLLISION
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
mu + mu = mv + mv mu + mu = (m + m)v
4. Conservation of momentum in explosion:
T.momentum = T.momentum
before explosion after explosion
0 = mv + mv
-mv = mv
5. Examples of explosion:
3
2. Application of Resultant Force – Lift & Pulley

System
1. Lift:
Calculate the lift acceleration upwards, a:

F – F = ma
R – W = ma
4
800 – (70kg x 9.81) = 70a

a = 1.62ms-2
2. Pulley system – has 2 different resultant forces, but with similar rope
tension, T:
For 10kg object: For 30kg object:
F – F = ma F – F = ma
T – Fr = 10a W – T = 30a
3. Force Resolution – 1 Force & 2 Forces
1. One original force – split the force (100N) into vertical force (Fy) dan horizontal
force (Fx).
Fx = 100 x cos 30 ° = 86.6N
Fy 100 x sin 30 ° = 50N
5
Question example:
Calculate horizontal force X:
X = 30N cos 10
= 30 x 0.985
= 29.5N
2. Splitting of two forces:
Total of horizontal forces to the right = Fx + Fx

Fx 10 x cos30 ° = 8.67N So,
Fx 12 x cos20 ° = Fx + Fx = 8.67 + 11.28

11.28N
= 19.95N
4. Application of Force Resolution – Inclined

Plane
6
Important Points:
1. The original force is the object weight = W = mg
2. W is split into Fx & Fy
3. Use F – F = ma
So, W sin30 – Fr = ma
4. W cos30 = R (because object is not moving vertically)
5. F is the force to hold the object. To find F, use formula:
F cos 30 = W sin 30
(no need to think, just know it :-D)
7
5. Force Resolution App. – Hanging Object

Aplikasi Leraian Daya – Objek Tergantung
Question/ soalan:
Solution/ Penyelesaian
Calculate T1 & T2
Kira T1 & T2 Split T2 into Fy & Fx/
Leraikan T2 kpd Fy & Fx
So/ maka,
100 = T2 sin30°
T2 = 200N
Fx = T1
So/ maka, Fx = T2 cos30°

= 200 X 0.87
T1 = 174N
8
6. PRINSIP PASCAL
1. Penerangan:
Dalam sistem bendalir tertutup, tekanan diagihkan sama

rata kepada semua bahagian bendalir.
2. Aplikasi - Sistem hidraulik:
Untuk
Tekanan A = tekanan B mengangkat
beban yg
Daya kecil Daya A = Daya B besar!
digunakan... Luas A Luas B
6N = 3000N
2m2 1000m2
1P = 1P
Force modifier = Luas B/ Luas A

= 1000m2 / 2m2
= 500
9
The force is multiplied 500 times at the car!
3. Aplikasi 2 – Sistem Brek Hidraulik:
Ciri-Ciri Penjelasan
Minyak sebagai Tidak mudah
cecair brek. dimampatkan.
Lapisan brek tebal. Untuk menahan daya

yang besar pada
brek.
Luas kecil pada

silinder induk. Daya kecil pada
silinder induk
Luas besar pada menjana daya besar
silinder roda. pada silinder roda.
Roda depan - Guna Cakera brek lebih

brek cakera. cekap daripada drum
brek (melesapkan
Roda belakang – haba lebih banyak
Gunak brek dram. daripada brek dram.)
7. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)/ DAYA

GERAK ELEKTRIK (DGE)
1. What is emf?/ Apa itu dge?
Complete circuit = dry

cell + conductor circuit
Litar lengkap = sel
kering + litar
konduktor
10
Energy/work used to move 1C of total charges in a complete circuit

Tenaga/ kerja digunakan utk menggerakkan 1C cas dalam litar lengkap
2. Let’s compare potential difference and emf/ Jom bezakan beza keupayaan dan
dge:
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE EMF
Use energy to move 1C between 2 Use energy to move 1C in complete

points in conductor circuit
Symbol = V Symbol = Ɛ
*so, PD is a part of EMF/ maka, BK ialah sebahagian drpd DGE
3. Eksperiment to find out emf/ eksperiment utk mengira dge:
- adjust rheostat until ammeter reading zero / bulb turns off

- now, voltmeter reading shows the emf
11
- selaraskan reostat hingga bacaan ammeter jadi sifar/ lampu padam
- sekarang, bacaan voltmeter menunjukkan dge
4. Graph:
Information from the graph/ maklumat daripada graf:

a. Graph shows linear form with negative gradient
Graf menunjukkan corak linear dengan kecerunan negatif
b. y-intercept shows the emf, Ɛ (highest voltage possible)

pintasan-y menunjukkan dge, Ɛ (nilai voltan paling tinggi)
c. Gradient = y/x = V/I = r = internal resistance

Kecerunan = y/x = V/I = r = rintangan dalam
r = resistance in the dry cell circuit

r= rintangan dalam litar sel kering
d. We can arrange the variables to find out the formula of emf

Kita boleh susun pembolehubah utk mendapatkan formula dge:
Use linear graph formula, y = mx + c

y = y axis m = gradient x = x axis c = y-intercept
V V/I = -r I Ɛ
V = -Ir +Ɛ
Ɛ = V + Ir
12
5. How to calculate internal resistance / Cara kira rintangan dalam:
Dry cells arranged in a serial circuit Arranged in paralled circuit

Sel kering disusun secara litar siri Disusun secara litar selari
Total, rT Total internal resistance, rT
rT = r1 + r2 + r3 1/rT = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

Advantage of arrangment/ kelebihan
susunan
- lower internal resistance/ rintangan dalam
lebih rendah
13
8. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION/ ARUHAN

ELEKTROMAGNET
1. Describing the induction/ Huraian aruhan:
a. Move conductor across the magnetic field (relative motion happens)

Gerakkan konduktor merentas medan magnet (gerakan relatif berlaku)
b. We are changing or cutting the magnetic flux

Kita mengubah atau memotong fluks magnet
c. This will generate induction electromotive force (emf)

Ini menjana daya gerak elaktrik (dge) aruhan
d. Induction EMF will generate induction current

DGE aruhan menjana arus aruhan
2. Faraday Law/ Hukum Faraday:
“The higher the rate of cutting flux magnet, the higher the
magnitude of induction EMF”
“Makin tinggi kadar pemotongan fluks magnet, makin tinggi

magnitud dge aruhan”
14
3. To determine the direction of induction current, we use Fleming’s Right Hand
Rule
Utk menentukan arah arus aruhan, kita guna Petua Tangan Kanan Fleming
Faraday Law’s application – the faster we move wire, the higher the galvanometer
reading!
Aplikasi Hukum Faraday – makin laju kita gerakkan dawai, makin besar bacaaan
galvanometer!
4. For solenoid, we use Lenz Law to determined the direction of induction current/
Utk solenoid, kita gunakan Hukum Lenz utk menentukan arah arus aruhan
15
When we insert magnet, solenoid will

have same pole with inserting magnet
Apabila kita masukkan magnet, solenoid

akan mempunyai kutub sama dgn
magnet yg masuk
When we pull out magnet, solenoid will

have different pole
Apabila kita tarik keluar magnet,

solenoid akan mempunyai kutub
berbeza
*Use Right Hand Grip Rule to determine the direction of current in solenoid/
Guna Petua Genggaman Tangan Kanan utk menentukan arah arus dlm solenoid
5. How to increase the galvanometer reading?/ Cara meningkatkan bacaan

galvanometer?
Move magnet faster Use stronger magnet Increase the number of
wire turns in solenoid
Gerakkan magnet lebih Guna magnet lebih kuat Tambahkan bilangan

pantas lilitan solenoid
9. DIOD SEMIKONDUKTOR (SEMICONDUCTOR

DIODE)
1. Simbol & fungsi/ symbol & function
16
Simbol
diod/
Diode
symbol
Fungsi/ Tukar arus ulang-alik (au) ke arus terus (at)
Function Convert alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc)
2. Sambungan diod/ Diode connection:
sambungan pincang depan sambungan pincang songsang

forward bias connection reverse bias connection
Arus mengalir → mentol menyala Arus tidak mengalir → tidak nyala

Current flows → light up Current doesn’t flow → no light
3. Rektifikasi = proses au ditukar ke at
2 jenis rektifikasi – gelombang separuh & gelombang penuh

(Rectification = process of converting ac to dc
2 types – half-wave & full-wave)
A. Rektifikasi gelombang separuh

Half-wave rectification
17
Before Rec. After Rec.
Gelombang pertama
First wave
= pincang hadapan = arus alir

= forward-bias = current flows
Gelombang kedua
Second wave
= pincang songsang = tiada arus

= reverse-bias = no current flows
Rektifikasi gelombang penuh

Full-wave rectification
Before Rec. After Rec.
18
Gelombang pertama
First wave
= pincang hadapan
utk B & C
= Forward-bias for B
&C
Gelombang kedua
Second wave
= pincang hadapan
utk D & A
= Forward-bias for D
&A
4. Perataan = proses meratakan arus menggunakan kapasitor

Smoothing = process of smoothing the current using capacitor
Meratakan litar gelombang separuh

Smoothing the half-wave circuit
No capacitor With capacitor
19
Meratakan litar gelombang penuh

Smoothing the full-wave circuit
No capacitor With capacitor
10. REPUTAN RADIOAKTIF (RADIOACTIVE

DECAY)
1. Ciri-ciri reputan radioaktif (Characteristics of radioactive decay):

- berlaku rawak & spontan (random & spontaneous process)
- membebaskan sinaran radioaktif (release radioactive radiations)
2. 3 jenis reputan (3 types of decay):
20
a. Reputan alfa / alpha decay
- membebaskan zarah alfa (nukleus helium) (α)

release alpha particle (helium nucleus) (α)
- contoh/ example:
210
84Po → 20682Pb + 42He
b. Reputan beta/ beta decay
- membebaskan zarah beta (elektron gerak pantas) (β)

release beta particle (fast-moving electron) (β)
contoh/ example:
24
11Na → 2412Mg + 0-1e
c. Reputan gama/ gamma decay
21
- membebaskan sinar gama berfrekuensi tinggi (γ)

Release high frequency gamma ray (γ)
Contoh/ example:
60
27Co → 6027Co + γ
3. Graf menunjukkan pereputan/ Graph showing decaying process
Maklumat/ Info:
- Nukleus radon (Rn) mereput menjadi plumbum (Pb)
22
Nucleus of radon (Rn) decays into lead (Pb)
- 4 pereputan alfa & 4 pereputan beta telah berlaku

4 alpha decays & 4 beta decays have occurred
- Proses-proses ini berlaku secara rawak & spontaneous

This processes are random & spontaneous
- Ini berlaku sehingga menjadi plumbum dgn nukleus stabil

These occur until lead is formed with stable nucleus
11. KESAN FOTOELEKTRIK (PHOTOELECTRIC

EFFECT)
1. Definisi = Fenomena permukaan logam (katod) membebaskan

elektron (fotoelektron) apabila disinari cahaya dgn frekuensi tertentu
Definition = phenomenon of metal surface (cathode) releasing electron
(photoelectron) when illuminated with light with certain frequency
2. Empat ciri-ciri kesan fotoelektrik (Four characteristics of photoelectric

effect)
a. 4 syarat perlu dipenuhi sebelum fotoelektron dibebaskan - fungsi
kerja, voltan pengaktifan, frekuensi ambang (paling minimum), &
panjang gelombang maksimum)
(Terms to release the photoelectron - work function, activation

voltage, threshold (minimum) frequency, & maximum wavelength)
23
b. Fotoelektron dibebaskan serta-merta, berbanding dlm pancaran

termion dimana elektron mengambil masa utk dibebaskan
(Immediate release of photoelectron, compared to thermionic emission

in cathode ray which takes its sweet time to do so)
c. Frekuensi cahaya mempengaruhi tenaga kinetik maksimum

fotoelektron
(Frequency of light affects the photoelectron's maximum kinetic

energy)
24
d. Keamatan cahaya mempengaruhi kadar pembebasan fotoelektron,

tetapi tidak mempengaruhi tenaga kinetik maksimum fotoelektron).
(Light intensity affects the rate of photoelectron being released, but it

does not affect the photoelectron's maximum kinetic energy)
3. 2 siri eksperimen melibatkan kesan fotoelektrik (2 series of

experiments involving photoelectric effect)
25
EXP 1 Mengkaji hubungan antara voltan & arus

(Investigate relationship between voltage & current)
EXP 2 Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang & voltan

pengaktifan
(Investigate relationship between wavelength & activation
voltage)
EXP 1:
Mengkaji hubungan antara voltan & arus
(Investigate relationship between voltage & current)
MV :
Selaraskan
potensiometer
utk mengubah RV :
nilai voltan Perhatikan
(Adjust bacaan
potentiometer miliammeter
to change the utk nilai arus
voltage) (Observe
miliammeter
reading for
current value)
Keputusan/ result:
Arus meningkat secara linear dgn voltan
(Current increases linearly with the voltage)
Drpd pintasan-V:
kita boleh cari voltan

pengaktifan, Va
(voltan minimum
diperlukan utk kesan
fotoelektrik berlaku)
From V-intercept:
26
we can find activation

voltage, Va (minimum
voltage needed for
photoelectric effect to
happen)
EXP 2:
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang & voltan
pengaktifan
(Investigate relationship between wavelength & activation voltage)
MV: Ulang eksperimen

tadi dgn warna LED
berbeza (panjang
gelombang berbeza)
(Repeat previous
experiment using different
LED colour (different
wave length)
RV: Berdasarkan graf V lawan I yg dibina, cari voltan pengaktifan

Based on V-I graph you built, find activation voltage
Keputusan/ result:
Voltan pengaktifan meningkat secara linear dgn 1/panjang gelombang
Activation voltage increases linearly with 1/wavelength)
27
Drpd kecerunan m, kita

boleh cari pemalar Planck
(From gradient m, we can
find Planck’s constant)
m = hc/ e
h = pemalar Planck
c = laju cahaya (light speed)
e = cas satu elektron
(charge of one electron)
--SEMINAR_END--
28

Momentum: Jumlah Momentum Adalah Sentiasa Malar Jika Tiada Daya Luar Yang Terlibat

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Seminar Zen Physics for SPM 2021 with Cikgu Heery

Hasil darab jisim dan halaju.

2. Prinsip Meabadian Momentum:

Jumlah momentum adalah sentiasa malar jika tiada

3. Keabadian momentum dalam perlanggaran antara dua objek:

PERLANGGARAN KENYAL PERLANGGARAN TIDAK KENYAL

Jumlah momentum = Jumlah momentum

4. Pemuliharaan momentum dalam letupan:

Product of mass and velocity.

2. The POCOM (Principles of Conservation of Momentum)

Total momentum is always constant if no external

3. Conservation of momentum in collision between two objects:

ELASTIC COLLISION INELASTIC COLLISION

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

4. Conservation of momentum in explosion:

2. Application of Resultant Force – Lift & Pulley

Calculate the lift acceleration upwards, a:

800 – (70kg x 9.81) = 70a

For 10kg object: For 30kg object:

3. Force Resolution – 1 Force & 2 Forces

Fx = 100 x cos 30 ° = 86.6N

Fy 100 x sin 30 ° = 50N

Calculate horizontal force X:

2. Splitting of two forces:

Total of horizontal forces to the right = Fx + Fx

Fx 12 x cos20 ° = Fx + Fx = 8.67 + 11.28

4. Application of Force Resolution – Inclined

1. The original force is the object weight = W = mg

2. W is split into Fx & Fy

4. W cos30 = R (because object is not moving vertically)

5. F is the force to hold the object. To find F, use formula:

5. Force Resolution App. – Hanging Object

So/ maka, Fx = T2 cos30°

Dalam sistem bendalir tertutup, tekanan diagihkan sama

2. Aplikasi - Sistem hidraulik:

Force modifier = Luas B/ Luas A

The force is multiplied 500 times at the car!

3. Aplikasi 2 – Sistem Brek Hidraulik:

Lapisan brek tebal. Untuk menahan daya

Luas kecil pada

Roda depan - Guna Cakera brek lebih

7. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)/ DAYA

Complete circuit = dry

Energy/work used to move 1C of total charges in a complete circuit

Use energy to move 1C between 2 Use energy to move 1C in complete

*so, PD is a part of EMF/ maka, BK ialah sebahagian drpd DGE

3. Eksperiment to find out emf/ eksperiment utk mengira dge:

- adjust rheostat until ammeter reading zero / bulb turns off

Information from the graph/ maklumat daripada graf:

b. y-intercept shows the emf, Ɛ (highest voltage possible)

c. Gradient = y/x = V/I = r = internal resistance

r = resistance in the dry cell circuit

d. We can arrange the variables to find out the formula of emf

Use linear graph formula, y = mx + c

Dry cells arranged in a serial circuit Arranged in paralled circuit

Total, rT Total internal resistance, rT

rT = r1 + r2 + r3 1/rT = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

8. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION/ ARUHAN

1. Describing the induction/ Huraian aruhan:

a. Move conductor across the magnetic field (relative motion happens)

b. We are changing or cutting the magnetic flux

c. This will generate induction electromotive force (emf)