Tapi Tony Last Report

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN – REVIEW & RECOMMENDATION
Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of
Diploma
in
Civil Engineering
By
Sh. Tapi Tony

(RGGP/2018/CE/13)
Under the Guidance of
Shri Riba Gyadi

Lecturer Civil
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJIV GANDHI GOVT. POLYTECHNIC
Vivek Vihar, Itanagar-791113
Department of Education, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh
AUGUST 2021
© 2021, Sh. Tapi Tony All rights reserved
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
Dated: Itanagar, 03/08/2021

Certified that the project titled “Earthquake Resistant Design - Review &
Recommendation” submitted by Sh. Tapi Tony bearing Reg. No: RGGP/2018/CE/13 to
Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Polytechnic, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh – 791113, India, for the award
of the diploma in CIVIL ENGINEERING has been accepted by the Internal/External
examiners and that the student has successfully defended the project in the viva-voce
examination held today.
Signature: Signature:
Name: Shri Riba Gyadi Name: Shri Phurba Dorjee Philley
(Project Guide) (External Examiner)
Signature: Signature:
Name: Smt. Bengia Yapu Name: Ms. Taba Amang
(Internal Examiner) (Head of Department)
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “Earthquake Resistant Design - Review &
Recommendation” submitted by Sh. Tapi Tony bearing Reg. No:
RGGP/2018/CE/13 to Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Polytechnic, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh
– 791113, India, is a record of bonafide project work under my guidance/supervision
and is worthy of consideration for the award of the Diploma in Civil Engineering of
the Institute.
Shri Riba Gyadi

Project Guide
Date:
iii
DECLARATION
I certify that
a. The work contained in this project work is original and has been done by me under
the guidance of my supervisor(s).
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the report.
d. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from
other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis
and giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the
copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary.
Signature of the student

Tapi Tony
RGGP/2018/CE/13
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A sincere gratitude to all the kind and noble souls who blessed & guided me
in the fulfillment of the project. It gives me immense pleasure in acknowledging
the people who guided, helped and supported me throughout this journey.
I cordially express the acknowledgement to my guide and project
coordinator Shri. Riba Gyadi, Lecturer for his guidance, direction, supervision and
constructive criticism which were indeed the source of inspiration for the success
of the project.
It gives me immense pleasure in acknowledging Shri.Taba Tath, principal
incharge RGGP, Itanagar, Dr. A. K. Tripathy, former principal RGGP, Itanagar,
Ms. Taba Amang, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering, Shri. Getu Yoka,
Lecturer, Smt. Bengia Yapu, Lecturer cum Internal Examiner, Shri. Tasso Duri,
Junior Engineer, Urban Development Dept. & Shri Phurba Dorjee Philley,
External Examiner, for their constant support, guidance, motivation and
constructive criticisms during the course of the project. Shri. Arun Joram,
Lecturer (Campus in-charge), Department of Science and Humanities, RGGP
Itanagar, for his cooperation. I also like to acknowledge Shri. Biman Hondik, Lab
Assistant (Civil Engineering) and all the non-teaching staffs of our institution for
their help.
I express my sincere thanks to all my classmates and friends with whom I

shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved
my quality of work and also the RAJIV GANDHI GOVT. POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE, Itanagar, for providing space and resources thereby ensuring
successful completion.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their love and
moral support.
Tapi Tony (RGGP/2018/CE/13)
v
CONTENTS
Chapter no. Particulars Page no.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Earthquake 1
1.2 Terminologies 1
1.3 Causes of Earthquake 2
1.4 Classification of faults 2
1.5 Seismic waves 3
1.6 Earthquake prediction 5
1.7 Effect of Earthquake in buildings 6
1.8 Earthquake resistant structure design 7
1.9 Earthquake safety rules 9
1.10 Earthquake measurement 10
1.11 Earthquake Hazards 11
1.12 Seismic zonation 12
1.13 Project significance 14
Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Following are the journal papers that 15
we have referred.
Chapter 3 Objective 24
Chapter 4 Results & Discussions

4.1 Building deficiencies with respect to 25
seismic loading
4.2 Dynamics of the buildings during 27
earthquake
4.3 Mitigation measures against seismic 33
damage
Chapter 5 Conclusion 36
References 37
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Sl. No. Figure No. Title of Figure Page No.
1 1 Types of seismic waves 4

2 2 Seismic zonation of India 5
3 3 Richter scale 10
4 4 Seismic zone map of India 12
5 5 Out of plane failure 27

6 6 In-plane failure 28
7 7 Connection failure 29
8 8 Diaphragm failure 30
9 9 Failures due to openings of walls 31
10 10 Pounding 32
11 11 Non-structural component failure 33
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Sl. No. Table No. Title of Table Page No.
1 1 Building categorization on basis of 20

damage degree
2 2 Recommendation for building 33

deficiencies
viii
ABSTRACT
The theory of plate tectonic states the earth consists of a series of relatively thin, but
rigid plates which are in constant motion. These plates sometimes get caught up and slip past
each other, causing sudden shaking on the surface of the earth called earthquake. The disaster
due to earthquake account a huge loss of life and casualties followed by economic loss,
caused most of the times by structural failures.
The difficulty in comprehending the code of practice by layman, and the

demand for the construction process to be cost effective, discourage people to provide
necessary configurations required, increasing seismic vulnerability of life & property.
So, in this project, we intend to do a preliminary review on the existing defaults

like irregular structure, insufficient gap, heavy overhang etc. commonly made in building
construction and to provide a guideline with remedial measures to avoid the same, from
already available research papers and journals on post-earthquake survey report &
vulnerability parameters of buildings. On the data obtained from the analysis of aforesaid
reviews a proper set of guidelines shall be prepared to address the short comings of the stock
buildings and upcoming buildings, so that they become earthquake resistant.
This project will describe the engineering practices and seismic awareness amongst
the people by providing a basic guideline which is easy to comprehend, with remedial
measures for vulnerable structures and make them earthquake resistant. The study shall also
complement the earthquake resistant building codes & guidelines of India developed for new
building construction.
ix
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EARTHQUAKE
Any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earth’s
rock. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in earth’s crust is
suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly
fracture and slip.
Earthquake occurs most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move
in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the huge tectonic plates that makes up
earth’s crust. Therefore, earthquake can also be defined as a tremor below the surface of the
earth which causes shaking of the crust. These devastating tremors cannot be regarded as
movements as they are caused by the stresses that break the earth’scrust.
Tectonic Plate Theory: - According to the plate theory of tectonic plates, earth’s surface
layer, about 50 to 100 km thick is rigid and is composed of a set of layers and small plates.
Together, these plates constitute the lithosphere. The lithosphere rests on and slides over an
underlying partially molten (weaker but generally denser) layer of plastic partially molten
rock known as the asthenosphere. Plate movement is possible because the lithosphere-
asthenosphere boundary is a zone of detachment.
As the lithosphere plate moves across earth’s surface driven by the convective forces, they
interact along their boundaries, namely; diverging, converging orslipping past each other.
While the exterior of plate is persevered to remain essentially under formed, plate boundaries
are the sites of many of the principal process that shakes the terrestrial surface, including
earthquake, volcano, etc. [1]
1.2 Terminologies
1) Hypocenter: - The point inside the surface of the earth from where the earthquake
originates is termed as hypocenter. It is also known as focus. Hypocenter is the point
onthe fault where slip of the movement starts.
2) Epicenter: - the point on the earth surface vertically above the hypocenter is called as
1|Page RAJIV GANDHI GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

epicenter.
3) Focal depth: - the depth of focus from the epicenter is called as focal depth. The focal
depth of the most at the major earthquakes causing a lot of damages is shallow.
4) Epicenter distance: - distance from the epicenter to point of any interest is called
epicenter distance. As per the epicenter distance is increased, the effect of earthquake
becomes less. The damage is maximum at the epicenter and surrounding areas.
5) Foreshocks: - the smaller the size earthquake that takes place before a big earthquake
is called foreshocks.
6) Aftershocks: - shocks and smaller size of earthquakes that takes place after a big
earthquake is called aftershock. [1]
1.3 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE

1) Natural causes: - this can also be categorized into two parts: -
 Volcanic causes: - Volcanic activities keep on taking place in several parts of
the world. Very often it produces sudden outthrust or explosion, this infect is
sometimes strong enough to produce vibration in the nearby areas.
 Tectonic causes: - They are those which occur inside the earth according to the
theory of plate tectonics, these plates are constantly in motion in different
direction and with different speed.
2) Artificial causes: -
Sometimes the surface of the earth vibrates due to man-made or an artificial
disturbance, these vibrations are very mild and affects the surrounding area only.
The earthquake of mild intensity is called due to this external man-made agency,
some of the artificial disturbances, causing earthquake are listed below: -
-Nuclear test and explosions.
-Large and deep excavations.
-Mining blast in the mining area.
-Vibrations induced due to heavy machines used in industries. [1]
1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS

A fault is a fracture in rocks where there has been movement and displacement. When
talking about earthquake being along fault lines, a fault lies at the major boundaries between
earth’s tectonic plates, in the crust and the earthquake results from the plate’s movement.
Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly in

the form of an earthquake or may occur slowly in the form of creep. Faults may range in
length from a few mm to km.
Types of faults: -
A right –lateral strike-slip fault occurs when the strike-slip faults, where the right
block movestowards and the left block moves away. [1]
Terminologies in faults: -
 Faults may be vertical, horizontal at any angle. Although the angle of inclination of
specific fault plane tends to be relatively uniform, it may differ considerably along its
length from placeto place.
 Hanging wall: - when rocks slip past each other in faulting, the upper or overlying
block alongthe fault plane is called hanging wall or head wall.
 Footwall: - the block between the hanging walls is called foot wall.
 Strike: - it is the direction of the line of intersection between the fault plane and
earth’ssurface
 Dip: - the dip of a fault plane is its angle of inclination, is measured from the
horizontal.
 Fault plane: - the fault plane in a plane splitting the rocks into two rocks in which
movementoccurs.
 Hade: - It is the angle which a fault plane makes with vertical.
 Throw: - The total vertical displacement in a fault is known as the throw of the fault.
 Heave: - The total horizontal displacement is known as heave of the fault. [1]
1.5 WAVES PRODUCED DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
When the earth shakes it releases energy in the form of seismic waves which travel
inside the earth and also on the surface of the earth. As we know this world obeys the law of
reflection and refraction. The waves produced are called seismic waves. The seismic waves
are of two types: -
(a) Body waves (b) Surface waves
Body waves: - These waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by earthquake. Body
waves are of higher frequency than the surface waves.

The body waves consist of: -
 P-waves: - The first kind of body wave is the p-wave or primary wave.
Fig. 1 Types of seismic waves (researchgate.net)
This is the fastest kind of seismic wave and consequently, the first to arrive at a seismic
station. The p-wave can move through solid rocks and fluids, like water or the liquid layers
of the earth. Sometimes animals can hear the p-waves of an earthquake. P-waves are also
knownas compressional waves, because of the pushing and pulling they do. Subjected to a p-
wave, particles move in the same direction that the wave is moving in, which the direction
that the energy is travelling in and is sometimes is called the direction of wave propagation.
 S-waves: - The second type of body wave is the s-wave or secondary wave, which is
the second wave you feel in an earthquake. An s-wave is slower than p-wave and can
only move through solid rocks, not through any liquid medium. S-waves move rocks
particles up and down or side to side perpendicular to the direction that the wave is
travelling in.
Surface wave consist of the following: -
 Love waves: - The first kind of surface waves is called love waves. It is the fastest
waves and moves the ground from side to side; confined to the surface of the crust,

love wave’s produces entirely horizontal motion.
 Rayleigh waves: - A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls
across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down and side
to side in the same direction that the wave is moving. Most of the shaking felt from
an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than other
waves. [2]
1.6 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION
The prediction of an earthquake is very difficult, as it can occur any time. The
different geology and different locations in the country (especially for India), implies that
the possibility of damaging earthquake, takes place at different location is different. Thus, a
seismic zone map is required to identify this region, firstly the zones of India was divided
into 5(five) seismic zones in the year 1935 by Geological Survey of India (G.S.I), later the
map has been revised lastly in 2002 and it now has only 4(four) seismic zones i.e., zones II,
III IV, V. [2] [7]
Fig. 2 Seismic zonation of India (mapsofIndia.net)

1.7 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE IN BUILDINGS
Soft stories
Strong columns & weak beams
Plan and mass irregularities
Poor quality of construction materials
Faulty construction practices
Pounding of adjacent structures
Soft storey failures: -
 A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the storey
immediately above, on less than 80% of the combined stiffness of the three stories
above. A typical soft storey building of 4 or more stories located over a ground level
with large openings, such as a parking space or series of retail business with large
windows. The dynamics analysis of these buildings on building on column show these
buildings vibrate in torsion mode. This type of failure results from the combination of
several other unfavorable reasons such as torsion, excessive mass on upper floors,
effects and lack of ductility in the bottom storey.
 Floating column: - Usually column rests on the foundation to transfer loads from slabs
and beams. Floating column rests on the beam, means the beam which support the
column acts as a foundation. That beam is called as transfer beam. This is widely used
in high stories buildings which are used for both commercial and residential purposes.
This helps to alter the plan of the top floors for our convince. The transfer beam that
supports floating column will be designed with more reinforced. Overturning forces
thus developed overwhelm the columns of the ground floor. A ductile connection at
the extension beam-columns joint is indispensable for transferring theseforces.
 Strong column and weak beams: - During an earthquake, column receives forces from
beams, so columns should be stronger than columns. If columns are made weaker
than they suffer severe damage especially at the joints of lower storey. On the other
hand, if the beams are weaker than damage will first occur in the beams which are
ductile enough and cause progressive damage. There will be large deformations
(ductile failure) in the building before collapse.

 Plan irregularities: - A standard system is considered irregular, when: - The plane

symmetrical axis are not noticeable not regular and perpendicular to each other, when
There are projections or entrants major to 15% The vertical resistance elements to be
lateral loads are not parallel, non-symmetrical withrespect to main the orthogonal axis
of the system that resists the lateral forces. Discontinuity in a trajectory of lateral
forces exists, like deviations outsides the plan ofthe vertical elements.
 Mass irregularities: - Mass irregularities are considered to exist when the effective
mass of a storey is more than 200% of the effective mass an adjacent storey. The
effective mass of the storey is the dead weight of the floor plus partition walls The
increased mass result in increased inertia forces and may result in heavy damage.
 Pounding of buildings: - Pounding affect is caused due to the hammering of abjection
buildings of different height Buildings of different height hit against each other
damaging the columns due to hammering of floors Damage due to pounding may be
minimize by providing proper separation or by aligningfloors of adjunction building
 Inadequate ductile detailing of structural elements: - Improper spacing of lateral ties in
columns lead to shear failures If the ends of the ties are not hooked properly then they
may open up during earthquakemotion Incorrect spacing of column and bars
 Damage to the water tanks and parapet: - Water tanks are generally constructed at the
roofs of the structure This tanks experience large inertia forces due to heavy weight
and height of the building Unreinforced concrete parapets which are not properly tied
to the roof are also damageduring the earthquake. [3]
1.8 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE STRUCTURE DESIGN
It is analysis of faces-building due to loads on it. If a building is enough to resist the

earthquake, then such building is called earthquakeresistance structures.
 POPULAR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE TECHNIQUES

SHEARS WALLS: -
-Vertically oriented wide beams.
-It carries seismic loads down to the bottom of foundation.
-Provides large strength and stiffness to building.
-Thickness generally varies from 150mm to 450mm in high rise buildings.

BRACING: -
-Bracing, which provides stability and resists lateral leads may be from diagonal members
or, from a concrete core.
SEISMIC DAMPERS: -
-These are used in place of structural elements such diagonal braces.
-Acts like the hydraulic shock absorbers cars.
-When seismic energy is transmitted through then dampers absorb part of it and thus damp
themotion of the building.
TYPES OF DAMPERS: -
 viscous dampers-Reduce the vibration by fluid action.

 Friction damper-Reduce the vibrations by rubbing action between surfaces.
 Tuned mass dampers – Reduce the vibration by harmonic action.#
ISOLATION: -
Base isolation-
-Lead rubber bearing is sand witched between two steel plates.
-Base Isolation by a series of bearing pads which are placed between building and building
foundation.
-Reduce the building acceleration by1/4 the acceleration of fixed based building.
-Acceleration decreases because the base isolation system lengthens the building period of
vibration.
-Rubber is highly elastic so reduce the damage.
-Converts the kinetic energy as heat.
BASE ISOLATION IN INDIA: -
In India based isolation technique was first demonstrated after 1993 killari EQ. Two single
storey building technique were built with rubber base isolation resting on hard ground. The
four storey bhuj hospital building was built with based isolation technique after 2001 bhujEQ.
SPHERICAL SLIDING ISOLATION: -

It used bearing pads that have a curved surface and low friction material similar to Teflon.
During an earthquake the building is free to side both horizontally and vertically. It will
return to its original position after the ground shaking stops.
ELEMENTS OF GOOD QUALITY CONTROL: -
Regular testing of construction material at qualified laboratories (at site or away). Periodic
training of workmen of professional training houses, and on-site evaluation of the technical
work.
BUILDING CONFIGURATION: -
The building should have a simple rectangular plan. Long walls should be supported by
reinforced concrete columns. Large building having plan with shape like T, L, and U and X
should preferably be separatedinto rectangular blocks by providing gaps in between. [3]
1.9 EARTHQUAKE SAFETY RULES
 If you in house: -
 Don’t run for lift for getting down from building.
 Be prepared to move with your family.
 If you are in shop, school or office: -Don’t run for an exist.
 Take cover under a desk/table.
 Move away from window glass.
 Do not go near electric and cable, keep away from weak portion of the
building and tableceiling
 If you are outside: -
 Avoid high buildings, walls, power lines and other objects that could fall and
create block.
 Don’t run through street.
 If possible, move to an open area away from hazard including trees.
 If you are in vehicle: -
 Stop in a safe place.
 Remain inside vehicle.
 Close window, doors and vents. [4]

1.10 MEASURES: -
 Richter scale –
The Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake (how powerful it
is). It is measured using a machine called Richter scale. [5]
 Seismometer: -
A Richter scale is normally numbered 1-10; through there is no upper limit. It is
logarithmic which means, for example, that an earthquake measuring magnitude 5 is ten
times more powerful than an earthquake measuring 4. Earthquake measuring 1-2 on that
scale happen regularly, and they are so small that people cannot feel them. [5]
Fig. 3 Richter scale (sciencedirect.net)
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1.11 WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS-
 Ground shaking: - The first main earthquake hazard (danger) is the effect of ground
beneath them setting to adifferent level than it was before the earthquake (subsidence).
 Liquefaction: - Building can even sink into the ground if soil liquefaction occurs.
Liquefaction is the mixing of soil or soil and groundwater. When the water and sand
mixed, the ground becomes very soft and acts similar to quicksand. If liquefaction occurs
under a building, it may start to learn, tip over, or sink several feet. The ground firms up
again after the earthquake has part and the water has settled back down to its usual place
deeper in the ground. Liquefaction is a hazard in area that has groundwater near the
surface and the sandy soil.
 Strong surface waves: - Building can also be damage by strong surface waves making the
ground heave and lurch. Any buildings in the path of these surface waves can lean or tip
over from all the movement. The ground shaking may also cause landslides, mudslides
and avalanches on steeper hills or mountain, all of which can damage building and hunt
people.
 Ground displacement: - The second main earthquake hazard is ground displacement along
a fault. If a structure (a building, road, etc) is built across a fault, the ground displacement
during an earthquake could seriously damage or rip apart that structure.
 Flooding: - The third main hazard is flooding. An earthquake can rupture dams on leaves
along a river. Thewater from the river or the reservoir would then flood the area.
 Tsunami: - Tsunamis and seiches can also cause a great deal of damage. A tsunami is
what most people call a tidal wave, but it has nothing to do with the tiles on the ocean. It
is huge wave caused by an earthquake under the ocean. Tsunami can be tens of feet high
when they hit the shore and can-do enormous damage to the coast line. Seiches are like
small tsunami, they occur on lakes that are shaken by the earthquake and are usually only
a few feet high, but they can stillflood or knocks down houses and tip over trees.
 Fire: - The fourth main earthquake hazard is fire. There fire can be started by broken gas
lines and power lines, or tipped over wood or coal stoves. They can be serious problem,
especially if the water lines that feed the fire hydrants are broken, too. For example, after
the great San Francisco earthquake in 1906, the city burned for three days. Most of the
city was destroyed and 250000 people were left homeless. Most of the hazards to people
come from main made structures themselves and the shaking they receive from the
earthquake, The real dangers to the people are being crushed in a collapsing building,

drowning in a flood caused by a broken dams or levee, getting buried under a landslide or
being burned in a fire. [6]
1.12 SEISMIC ZONATION
Seismic zones of India: -
Fig. 4 Seismic zones map of India (mapsofIndia.net)
India lies at the north western end of the Indo Australian plate, which encompasses India,
Australia a major portion of the Indian Ocean and other smaller countries. This plate is
colliding against the huge Eurasian plate and going under the Eurasian plate. This process of
one tectonic plate getting under another is responsible for making India a earthquake prone
country. A number of significant earthquakes occurred in India around, India over the past
country. Some of these occurred in populated the urbanized areas and hence caused great

damage. The varying geology at different location in the country implies that the likelihood
ofdamaging earthquakes taking place at different location is different.
Thus, a seismic zone map is required to identify these regions.
The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is the Indian plate is
driving into Asia at the rate of approximately 47 mm/year. Geographical statistic of India
shows that almost 54 %of the land is vulnerable toearthquakes.
A word bank & united nations report shows estimates that around 200 million city
dwellers in India will be exposed to storms an earthquake by 2050. The latest version of
seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistance design code of India. [IS 1893
(part) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India is terms of zone factors. In other
words, the earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones unlike its
previous version, which consisted of five or six zones for the country. According to the
present zoning map, zones 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas zone 2 is
associated with the lowest level of seismicity.
 Centre for seismology- Centre for seismology, ministry of earth sciences is nodal
agency of government of India dealing with various activities in the field of
seismology and allied disciplines.
The major activities currently being pursued by the centre for seismology include.
Earthquake monitoring on 24x7 basis, including real time seismic monitoring for early
warning of tsunamis. Operation and maintenance of national seismology network and local
networks. Seismological data centre and information services. Seismic hazard and risk related
studies. Field studies for aftershock /swarm monitoring, site response studies. Earthquake
process and modelling.
 ZONE-5: - Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zones that suffers
earthquake of intensity MSK 9 or greater. The 15 code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for
zone 5. Structural designers used this factor for earthquake resistant design of
structures in zone 6. The region of Kashmir, the western and central Himalayas, north
and middle Bihar, THE North-East Indian region and the region of Kutch fall in this
zone. Generally, the areas having trap rocks or basaltic rock are or one in earthquake.
 ZONE-4: - This zone is called the high damage risk zone and covers arras liable to
MSK 8. The 15code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for zone 4. The Indo – Gangetic basin

and the capital of the country, Jammu and Kashmir fall in zone 4. In Maharashtra, the
paten area is also in zone no.4. In Bihar the northern part of the state like, Raksaul,
near the border of India and Nepalis also in zone no.4’
 ZONE-3: - The Andaman & Nicobar Islands part of Kashmir, western Himalayas fall
under thiszone. This zone is classified as moderate damage risk zone which is liable to
MSK 7and also7.8. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for zone 3.
 ZONE-2: - This region is liable to MSK 6 or less and is classified as the low damage
risk zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration
that can be experienced by a structure in this zone is 10% of gravitational
acceleration) for zone 2. [7] [8]
1.13 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE
The significance of our project lies in the fact that our state Arunachal Pradesh lies on the
seismic zone 5, the structures constructed here requires a proper design to avoid seismic
damages. But the lack of availability of quality materials, raises the cost of construction
thus to make up for this cost, the people are pushed to have a tendency to make their
construction cost as low as possible which is done by avoiding technical consultancy &
supervision, thus most of the buildings constructed here, do not follow the code of
practices this could be because of many reasons one that we felt was difficulty in
comprehending the codal provisions without technical consultations. Thus, onlooking
these facts, it becomes important to devise some basic guidelines specially on external
factors to make structures Earthquake resistant that is easy to comprehend even by a
layman.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 FOLLOWING ARE THE JOURNAL PAPERS THAT WE HAVE REFERRED.
 A STUDY ON EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

Mohammad Adil Dar, Prof (Dr) A.R. Dar, Asim Qureshi, Jayalakshmi Raju, PG
Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kurukshetra University, Haryana,
India Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Srinagar, India PG
Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Maharashtra India UG
student, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore, India.
Abstract: - Apart from the modern techniques which are well documented in the codes of
practice, there are some other old traditional earthquake resistant techniques which have
proved to be effective for resisting earthquake loading and are also cost effective with easy
constructability.
FINDINGS: behaviour of masonry buildings to ground motion Ground vibrations during

earthquakes cause inertia forces at locations of mass in the building. These forces travel
through the roof and walls to the foundation. The main emphasis is on ensuring that these
forces reach the ground without causing major damage or collapse.
 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT,

Ilackiya. S, II nd Year Civil Engineering. Ck College Of Engineering & Technology
JayaramNagar,Chellangkuppam, Cuddalore – 607003.
FINDINGS: TECHNIQUES TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE

-Active and passive system
-Shear walls
-Bracing
-Dampers
-Rollers
-Isolation
-Light weight material
-Bands

 EARTH QUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS, Maaz Allah Khan, Sana Parveen, Shadab
Ahmad, Sharukhshamsi, Sheeban Ahmad Khan, Department of Civil Engineering Azad
Institute of Engineering &Technology.
Abstract: - This paper presents the results related to design of earthquake resistant building
with live load, dead loads; and earthquake loads, the design is based upon the analysis of all
structural elements such as slab, column, beam, shear wall, etc. The specifications of IS
456:2000, IS 1893(Part II) and IS 1893(Part IV) with working stress and limit stress are
being considered in this design. Dimension of slab is considered as given IS Code 456:2000
recommendation, column size, diameter and depth taken as according to loads and total area
as per referred by IS Code. Depth of foundation is based upon the load bearing capacity of
the soil being tested through our survey and investigations, which fulfil the criterions of IS
code.
FINDINGS:
THE CAUSES OF MORE DESTRUCTION
The destruction of building structures by earthquake was seen a lot due to some reason and
causes. These main causes of the more earthquake destruction are as follows. Type of
building construction (Brick, stone masonry, mud mortar, RCC frame, wooden frame etc).
Non-engineered construction. Low Quality of construction. No use of existing design codes.
Absence of art codes and building codes. Use of sand taken from river-side or streams etc.
Use of mud taken from mountain slopes and farms. No well-trained masons. Some building
constructed on mountain slope without proper balance.
ABOUT EARTH QUAKE STRUCTURE
These are the structure design to withstand earthquake, while no structure can the entirely
immune to damage from earthquakes, the main aim of earthquake resistant construction is to
erect structures that fare better during seismic activity then their conventional counter paths.
The main objectives of earthquake engineering are Foresee the potential consequences of
strong earthquakes on urban areas and civil infra structure. Design, construct and maintain
structure to perform at earthquake exposer up to the expectation at in compliance with
buildings codes. A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely
strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effect while the
sustaining an acceptable level of damage.

 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT OF RCC STRUCTURES, Gomasa Ramesh, Doddipati

Srinath, Mandala Sheshu Kumar Structural Engineering, Vaagdevi College of
Engineering, Warangal, Telangana, India.
Abstract: - Earthquake is a series of vibrations on the earth surface caused by seismic waves
due to rupture during this accumulated strain energy released. By this shaking of the
ground caused by sudden breaking in the sections. It may cause great damage and collapse of
the buildings and other manmade structures etc. so; the design of the earthquake resistant
structures is very important to save the lives and economy of the country. To reduce the risks
and damages to the rcc structures. The main cause for the earthquake is breaking between the
two rocks. Earthquakes are occurring due to sudden movement of tectonic plates. which
creates gap between the two sections. It is also responsible for various other disasters like
landslides, avalanches, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions etc. the common cause of
earthquakes are due to volcanic cause and another one is tectonic cause. These are most
common cause for the earthquakes. In this paper author is explaining about earthquake and
resistance and various retrofitting strategies used.
FINDINGS:
EARTHQUAKE RESISTING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
 Shear walls
 Bracings
 Base isolation
 Mass dampers
 Infill walls
 Mass reduction
 Wall thickening
 Jacketing of beams
 Jacketing of columns
 Jacketing of beam column joints

 STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT RCC BUILDINGS WITH INCREASED

STRENGTH AND STABILITY, K. Sathish Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Bharath University, Chennai, India.
Abstract: - Earthquakes are very serious problems since they affect human life in various
ways. The Earthquakes are mainly prevented by two methods namely Base Isolation Methods
and Seismic Dampers. There are structural requirements which a building should have in
order to resist earthquakes. There are various designs of structures which cause damages
during earthquake and the most important one is the “short column effect”. The various
solutions which can be applied in order to overcome these effects and to strengthen the
structural elements are briefly explained. The retrofitting and special confinement
reinforcement is the methods applied. The present paper deals with Base Isolation and
Seismic Damper Methods in brief manner. This paper explains the methods and there
preventive measures about Earthquakes. The present paper deals with structures which resist
Earthquakes. It explains the frames which help in resisting Earthquakes.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
There are basically two types structural framing possible to withstand gravity and seismic
load, viz bearing wall construction and framed construction. The framed construction may
again consist of:
Light framing members which must have diagonal bracing such as wood frames or infill walls
for lateral load resistance.
Substantial rigid jointed beams and columns capable of resisting the lateral loads by
themselves. The framed constructions can be used for a greater number of storeys compared
to bearing wall construction. The strength and ductility can be better controlled in framed
construction through design. The strength of the framed construction is not affected by the
sizeand number of openings.
FINDINGS:
REQUIREMENTS OF STRUCTURAL SAFETY
The following main requirements of structural safety of buildings can be arrivedat.
A free-standing wall must be designed to be safe as a vertical cantilever. This requirement

will be difficult to achieve in unreinforced masonry in Zone A. Therefore, all partitions inside

the buildings must be held on the sides as well as top. Parapets of category I and II buildings
must be reinforced and held to the main structural slabs or frames. Horizontal reinforcement
in walls is required for transferring their own out-of-plane inertia load horizontally to the
shear walls. The walls must be effectively tied together to avoid separation at vertical joints
due toground shaking.
 LESSONS FROM JAN, 26, 2001 GUJRAT (INDIA) EARTHQUAKE., P.B.BOKEY1,

P.S.PAJGADE2.
Abstract: - During visit at Anjar, Bachau, Kandla, Bhuj, Madhaapur and other places it is
prominently seen that the collapse of the major buildings is on account of lack of knowledge
of relevant codes and or ignorance. The various cases are highlighted with the help of field
examples and classified as load bearing structures and framed structures. “Kutch” is in zone
V ofearthquake map of India as per IS 1893. There is a possibility of major earthquake in this
area. IScode has recommended various measures for load bearing and framed structures.
The reasons for failure are given below: -
The masonry wall, mainly in mud mortar. Absence of connecting band. No through stone
were provided. Heavy mass concentration at roof level. Buildings were close to each other.
Unsymmetrical buildings, due to full opening at its front resulting into torsional moment on
thebuildings
The reasons for standing buildings are listed as follows –
Symmetric building. Structure with bands at sill level, lintel level. Appropriate size and
location of the openings, Quality workmanship.
 VARIOUS METHODS OF RETROFITTING OF R.C.C STRUCTURES AND

MASONRY STRUCTURES-A REVIEW, Vishal Singh, B. G. Mohapatra, Aditya
Divyadarshi1M.Tech Student, 2Professor, 3M.Tech(Dual Degree)Student, School of Civil
Engineering. KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Abstract: - Retrofitting is a method of renovating the faulty structure that was affected due to
the excessive load on structure or due to end of service life of the building or may be due to
any uncertainty like an earthquake or accidental load. The objective of this study is to
summarize the latest developments and available advanced techniques in this regard. Apart
from common practice of retrofitting using jacketing techniques using polymer sheets,
several other methods are recently developed which may be proved to be economical to

repair and retrofit the structures such as column, beams, slabs and walls. This paper focuses
on these methods in details and further to categories the buildings on the basis of ‘damage
degree’ e.g. (a) the intact building, (b) basically intact building, (c) generally damaged
building, (d) seriously damaged building. This will help the practicing engineers or
researchers to put the building in the correct category accordingly and retrofitit economically.
Table 1: Building categorization on basis of damage degree.
Sl. No. Building Type Damage Degree Building damage degree

evaluation
1. R.C.C structure Intact buildings Any buildings satisfies below
and Hybrid given two points: -
structures 1. “Damage degrees” of the structures
“decoration” and “facilities”
fulfils the grade of “intact”.
2. One or two damage degrees of the
decoration and facilities fulfils the
grade of “basically intact” while others
all fulfils the
grade of “intact”.
2. R.C.C structure Basically, intact Any building that fulfils anyone
and Hybrid buildings of the following points:
structures 1. “Damage degrees” of the structures
“decoration” and “facilities”
fulfils the grade of “basically
intact”.
2. One or two “damage degrees” of

the “decoration” and
“facilities” fulfils the grade of
“generally damaged”, while
others all fulfils the grade of
“basically intact”.
3. One “damage degree” of the
structure (expect for footing, load
carrying members or the roofs), and one
of the “decoration” or
“facilities” fulfils the
grade of “generally

 RAPID VISUAL SCREENING OF BUILDING, Dr.Anand S. Arya, FNA, FNAE, FIE

(Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Eq. Engineering, IIT Roorkee) Chairman, BIS Committee
CED 39, National Seismic Advisor (EVR)
Abstract: - The Rapid Visual Screening method is designed to be implemented without
performing any structural calculations. The procedure utilises a damageability grading
system that requires the evaluator to (1) identify the primary structural lateral load-resisting
system, and (2) identify building attributes that modify the seismic performance expected for
this lateral load-resisting system along with non-structural components. The inspection, data
collection and decision-making process typically occurs at the building site, and is expected
to take couple of hours for a building, depending on its size. The screening is based on Code
based Seismic Intensity, Building Type and Damageability Grade as observed in past
earthquake and covered in MSK/European macro-intensity.
FINDINGS:
Uses of RVS Results:
 To identify if a particular building requires further evaluation for assessment of its

seismicvulnerability.
 To assess the seismic damageability (structural vulnerability) of the building and seismic
rehabilitation needs.
 To identify simplified retrofitting requirements for the building (to collapse prevention
level) where further evaluations are not considered necessary or not found feasible.
 SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND RETROFIT OF EXISTING MULTISTOREYED

BUILDINGS IN INDIA – AN OVERVIEW WITH A CASE STUDY, Amlan K.
SENGUPTA 1, CHEMURU Srinivasulu Reddy2 , Badari Narayanan V T3 and Asokan
A4.
Abstract: - After the earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, in 2001, there has been a concerted effort
to address the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings in India. This paper is part of a
project, whose aim is to evolve methodologies to assess the seismic vulnerability of

reinforced concrete three- to ten-storeys, residential and commercial buildings and to propose
retrofit measures for the structurally deficient buildings. For the buildings addressed in the
project, the common element deficiencies are inadequate shear capacity, core confinement
and rebar splicing of columns; inadequate shear capacity, rebar anchorage and plastic hinge
rotation capability of beams and inadequate confinement of beam-to-column joints. The
presence of soft and weak storey at the open ground floor, in-plane discontinuity and out-of-
plane offset of the ground floor columns and eccentric mass are commonly observed
irregularities in the studied buildings. In absence of collector elements in the slab and proper
detailing of the connections with the building frame, there is lack of integral action of the
lateral load resisting elements. The local retrofit strategies of column, beam, beam-to-column
joint, wall and foundation strengthening are reviewed. Under global retrofit strategies, the
addition of infill walls, shear walls and steel braces, and the reduction of the building
irregularities are mentioned. A detailed case study is reported. In the conclusion, issues
pertinent to retrofit are discussed.
FINDINGS:
Local Deficiencies- Local deficiencies lead to the failure of individual elements of the
building. The observeddeficiencies of the elements are summarized.
 Columns- Inadequate shear capacity.

-Lack of confinement of column core. Lack of 135º hooks, with adequate hook length.
-Faculty location of splice just above the floor, with inadequate tension splices length.
-Inadequate capacity of corner columns under biaxial seismic loads.
-Existence of short and stiff columns.
 Beams and Beam-to-Column Joints
-Shear reinforcement not adequate for flexural capacity.
-Inadequate anchorage of bottom rebars.
Global Deficiencies- Global deficiencies can broadly be classified as plan irregularities and
vertical irregularities, as per the Code. The items left out are listed under miscellaneous
deficiencies. Some of the observedirregularities are as follows.
 Plan Irregularities
-Torsional irregularity due to plan symmetry and eccentric mass from water tank.
-Frequent re-entrant corners.
-Diaphragm discontinuity due to large openings or staggered floors, along with

theabsence of collector elements.

-Out-of-plane offset for columns along perimeter.
-Nonparallel lateral load resisting systems (not observed in the building studied).
 Vertical Irregularities
-Stiffness irregularity, soft storey due to open ground storey.
 Mass irregularity (not observed in the building studied).

Chapter 3
OBJECTIVE
As we know that earthquake occurs very often and suddenly (especially in zone v) there is a
very high risk of collapsing of structures, if a higher earthquake magnitude occurs and also
the ongoing current pandemics situations. Keeping that in mind we have decided the
following objectives to work on our final year project: -
 A preliminary review on available research papers.
 Analysis of research paper/case studies.
 Comparisons of various research papers.
 Providing a basic guideline for earthquake resistant construction

Chapter 4
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 BUILDING DEFICIENCIES WITH RESPECT TO SEISMIC LOADING.
After the analysis of various research papers, it was observed that the RC buildings in
India shared some common deficiencies. These deficiencies can be broadly classified as
Local Deficiencies Global deficiencies and miscellaneous deficiencies.
Local Deficiencies
Local deficiencies lead to the failure of individual elements of the building. The
observed deficiencies of the elements are summarized. [9] [20]
Columns
 Inadequate shear capacity.
 Lack of confinement of column core.
 Faulty location of splice just above the floor, with inadequate tension splices length.
 Existence of short and stiff columns.
Unreinforced Masonry Walls

a. Lack of out-of-plane bending capacity.
Deficient Construction
 Frequent volume batching.
 Additional water for workability.
 Inadequate compaction and curing of concrete.
 Top 100 to 200 mm of column cast separately, leading to deficient plastic hinge
region.
 Inadequate side face cover, leading to rebar corrosion.
 Poor quality control.

Global Deficiencies
Global deficiencies can broadly be classified as plan irregularities and vertical irregularities,
as per the
Code. The items left out are listed under miscellaneous deficiencies. Some of the observed
irregularities are as follows. [9] [20]
Plan Irregularities
a. Torsional irregularity due to plan symmetry and eccentric mass from water tank.
b. Frequent re-entrant corners.
c. Diaphragm discontinuity due to large openings or staggered floors, along with the
absence of collector elements.
d. Out-of-plane offset for columns along perimeter.
e. Nonparallel lateral load resisting systems.
Vertical Irregularities
a. Stiffness irregularity, soft storey due to open ground storey.
b. Mass irregularity.
c. Vertical geometric irregularity from set-back towers.
d. In-plane discontinuity for columns along the perimeter of the building.
e. Weak storey due to open ground storey.
The miscellaneous deficiencies that were observed are as follows.
Deficiencies in Analysis
a. Buildings designed as only gravity load resisting system.
b. Neglecting the effect of infill walls.
c. Inadequate geotechnical data to consider near source effects.
Lack of integral action of the lateral load resisting elements
The building performance is degraded due to the absence of tying of the lateral load
resisting elements.
Failure of stair slab
If the stair slab is simply supported without adequate bearing length, a collapse of the
slab closes the escape route for the residents.

Pounding of buildings
Another poor design concept is not providing adequate spacing between adjacent
buildings or seismic joints between segments of a building. [9] [20]
4.2 DYNAMICS OF THE BUILDINGS DURING EARTHQUAKE:
During the earthquake all buildings behave beyond the elastic range, which implies changing
of all dynamic characteristics.
Thus, from the degradation caused by the earthquakes the building’s stiffness decreases, the
proper periods are increased and the percentage of critical damping increases.
FAILURE MECHANISMS OF A MASONRY BUILDINGS:
A masonry building can fail in various ways under the action of earthquake forces. [10] [18]
1. Out of plane failure:

 So, the wall will collapse due to overturning
 The bending of wall results in development of tensile stress and masonry is
weak in tension hence, collapse or cracks.
Crack types:
 Vertical cracks in the corner of walls

 Peeling of masonry
 Cracks at lintel and top of piers
Fig. 5 Out-of-plane failure (Research.net)

2. In plane failure:
 Wall undergoes shear and bending due to inertia force working in the plane of
wall and so that wall is known as shear wall
 This wall offers resistance good enough because of large depth in the plane of
bending. [6] [18]
Crack pattern:
 Diagonal tension cracks

 Crushing of corners
 Spilling of material
Fig.6 In-plane failure (Research.net)
3. Connection failure:
 Wall ‘A and B’ are tied together like a rooms 4-walls
 Where two are shear walls(A) and two are flexural wall(B)
 Wall ‘A’ are subjected to shear and bending
 Wall ‘B’ are subjected to overturning (out of plane bending) by horizontal
inertia force [9] [18]

 If walls are tied properly then it acts like a box

 Wall ‘A’ not only offer resistance to inertia force in their plane but also
supports wall ‘B’ from overturning.
Fig. 7 Connection failure (link.springer.net)
4. Diaphragm failure:
 To transfer the forces the roof must have strength in bending in horizontal
plane. This action is known as diaphragm action.
 RCC slab have good strength and acts as rigid diaphragm.
 Other types of roofs like made of timber or joints with brick tile acts as
flexible diaphragm. [11] [18]

 If roof is rigid and acts as horizontal to their stiffness then inertia force will be
distributed to walls in their proportion of stiffness.
Like:
 Wall ‘A’ will get larger share of inertia forces and bending of wall ‘B’ will be
loss.
 If roofs are flexible, the inertia force will be distributed equally to the walls on
which built tend to overturn because it is subjected to greater inertia force and
this type of failure is known as diaphragm failure.
Crack pattern:
 Cracks developed near the corners of the walls and may lead to separation of
the walls or total collapse of structure.
 But roofs and floors which are rigid and flat and are tied together to the walls
does not show any sign of diaphragm failure.
Fig.8 Diaphragm failure (theconstructor.net)
5. Failure due to opening of the walls:

 During the earthquake shaking inertia force acts on the walls
 The walls meeting at corners must have good interlocking

 So, openings near corners of the wall can very be dangerous because they will:
 Obstruct the flow of force from one wall to the another
 The large opening in shear walls reduces the strength of wall against
inertia forces. [5] [18]
Fig. 9 Failures due to openings of walls (sciencedirect.net)
6. Pounding:
 When the roofs of two adjacent buildings are at different level then during
earthquakes, the brickwork forces hit against each other, this is called
pounding. [5] [18]

Fig. 10 Pounding (sciencedirect.net)
7. Non-structural component failure:

 Falling of plasters
 Cracking and overturning of masonry parapets, roof, chimneys and balconies.
 Cracking and overturning of partition walls
 Cracking of glass panes
 Falling of loosely placed objects, overturning of cupboards, etc. [5] [18]

Fig. 11 Non-structural component failure (scienccedirect.net)
4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST SEISMIC DAMAGE
Table 2: Recommendation for building deficiencies.

Deficiencies Recommendations
Pounding of building  At least provide a distance of 2m between

adjacent buildings of 5 storeys.
 Roof & upper floors should be light as
possible.
Failure of stair slab.  Provide adequate bearing length for stair

slab.
Lack of integral action of load resisting elements.  All the lateral load resisting elements i.e.,
shear walls, frames or bracings should be
tied well together.
Deficiencies in analysis.  Buildings should be designed as both a
gravity & a seismic load resisting system.
 Effects of infill wall shouldn’t be
neglected i.e., as much as possible the
walls should enclose the perimeter of the
building.
 As many as possible geotechnical data of
the area should be analyzed to assess the
bearing capacity, water table etc.
Vertical irregularity  Building plan & elevation should be
symmetrical with respect to mass &
stiffness, instead separation joints may be
provided.
 Columns should be provided continuously
in a plane & along the perimeter.
 Open storey should be avoided, as much as
possible.
Plan irregularities  Water tanks should be provided separately
from building or proper design of footing
& structure should be done to avoid
torsional irregularity.
 Avoid re-entrant corners as much as
possible to avoid concentration of stress.
 Slabs should be so designed to act like a
diaphragm. Thus, avoid openings in slabs
& staggered floors. Collector elements
(e.g.; -beams) should be provided
sufficiently.
 Out of plane column offsets should be
avoided along perimeter.
 Non parallel lateral load resisting elements
should be avoided.
Columns  Strengthening the RC columns, steel
jacketing, composite jacketing
 Provision of 135° hook

 Providing high strength concrete (HSC),

within 28 days strength in the range of 20-
40MPa
 Depends on loading pattern, specific
detailing should be provided in the critical
section
Deficiency in unreinforced masonry walls  Must provide horizontal bands, lintel
bands, etc. for not overturning of buildings
 Lintel band is used to cover the opening’s
top level
Deficient construction  Improper propositioning of concrete

 Supervision by a well-qualified technician
person for proper quality control
 Compaction and curing should be done
properly
 Addition of extra water for workability
should be avoided. Instead, admixtures
should be used

Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
Earthquake resistant structures are important now a days, to withstand the seismic effects.
The task of providing full seismic safety for the residents inhabiting the most earthquake-
prone regions are far from being solved. However, in present time we have new regulations
in place for construction that greatly contribute to earthquake disaster mitigation and are
being applied in accordance with world practice.
An easy to comprehend and a systematic basic recommendation on exterior
factors of the building to resist the seismic load strictly based on Indian standard codes for
earthquake resistant buildings are;
 For brick masonry buildings, no. of storey should be limited to 5 in seismic zones.
 Maintain a separation distance between adjacent structures of at least 2m.
 Maintain symmetrical building plan and elevation with respect to mass and stiffness,
instead of it, separation joints are used.
 There should be avoidance of suspended ceiling otherwise reinforcement shall be
firmly attached to the main structure.
 The roof and upper stories of the building should be light in weight.
 There should be integrity and continuity in construction so that it may allow a
continuous load path between the foundations, all the portion of the building are tied
together.
 Horizontal bands should be provided at plinth, lintel and roof levels.
 The doors and windows should be placed centrally and be small as possible.
 Lintel band should be used to covers the opening’s top level.
 Provide vertical reinforcement at important locations such as corners, internal and
external wall junctions.
 Provide infill walls along the whole perimeter.
 Position the foundations on rock or firm soil. Where soft soils cannot be avoided,
special strengthening should be provided with technical consultation.
 Avoid long walls without intermediate support.
 Arrange load resisting elements (shear walls, rectangular columns etc.) parallelly.
 The hook in the ties should be at 135 degree instead of 90 degree for better
anchoragement.

REFERENCES
[1] Geology.net
[2] Geologypage.net
[3] Civilblog.org
[4] Pinterest.net
[5] Sciencedirect.net
[6] Research.net
[7] Mapsofindia.net
[8] Scribd.com
[9] Linkspringer.net
[10] Researchgate.net
[11] Theconstructor.net
[12] Mohammad A. D., A. R. Dar, A. Qureshi, Jayalkshmi R., A study on earthquake construction techniques,
American Journal of Engineeering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936 volume-02, Issue-
12, pp-258-264
[13] Ilackiya S., Earthquake resistant building and disaster management, International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278 – 0181
[14] M. A. Khan, Parveen S., S. Ahmad, Sharukhshamsi S., A. Khan, Earthquake resistant buildings, IJSTE –
International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 06 | December 2016 | ISSN
(online): 2349-784x
[15] G. Ramesh, Doddipati S., M. S. Kumar, Earthquake resistant of RCC structures, International Journal of
Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), Volume 4 Issue 5, July-August 2020, e-ISSN: 2456 -
6470
[16] K. Satishkumar, Study of earthquake resistant RCC buildings with increased strength and stability,
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 4, Issue 6, June
2015, ISSN: 2319 - 8753
[17] P. B. Bokey, P. S. Pajgade, Lessons from Jan, 26,2001 Gujarat (India) Earthquake, 13th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Paper no. 1874
[18] V. Singh, B. G. Mohapatra, A. Divyadarshi, Various methods of retrofitting of R.C.C structures and masonry
structures - a review, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 7,
Special Issue 2, December 2017, ISSN 2250 - 2459
[19] Dr. Anand S. Arya, Rapid visual screening of RCC building, National Disaster Management Divison, New
Delhi, India
[20] Amlan K. Sengupta, C. Srinivasulu Reddy, B. Narayanan V. T., Asokan A., Seismic analysis and retrofit of
existing multistoreyed buildings in India – an overview with a case study., 13th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Paper no. 2571

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN – REVIEW & RECOMMENDATION

Sh. Tapi Tony

Under the Guidance of

Shri Riba Gyadi

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dated: Itanagar, 03/08/2021

Shri Riba Gyadi

Signature of the student

I express my sincere thanks to all my classmates and friends with whom I

Tapi Tony (RGGP/2018/CE/13)

Chapter no. Particulars Page no.

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 4 Results & Discussions

Sl. No. Figure No. Title of Figure Page No.

1 1 Types of seismic waves 4

5 5 Out of plane failure 27

Sl. No. Table No. Title of Table Page No.

1 1 Building categorization on basis of 20

2 2 Recommendation for building 33

The difficulty in comprehending the code of practice by layman, and the

So, in this project, we intend to do a preliminary review on the existing defaults

1|Page RAJIV GANDHI GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

1.3 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS

2|Page RAJIV GANDHI GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

1.5 WAVES PRODUCED DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

(a) Body waves (b) Surface waves

3|Page RAJIV GANDHI GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

The body waves consist of: -

Fig. 1 Types of seismic waves (researchgate.net)

Surface wave consist of the following: -

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love wave’s produces entirely horizontal motion.

1.6 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION

Fig. 2 Seismic zonation of India (mapsofIndia.net)

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1.7 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE IN BUILDINGS

Strong columns & weak beams

Plan and mass irregularities

Poor quality of construction materials

Faulty construction practices

Pounding of adjacent structures

Soft storey failures: -

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 Plan irregularities: - A standard system is considered irregular, when: - The plane

1.8 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE STRUCTURE DESIGN

It is analysis of faces-building due to loads on it. If a building is enough to resist the

 POPULAR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE TECHNIQUES

-Vertically oriented wide beams.

-It carries seismic loads down to the bottom of foundation.

-Provides large strength and stiffness to building.

-Thickness generally varies from 150mm to 450mm in high rise buildings.

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-These are used in place of structural elements such diagonal braces.

-Acts like the hydraulic shock absorbers cars.

 viscous dampers-Reduce the vibration by fluid action.

-Lead rubber bearing is sand witched between two steel plates.

-Rubber is highly elastic so reduce the damage.

-Converts the kinetic energy as heat.

BASE ISOLATION IN INDIA: -

SPHERICAL SLIDING ISOLATION: -

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ELEMENTS OF GOOD QUALITY CONTROL: -