THE ELECTRONIC

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
&
THE PERIODIC TABLE

ROZAINA BINTI SALEH

UiTM Perak
Kampus Tapah

CHM CHAPTER 3
 OBJECTIVES

 Perform quantitative calculations based on the relationship

between wavelength, energy, and the speed of light.
 Apply the Rydberg formula to predict the energy of
transitions between two n levels in the hydrogen atom.
 State the atomic orbital names based on quantum
numbers.
 Apply the Aufbau principle to determine the configuration
for any atom or ion.
 Relate the electronic configuration to the of an atom of an
element to its position on the periodic table.
 OBJECTIVES
 Recognize that there are exceptions to the Aufbau
principles and where they are likely to occur on the periodic
table and why.
 Apply Hund's rule to determine electron configuration using
an orbital diagram (electrons in individual orbitals with
spins).
 Apply the concept of attraction between nucleus and
electrons to predict the pattern of atomic size and ionic
sizes
 Define ionization energy, electron affinity and
Electronegativity.
HYDROGEN
ATOM
SPECTRUM
WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY

 Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of

different types of electromagnetic radiations in the
order of increasing wavelengths (or decreasing
frequencies).
 All electromagnetic waves have the same speed.
 Each type of radiation differ from one another in their
wavelengths (length) & in frequency.
ELECTROMAGENTIC WAVES

Increasing frequency

Increasing wavelength
WAVES
 Wavelength = the distance from one point on a wave to
the corresponding point on the next wave.
 unit of wavelength is the nanometer (nm).
FREQUENCY
 Frequency : The number of waves created per second.
 As the waves propagate away from the source, the
frequency also represents the number of waves that will
pass a point per second.
 Unit of frequency is one divided by time (1/seconds) and
name as hertz (Hz).
SPEED
• Speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is the
same : Speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP
 EXERCISE
You sit in the backyard on a warm summer evening watching the red sky
( =625nm) at sunset and listening to music from your CD player. The
laser in the latter has frequency 3.84 x 1014s-1.
a) What is the frequency of the radiation from the red sky?
b) What is the wavelength of the laser in nm?

Answer:
a) f = v = (3.00 x 108 m/s) = 4.80 x 1014 s-1 = 4.80 x 1014 Hz
 6.25 x 10-7 m

b)  =v = (3.00 x 108 m/s) x 109 nm = 781 nm

f 3.84 x 1014s-1 1m
BOHR THEORY
OF THE
HYDROGEN
ATOM
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT
 Max Planck stated : Energy in the form of electromagnetic
radiation can be emitted or absorbed in discrete amount
(or packets) called quanta/quantum.
 Magnitude of quantum, depends on the frequency of
the radiation.
 The energy (in J) associated with quantum of energy
(photon) is given by Planck’s equation.

V=
 EXERCISE

Sodium vapor lamps are commonly used to illuminate

highways because of their intense yellow-orange emission at
589 nm.
a) calculate the energy in joules, of one photon of this light.
b) calculate the energy in kilojoules, of one mole of such
photons.

Answer:
a) E = hv = (6.626 x 10-34 J.s) (3.00 x 108 m/s) = 3.37 x 10-19 J
 5.89 x 10-7 m

b) E = E x NA = 3.37 x 10-19 J x 6.02 x 1023 = 203 kJ

LINE EMISSION SPECTRUM OF
HYDROGEN ATOMS
ATOMIC SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN

 It was observed that the spectrum consists of a large

number of lines appearing in different regions of
wavelengths.
 In 1885, J.J. Balmer developed a simple relationship
among the different wavelengths of the series of visible
lines in the hydrogen spectrum.
 The wavelength of the lines in the emision spectrum of
hydrogen can be calculated using Rydberg’s equation.

n = 3, 4, 5, … up to infinity
Rydberg constant, R=1.097 x 107 m-1
 The value of n1 and n2 for each series are given in
the table below:

Series Region n1 n2
Lyman Ultraviolet 1 2,3,4,5…….
Balmer Visible 2 3,4,5,6……
Paschen Infrared 3 4,5,6,7…..
Bracket Infrared 4 5,6,7,8…..
Emission of radiation occurs from atoms when electrons in
the atom goes into an excited state and then returns to a
lower energy state.
EXERCISE:

For the transition from n=4 to n=2 in Balmer series, calculate:

a) the wavelength.
b) the frequency
Answer:

a) 1 = 1.097 x 107 [1/22 - 1/42] = 2.057 x 106 m-1


so  = 4.86 x 10-7 m = 486 nm

b) f= c = 3.00 x 108 m/s = ?

 4.86 x 10-7 m
 The Bohr Model of the H atom
 Bohr postulates of hydrogen atom:
i. H atom has only certain allowable energy level
ii. The atom does not radiate energy while in one of its level;
iii. The atom changes to another state by absorbing/ emitting
a photon; whose energy equal to difference in energy
between 2 states
E initial> E final
E photon = E initial – E final = hf
 Electrons can be excited to higher levels by
absorbing the required energy. (Excited state)
 It will drop back to the lower levels by emitting
excess energy through electromagnetic radiation.
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
QUANTUM NUMBERS
 Required to describe the distribution of
electrons in hydrogen and other atom.

Angular
Principal
Momentum
Quantum
Quantum
Number, n
Number, l

Magnetic Electron Spin

Quantum Quantum
Number, m Number, s
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBERS (n)

 The principal quantum number, n, describes the

energy level on which the orbital resides.
 The values of n are integers ≥ 1.

 Relates the distance of the electrons from the

nucleus.
 Larger n, greater distance : higher energy
Principal quantum Name of principal
number, n shell
1 K
2 L
3 M
4 N
ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (l)

 Shapes of orbitals.
 Subshells.
 Values of l
 Integers ranging from 0 to n-1.

 Depends on the value of n.

 The possible values of l is from 0 to (n-1)

 Example: n =1 l= 0
n=2 l = 0,1
n = 3 l = 0, 1, 2
ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (l)

 Value of l generally designated by letters as

follows:
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (ml)

 Describe the orientation of the orbital in space.

 Orbital
 Can have integral values between –l and l
including 0.
 Therefore, on any given energy level, there can
be up to 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 7 f
orbitals. (2l + 1)
 Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.
Relationship between quantum numbers and atomic orbitals
ELECTRON SPIN QUANTUM NUMBERS
(mS)

 Describe the spinning of the

electrons.
 The spin quantum number has
only 2 allowed values: +1/2 and
−1/2.
 This quantum number differentiate
the quantum number of the two
electrons in the same orbital.
 Thus, two electrons in the same
orbital do not have exactly the
same energy.
 SHAPES OF
THE ORBITALS
ATOMIC ORBITALS (S ORBITAL)

 The value of l for s orbitals is 0.

 Shape: Sphere
 The radius of the sphere increases with the
value of n.
ATOMIC ORBITALS (p ORBITAL)

 The value of l for p orbitals is 1.

 They have two lobes with a node between
them.
ENERGY OF THE ORBITAL
 Energy only depends on principal quantum
number n

Hydrogen atom orbital energy level

Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom

n=3 l = 2

n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0

n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0

n=1 l = 0
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

How the electrons are

distributed/arrange among
the various atomic orbital
 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Principal quantum number, n No of electron

in the orbital

1s 1

Angular momentum quantum number,l

PRINCIPLES

 Important in writing correct electrons

configuration

Afbau Hund’s Pauli

AFBAU PRINCIPLE

 A scheme used to reproduce the electron

configurations of the ground states of atoms by
successively filling subshells with electrons
in a specific order.
 Fill up electrons in lowest energy orbitals first
 Correspond to the increasing energy of the
subshells.
 AFBAU PRINCIPLE

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
HUND’S RULE
 For degenerate orbitals, the most stable
arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one
with the greatest number of parallel spins.
 Electron repel one another. By occupying different
orbitals, the e- remain as far as possible from one
another, thus minimizing e- repulsion

N 7
HUND’S RULE
 Example:
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
 No two electrons in the same atom can have
exactly the same energy.
 No two electrons in the same atom can
have identical sets of quantum numbers.
 Electron in the same orbital must have diff
spin.
 Restate: - 1 orbital : 2 electrons
- With diff spin
WRITING ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS
 First, determine how many electrons are in the
atom. Mg has 12 electrons.
 Arrange the energy sublevels according to
increasing energy:
 1s 2s 2p 3s …
 Fill each sublevel with electrons until you have
used all the electrons in the atom:
 Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
 The sum of the superscripts equals the atomic
number of Mg (12)
EXERCISE
Write the electron configuration for the following
elements:
• Li

• N

• Ne

• Mg

• S

• V

• Cu

• Br
ORBITAL DIAGRAM

1s 1

H1 ↑ OR ↓
1s1 1s1
ORBITAL DIAGRAM
 CONFIGURATIONS OF IONS

 When we write the electron configuration of a

positive ion, remove one electron for each
positive charge:
Na → Na+
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 → 1s2 2s2 2p6
 When we write the electron configuration of a
negative ion, add one electron for each negative
charge:
O → O2-
1s2 2s2 2p4 → 1s2 2s2 2p6
CONDENSED ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS

 Inner shell configuration corresponding to one of

the noble gas together with outer electrons.
 Example:
Neon completes the 2p subshell.
Sodium marks the beginning of a new row.
So, we write the condensed electron configuration
for sodium as
Na: [Ne] 3s1
[Ne] represents the electron configuration of neon.

Core electrons: electrons in [Noble Gas].

Valence electrons: electrons outside of [Noble Gas].
TRANSITION METAL
 Transition metal: will fill the 3d orbital after
filling the 4s orbital.
 Example:
 Mn : [Ar] 4s2 3d5
 Zn: [Ar] 4s2 3d10

 After the 3d orbitals have been filled with 2

electrons each, the 4p orbitals begin to be
occupied.
 Exception:
 Cr24: [Ar] 4s1 3d5
 Cu29 : [Ar] 4s1 3d10

 Slightly greater stability for half-filled (3d5) and

completely filled (3d10) subshells.
 Shielding one another is relatively small and
stronger attraction to the nucleus.
 In general, half/completely filled subshell is more
stable.
EXERCISE
Give the full & condensed electron
configurations and orbital diagram showing
valence electrons for the following element.

1. S16
2. K19
3. Zn30
THE PERIODIC
TABLE
Systematic classification and
arrangement of the elements which
arranged from left to right and top to
bottom in order of increasing atomic
numbers
CORE ELECTRONS AND VALENCE
ELECTRONS
 Core electrons are electrons that reside in the
inner energy levels of an atom.
 Valence electrons are electrons that reside in the
outer shell of an atom.
 Electrons that involve when atom undergoes a chemical
reaction
 Example: 11Na
- subshell notation ( 1s2 2s2 2p6 ) 3s1

Valence
Core electrons
electrons
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
 The periods and the groups of elements in the periodic
table correlate closely with the electron configurations of
the elements

Periods number – same as the principal quantum

number, n in the outermost principal shell
Groups number – same as the number of outer shell
electrons (valence electron) of the element
Groups num. = 1
Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Period num. = 3
Ne : 1s2 2s2 2p6 Groups num. = 8

Period num. = 2
 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
PERIOD
 The horizontal rows are called periods.
 The period number is equal to the principal quantum
number (n) of the valence shell. For ex: Li : 1s2 2s1 (n
=2)
Be : 1s2 2s2 (n =2)
 Across the period, the number of electron in valence shell
increases.
 There are 7 periods, which are numbered 1 to 7.

Li Be
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
GROUP
 Elements in the same group – have similar
valence shell electron configurations.
 Same number of valence electrons: Same
chemical properties

Eleme Configuration Eleme Configuration

nt nt
3Li 4Be 1s2 2s2
1s2 2s1
11Na 12Mg 1s22s22p6 3s2
1s22s22p6 3s1
37Rb 38Sr [Ar]4s23d64p10
[Ar]4s23d64p10
5s1 5s2
55Cs 56Ba
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
 The number of valence electrons in an element
represents the group number of the element in
the periodic table.
 The period number of the elements is the
principal quantum number of the outermost
principal energy shell in an atom.

Na11 1s22s22p63s1

Period 3, Group 1
 GROUPS AND PERIODS
PERIODIC
TABLE
Period Group

Representative element/ main

Transition element
group
3 to 12
1,2 and 13 through 17

Group 1 – alkali metals

Group 2 – alkaline earth metals
Group 17 – halogens
Group 18 – noble gases/inert gases
PERIODIC
TRENDS
 ATOMIC SIZE / ATOMIC RADIUS

 Size goes UP , going down a group.

 Electrons are added further from the nucleus, there is
less attraction.
 Additional energy levels (shell) and the shielding
effect.
 Each additional energy level “shields” the electrons
from being pulled in toward the nucleus.
 Size goes DOWN , across a period.
 Increase in effective nuclear charge
 Increase no of valence electrons
 Attraction between valence electrons and nucleus
getting stronger.
IONIC SIZES
1. Size of Cations
 Smaller than corresponding
parent atom
 Atom lose valence electrons
 No of proton maintain
 The attraction of the nucleus
with remaining electrons
getting stronger.

Sodium Sodium
atom ion
1. Size of Anions
 Bigger than corresponding
parent atom
1. The attraction between the
valence electron and the nucleus
is weaker because the number of
valance e is now increased (due
to the newly added electron)
2. Electrons are added into the same
shell
 Electrons tend to repel each
other
Chlorine Chloride
atom ion
IONIZATION ENERGY
 Minimum energy required to remove an
electron from a ground state atom (ion) in the
gaseous state.
 The first ionisation energy
 Minimum energy required to remove the 1st valence
electron from the gaseous atom in its ground state.
M(g) – 1e  M+(g) (GENERAL EQUATION)
IONIZATION ENERGY

 The second ionisation energy – is the energy

required to remove the 2nd electron. Eg:

M+(g) – 1e  M2+(g) (GENERAL EQUATION)

PERIODIC PATTERNS OF
IONIZATION ENERGY
Question:

Which orbital has a higher ionization

energy, one with n=3 or n=2?

Answer:

The orbital with n=2, because the closer the

electron is to the nucleus or the smaller the
atomic radius, the more energy it takes to expel
an electron.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY

 Isa measure of the tendency of an atom

to attract bonding electrons to itself
when it is in a molecule
 The greater the electronegativity of an
atom in a molecule, the more strongly the
electronegativity.

electron rich
H F region
electron poor
region
ELECTRONEGATIVITY TRENDS

D
E
C
R
E
A
S
E
ELECTRON AFFINITY
 Is the energy change that occurs when an
electron is accepted by an atom in its
gaseous state.
 The more negative the electron affinity, the
greater the tendency of the atom to accept an
electron
SUMMARY OF PERIODIC TRENDS