Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to :

(i) Distinguish between partial derivative and

ordinary differentiation
(ii) Determine partial derivative of the first
and higher order of multi-variables
function

LESSON 1: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

(Slope of multi-variables function)
2

 Consider f ( x, y ) is a function of the two

FUNCTION WITH 1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE independent variables x and y. We can
differentiate function
f either with respect to x
Example : f ( x)  3 x 4
or y.

Differentiate : df f
 12x 3  We write
dx x to denote differentiation of
function f with respect to x by treating
FUNCTION WITH 2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
y as a constant

Example : f ( x, y )  y x 4 • Similarly, to determine

y
f
we differentiate
the function f with respect to y,
Differentiate: f f
fx   4 yx3 fy   x4 the variable x is held constant.
x y
3 4

1
 Standard way to find partial
Interpretation derivative of a function

f is the rate at which function f changes Step1 : Rewrite

x as x changes, for a fixed (constant) y.

Step 2: Differentiate separately the

f is the rate at which function f changes terms by using sum and
y as y changes, for a fixed difference formula
(constant) x
Step 3 : Take out the coefficient

Step 4 : Start differentiate

5 6

EXAMPLE 1 : f ( x, y )  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2 Step 2: By using sum and different formula

f f
Determine :
i) ii)
d
 f ( x)  g ( x)  d f ( x)  d g ( x)
x y dx dx dx
f
f 
  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2 
Solution: i) To find x x
x
Step 1 : f  3    2
Rewrite 
x x
 
x 
x

3x 2 y x

3xy 2 x
y  
f 
x3  3x 2 y  3xy2  y 2 

x x
(Let y constant)
8
7

2
 Step 3: Take out coefficients EXAMPLE 1 : Continue………

f  3    2

x x
x  
x

3x 2 y 
x

3xy 2  
x
y    f ( x, y )  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2
Solution: ii) To find
f
 3  2  

x
 
x  3y
x
 
x  3 y 2 x   y 2 1
x x
y
Step 4: Differentiate constant Step 1 : Rewrite

 3x  3 y2 x   3 y 1  y (0)

2 2 2
f 
f  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2 
 3 x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 y y
x 9
(Let x constant)
10

Step 2: By using sum and different formula Step 3: Take out the coefficients
d
 f ( x)  g ( x)  d f ( x)  d g ( x) f    
dx dx dx  x 3   3x 2 y   3xy 2    y 2 
y y y y y
f
  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2   
 x 3 1  3x 2  y   3x
 2
y 
 2
y   
y y y y y y
Step 4:
constant
Differentiate

f      (0)  3x 2 (1)  3x2 y   2 y

 x 3   3x 2 y   3xy 2    y 2 
y y y y y
f
 3x 2  6 xy  2 y
11 y 12

3
 YOUR TURN !!!
f f
EXAMPLE 2 :Given z  x y  sin x  x cos y
Determine : i) ii) 2
x y
z
Evaluate : i ) at point (0,1)
x
Solution: i) To find f Solution:
x
Step 1 :
Rewrite
f 
x3  3x 2 y  3xy2  y 2 

x  x
(Let y constant)

13 14

EXAMPLE 2 :continue……… EXAMPLE 3 : Given h(u, v)  e 2u v

a) Evaluate the functional value h(2,1)
h u  3, v  1
b) Calculate when
v

SOLUTION : Given h(u, v)  e 2u v

a ) h(2,1)  e 2 ( 2 ) 1
 e 3 20.086
15 16

4
SOLUTION :b) Given h(u, v)  e 2u v YOUR TURN !!!
EXAMPLE 4 : Given f ( x, y)  ln( x 2  2 y 2 ) find
f
𝑑
𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) .f’(x) x
By using formula : 𝑑𝑥 
Solution: Recalling that ln f ( x)  f ' ( x)
x f ( x)
h

v v
e 
 2u v
 =𝑒 2𝑢−𝑣
𝜕
𝜕𝑣
2𝑢 − 𝑣

 e 2 u  v (0  1)
substitute  e 2 u  v
h
u  3, v  1  e 2 ( 3) ( 1)
v
 e 7  1096.633 17 18

Example 5 : Given z ( x, y )  yxe x Example 5 : continue……..

Find all the first partial derivative of function z
z Solution: To find z
Solution: To find (Let x constant)
y rewrite
x
z  z
  yxe x  

 yxe x 
y y x x (Let y constant)

 xe  x  y   xe x 1 𝑦𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
y
is a product of 2 functions of f(x)
 xe  x 19 20

5
 By using product rule YOUR TURN !!!
𝜕 EXAMPLE 6:
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 ′ z
xy
𝜕𝑥 z ( x, y ) 
Determine
x
for x  y2
2

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑦𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 Solution :

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
u’= =𝑦 1 =𝑦 v’=𝜕𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 −1 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 ′
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝑦𝑥)(−𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
Factorize to simplify answer
21 22

23 24

6
 Partial
Multivariable Partial Derivatives
function

Derivative
First Order Second Order
𝜕2𝑓
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑥 2
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2𝑓
Higher Order 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Derivatives 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2𝑓
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
25 26

i) The second order partial derivatives

2 f   f  Differentiate
are found by differentiating the first i)    twice with
order partial derivatives x 2 x x  respect to x

ii) Notation : STEP 2 STEP 1

2 f 2 f
 f xx  f yy 2 f   f  Differentiate
y 2 ii)    twice with
x 2 y 2 y  y 
respect to y

2 f 2 f
 f yx  f xy
xy yx
27
STEP 2 STEP 1 28

7
 Differentiate first f ( x, y )  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2
2 f
EXAMPLE 7 :
  f  with respect to y and
i)    then with respect to x
xy x y  Determine : i)
2 f
ii)
2 f
x 2 xy
STEP 2 STEP 1
 2 f   f 
Solution: i) To find    STEP 1
 f2
  f  x 2  x   x 
Differentiate first
ii)    with respect to x
yx y  x  and then with
respect to y

STEP 2 STEP 1
29 30

f
Step 1 : find ,let y constant Therefore, the second partial derivatives is
x
f ( x, y )  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2 2 f   f 
  
x 2
x  x  Answer from step 1

constant
f 
x x

x

x

 x 3   3 y x 2   3 y 2  x    y 2 
x
 
x 3x  6 xy  3 y
2 2

constant
 2  2 
 3 x   6 y  x   3 y 1
 3x 2  3 y2 x   3 y 2 1  0 x x x

f  32 x  6 y1  0

First order partial
 3 x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 32

derivative is
x  6x  6 y
31

8
Solution: ii) To find  f    f 
2

yx y  x  STEP 1 2 f

yx y


3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 
From part (i), f
first partial derivatives is   3 x 2  6 xy  3 y 2
x Apply sum and different formula and take out the coefficients


1  6 x   y   3  y 2 
Therefore, the second order partial derivatives is
 3x 2
2 f   f  y y y
  
yx y  x  constant


Answer from step 1 (part i)  (0)  6 x1  32 y 

y

3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2  33  6 x  6 y 34

f ( x, y)  e x y
2
EXAMPLE 8: Given
Equality of Mixed Second Order
Verify (prove/show) that 2 f 2 f
Partial Derivative Theorem 
xy yx

2 f 2 f Solution: From the left hand side


xy yx 2 f

  f 
 
xy x  y 
STEP 1

35 36

9
 Step 1 : find first partial derivative f Therefore, the second order partial derivatives is
let x constant
y
 
2 f   f 
f  xy 2 Recalling that :
  
xy x  y 
 e Answer from step 1
y  y 
d f ( x)

 
 e f ( x ) . f ' ( x)
dx
e


2

       2 xyexy Product Rule

 e xy 2
 xy 2  x
 y 
Take out the coefficients x

  2 
 e xy  x
 y
 2 
 

2
 
y   e xy x 2 y   2 xyexy
2

37 38

By using product rule

𝜕
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 ′

SOLUTION : CONTINUE………
 2y
Find the right 
xy 2
xe
hand
x side
  2 f
𝜕𝑥 yx
2 f   f 
2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕
v’=𝜕𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2    STEP 1
u’= = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥
=𝑒 𝑥𝑦 2
1𝑦 2 yx y  x 
2
= 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2 2
= 2𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + (2xy)(𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥
2
= 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 1 +𝑥𝑦 2
Factorize to simplify answer
39 40

10
 Step 1 : find first partial derivative f Therefore, the second order partial derivatives is
let x constant
x
f


e xy 2
  2 f   f 
  
x  x 
d f ( x)
e 
 e f ( x ) . f ' ( x) yx y  x 
   
dx
   Answer from step 1
 e xy 2
 xy 2 
Take out the coefficients
 x 

y

 2 xy 2
y e  Product Rule

  2 



x

 e xy  y 2 x  

e y (1)  y e
xy 2 2 2 xy 2 42

41

2 f

yx y
 2 xy 2
y e    2 ye  2 
2x xy
xy2 y xy 2 xy 2
3
xe e 
 
Factorize

 
common

 2 ye 1  xy2
xy 2
Product rule xy 2
factor 2 ye
 u v  uv
' '

   
  2  xy 2
y (e )  ( y 2 ) e xy
2  
xy 2    Hence :
 y   y 
 (2 y )(e xy 2  2  2 
)  ( y ) e xy x
2

y
y   
2 f

2 f
xy yx

 2 yexy 1  xy2
2

  Verify !
 (2 y)(e xy )  ( y 2 )(e xy ) x(2 y)
2 2

43 44

11
 YOUR TURN !!!
 y
EXAMPLE 9 : Given f ( x, y )  ln 
x
2
  2 f   2 f    2 f 
evaluate  2  2     at x  2, y  1
  x   y   x  y 

Solution:

45 46

47 48

12
 EXAMPLE 10 : (Choosing The Order of Differentiation) Solution: Continue……….
ey 2z
Given z  xy  determine 2z
y2 1 xy For this example, in stead of find
xy
2z
2z We will find because we can get the same answer quickly
Solution:The symbol xy tell us to differentiate first yx
with respect y and then respect to x.
2z   z 
  
.
The equality of mixed partial derivative theorem:
STEP 1
2z

2z yx y  x 
xy yx

If we postpone the differentiation w.r.t y but

differentiate first w.r.t x, however, we will get
the same answer more quickly 49 50

Step 1 : find first partial derivative f

z    ey 
let y constant x  xy   2  Therefore,
x x x  y  1 
2z   z 
z   ey  Take out the coefficients   
yx y  x 
  xy  2 
y  1 
x  x    y 
y x     2e  
Apply sum and different formula x x  y  1   y
y
  y 
xy    2e 
constant

x x  y  1   y1  0 1
z
y
x
51 52

13
 Remark : If we differentiate first we respect to
More Higher Order Derivatives
y, we have to use quotient rule and (3rd Order, 4th Order…. )
we are for significantly more work !
EXAMPLE 11 : Let f ( x, y )  y 2 e x  y
z   e 
y

  xy  2 
 1 
find 3 f
y y  y
y 2 x

Apply sum and different formula

Solution: The formula
  y 
 xy    2e  Step 1 :diff. w.r. to x
y y  y  1  3 f
 Step 2 :diff. w.r. to y
y 2 x
Quotient rule

Homework ! 53 Step 3 :diff. w.r. to y54again

Alternative way to write the answer :

Solution : Given f ( x, y )  y 2 e x  y
Copy coefficient constant
Solution : Given f ( x, y )  y 2 e x  y
Step 1 : 1st order
(diff. w.r.to x) f 3 f     f 
 y e 0
2 x
y e 2 x    
y x y  y  x 
2
x Rewrite
Differentiate w.r.to y Copy coefficient

   2 x 
Step 2 : 2nd order 2 f
 2y ex   
y  y  x

y e  y  
(diff. w.r.to y) yx 
constant
  2 x 
Step 3 : 3rd order  f3
 2(1)e x  
y  y

y e 0  
(diff. w.r.to y again) 
y x
2
 2e x 55 56

14
   2 x 
 
y  y
y e  




y

2 ye x 
 2(1)e x
 2e x
57

15