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SCIENCE 10 Q2 M6-LightsMirrorsandLenses v3
SCIENCE 10 Q2 M6-LightsMirrorsandLenses v3
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Light: Mirrors and Lenses
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Management Team
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6
Light: Mirrors and Lenses
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
1
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
This module was designed to provide your student with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at their own pace and time. They
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner, with your guidance.
2
References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
Lesson
Images Formed by Plane
1 Mirrors
3
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A clock hang on the wall is facing a plane mirror hanged on the opposite wall. As you see
the reflection of the clock on the mirror, the clock shows the time of 9:00. What is the real
time?
2. If a man stands 4 feet in front of a plane mirror, how far away is the ma’s image from the
mirror?
A. Nearer than the man from the mirror
3. The entire two opposite walls in your room consist of plane mirrors, how much larger will
your room seem to appear?
A. 2x larger B. 3x larger C. 4x larger D. Infinite
4. How do you describe the kind of the image
shown on the given illustration?
A. Real image
B. Virtual image
C. Both a and b
Image Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/25-2-the-law-of-reflection/
5. Light is incident on a flat surface, making an angle of 10o with that surface, as shown on
the figure below. (a) What is the angle of incidence? (b) What is the angle of reflection?
4
Source:https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationTransfer/reflrefr/rr_sample/rrsample_05.
html
https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/geometrical-optics/05-geometrical-optics-03
7. A boy is running at a speed of 5 m/s towards a plane mirror. The boy and his image in the
mirror are moving:
A. Towards each other at a speed of 5 m/s
B. Towards each other at a speed of 10 m/s
C. Away from each other at a speed of 5 m/s
D. Away from each other at a speed of 10 m/s
8. On the illustration given in item number 6 , the arrow which is labeled A is called the:
A.Incident ray C. Principal axis
B.Normal Line D. Reflected Ray
9. In a plane mirror, how does the reflected image appear?
A. Slightly out of focus D. Upside down and much smaller
B. Closer than the actual object than the object
C. Upright and the same size as
the object
10. Which of these objects would exhibit regular reflection?
A. A sweater D. dashboard in a car
B. Dry asphalt
C. high-gloss paint
5
11. As the angle of incidence is increased for a ray incident on a reflecting surface, the angle
between the incident and reflected rays ultimately approaches what value?
A. 0 B. 450 C. 900 D. 1800
12. When the image of an object is seen in a plane mirror, the distance from the mirror to
the image depends on ____.
Image Source:
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physics-
ii/light-reflection/plane-mirror.php Image Formation in
a Plane Mirror Reflection of light
14. If you look down on a pool of wavy water, you can’t see your face clearly. Which one of
the following gives the best explanation for this observation?
A. Light entering the water is dispersed
B. Regular reflection of light happens on the surface of wavy water.
C. Irregular reflection of light happens on the surface of wavy water.
D .Light is reflected from the surface of water in the different direction.
15. The bouncing of light rays when light strikes a shiny surface like a mirror.
A. diffraction B. reflection C. refraction D .both a and b
What’s In
In the previous module, you learned about the electromagnetic
spectrum. In that module, you have learned about the family of
Electromagnetic waves or the different regions of the Electromagnetic spectrum. One of these
regions which you have learned is about the visible light.
This module will allow you to study and learn about the properties of visible light as it
undergoes reflection and refraction and how images can be formed out of these properties.
We will be studying about reflection in plane and curved mirrors as well as the application of
their properties in optical instruments.
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Notes to the Teacher
Your primary role in classroom is to identify situations which can
challenge students to learn specially at this time of Covid-19 pandemic. Despite
our present situation, let us be optimistic that quality education can still be
delivered to our students through Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM). It is your role
to explain the purpose of this instruction to the students. As the facilitator of
learning, find a sense of balance between the academic and nurturing aspects
of teaching and approach the learning experience in a positive, fun and non-
dominating way.
What’s New
How do you see yourself in a mirror? How do you compare the way you look and the
way your image look? Can you explain how your image is formed on the mirror? This new
lesson will lead you to the answer to these questions.
Normal Line:
2
• Normal line is an imaginary line that can be drawn perpendicular to the surface
of the mirror and used as reference point in determining the angle of reflection
and angle of incidence.
What is It
Reflection is the bouncing of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror. Plane
mirrors exhibits regular reflection where the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. All plane shiny surfaces exhibit this kind of reflection. Irregular or diffused reflection
illuminates shaded areas such as under the trees and inside buildings. This is observed in
objects with irregular surfaces such as rocks, buildings etc.
The first law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. The angle is measured between the normal line and the incident ray while the angle
of reflection is measured between the normal line and the reflected ray. The arrowhead shows
the direction of light.
The second law states that the normal line, incident ray and reflected ray all lie in the
same plane. That means, what you see on the mirror is an image which appears to be at the
back of the mirror.
The characteristics of images formed by plane mirrors is describe in terms of type of
image, orientation, location and size. For plane mirrors, the type of image is virtual formed
behind. Virtual image is an image formed when an outgoing ray from an object always diverge
(move apart). The image you see when you are looking at yourself in a plane mirror is virtual.
This image is formed by extending the light rays behind the mirror. The image orientation is
erect, laterally inverted
The image is located at the same distance from the mirror as the object distance. The
image formed is of the same size as the object. In other words, the image and the object in
plane mirrors has the same characteristics except that the image is seen as laterally inverted.
Lateral inversion is a phenomenon wherein what is left on the object appears as right on the
image and vice versa, This is due to the direction that light follows when it strikes a reflecting
surface generally like a mirror.
What’s More
The following activities will deepen your understanding of what we have discussed
about reflection of light in mirrors. There will be three activities for you to undergo. These
activities are designed in a manner that you can do it at home while we are waiting for the
normal classroom setting to come back. Meantime, just enjoy learning these activities
through this module.
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Activity 1.1 Reflection of Light in Mirrors
Objectives:
1. Determine the height, width and the distance from the mirror of the image formed by
a plane mirror.
2. Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of the object with
that of the image formed by plane mirrors.
Materials:
Picture of complete set-up
Procedure:
1. Examine this figure of an image and
object characteristics in plane mirrors.
Image Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/25-2-
the-law-of-reflection/
Objectives:
1. Compare the angle of reflection and the angle of incidence.
2. State one of the Laws of Reflection.
Procedure:
3. Examine the figure below. Give a statement on the angle of incidence and angle of
reflection. Remember that the angle of incidence is the angle between the normal line
and the incident ray. The angle of reflection is the angle between the normal line and the
reflected ray. The normal line is a line drawn perpendicular to the mirror.
4
Note: If, you have an available plane mirror at home, an ordinary laser light and a
protractor, you may try doing the activity given below. It would be an exciting learning
experience. Simply follow the set-up shown on the figure.
Caution: Be careful in handling the mirror and laser light.Never focus the laser to
your eyes or to anybody’s eyes as it may cause damage to the eyes.
Q3. How does the angle of incidence compare with the angle of reflection?
Q4. What concept you have learned from the lesson is applied? Explain.
Q5. Now, based on this concept, explain why the word “AMBULANCE” is written in a
reverse manner in front of ambulance car.
Materials:
Images of an object in two identical mirrors placed at different angles.
Procedure:
Angle: 300
5
Angle: 450
Angle: 600
Angle: 900
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2. Enter all the values in Table 4.
900
600
450
300
Q6. What happens to the number of images formed as you vary the angles between
the mirrors?
Q7. What is the relationship between the number of images formed by two mirrors?
Q8. If you want to see an infinite number of images on a mirror, how should you arrange
the mirrors?
Q9. Based on the data derive a formula to be used in determining the number of
images formed between two mirrors at an angle with each other.
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1. What is reflection? (3 pts)
2. State the two laws of reflection. (5 pts)
3. What do you call the ray that falls on a surface?
4. What do you call the ray the ray that bounce back from the surface?
5. What type of reflection is illustrated when light falls on smooth surfaces such as mirrors or
a calm body of water?
6. What type of reflection of light is shown when light falls on rough surfaces such as clothing,
asphalt, rocks and others?
7. What are the characteristics (type, orientation, size, distance, position) of images formed
by plane mirrors?
8. A phenomenon wherein what is left on the object appears as right on the image and vice
versa. This is due to the direction that light follows when it strikes a reflecting surface
generally like a mirror.
9. What type of image is formed when an outgoing ray from an object always diverge (move
apart)?
What I Can Do
1. Now, based on what you have learned, explain why the word “AMBULANCE” is written in a
reverse manner in front of the ambulance car. What is its importance?
2. Construct a Bubble Map on the concepts you learned from this lesson.
Lesson 1: Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The entire two opposite walls in your room consist of plane mirrors, how much larger
will
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your room seem to appear?
A. 2x larger B. 3x larger C. 4x larger D. Infinite
3. A clock hang on the wall is facing a plane mirror hanged on the opposite wall. As you
see the reflection of the clock on the mirror, the clock shows the time of 9:00. What is
the real time?
A. 2:00 B. 3:00 C. 4:00 D. 5:00
4.Light is incident on a flat surface, making an angle of 10o with that surface, as shown on
the figure below. (a) What is the angle of incidence? (b) What is the angle of reflection?
Source:https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationTransfer/reflrefr/rr_sample/rrsample_05.
html
https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/geometrical-optics/05-geometrical-optics-03
A. A B.B C.C D.D
6. If a man stands 4 feet in front of a plane mirror, how far away is the ma’s image from the
mirror?
A. Nearer than the man from the mirror
B. Twice as far as the man from the mirror
C. Three times as far as the man from the mirror
D. The same distance as the man from the mirror
9
7. Which of these objects would exhibit regular reflection?
A. A sweater B. Dry asphalt
C. high-gloss paint D. dashboard in a car
8. How do you describe the kind of the image shown on the given illustration?
A. Real image
B. Virtual image
C. Both a and b
D. None of the above
Image Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/25-2-the-law-of-reflection/
10
D .Light is reflected from the surface of water in the different direction
Additional Activities
Apply your knowledge of the law of reflection by constructing your own periscope.
These are your materials needed.
Any cardboard Ruler
Two small mirrors Pencil or pen
Cutter Masking tape
Let us dissect the word Periscope. If you notice, it is composed of two words: Peri, a
Greek word which means "around," and Scopus, "to look." Therefore a, periscope lets you
look around walls, corners, or other obstacles. Sub-marines have periscopes so in order for
the sailors inside to see what’s on the surface of the water, even if the ship itself is below the
water, they will use the periscope.
Here are your tasks after constructing your periscope:
1. Explain how light travels in a periscope.
2. Illustrate the path of light as it is reflected in the two mirrors.
https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrxgKAhmFBfP1oALg.zRwx.;_
11
Lesson
Images Formed by Curved
2 Mirror
2. Identify ways in which the properties of curved mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments (e.g. cameras and binoculars)
What I Know
1. Which of the following statements can best describe the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is at a distance farther than the center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. Virtual, erect and bigger than the object
B. Real, inverted and bigger than the object
C. Real, inverted and smaller than the object
D. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
2. What will be the exact description of the image that will be formed on the given illustration
of a concave mirror showing object location between C and F?
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D. at a point half way to the focal
point.
5. A candle is placed in front of a concave mirror. The image produced by the mirror is:
A. Real, inverted and magnified C. Real, inverted and demagnified
B. Virtual, upright and magnified D. Virtual, upright and demagnified
6. The reason why convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles is:
A. It is more attractive D. It produces virtual image
B. It has wider field view
C. It produces real image
7. As the distance of an object from a converging mirror decreases, the image:
A. increases in size and moves toward the mirror.
B. decreases in size and moves toward the mirror.
C. decreases in size and moves away from the mirror.
D. increases in size and moves away from the mirror.
8. A convex mirror will always produce an image that is _____.
A. virtual, upright, smaller C. real, upside down, smaller
B. virtual, upright and larger D. virtual, upright, same size
9. Where must a candle flame be placed to produce an image that is upright and magnified?
A. At the focus C. Outside the focus
B. Inside the focus D. Anywhere in front of the lens
10. A person views his image in front of a mirror. His image appeared to be real, inverted
and larger than him. What kind of mirror did he used?
A. Plane Mirror B. Convex mirror C. Concave Mirror D. Magic Mirror
11. An object is placed at the focus of a concave mirror. The image will be
A. real, upright, same size at the focus
B. real, inverted, same size at the focus
C. real, inverted, highly enlarged at infinity
D. virtual, inverted, highly enlarged at infinity
12. Which of the following statements can best describe the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is at a distance farther than the center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
20
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you learned about the characteristics of images formed by
plane mirrors. This new lesson will allow you to explore curved mirrors. You are as well
expected to determine the characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors.
Have you tried looking at your face on a spoon? How does your image look on the
concave part? How about on the convex side? What kind of mirrors are used in Department
stores? Why?
What’s New
To give you an idea of the next lesson, try looking at your image on both sides (concave
and convex) of your spoon. What have you noticed? This is a reflection on curved mirrors.
A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its section is a section of a sphere.
There are two kinds of curved mirrors, the concave and the convex. A spoon is a kind of curved
mirror with a concave side (front side) and the convex side (back).
What is It
A concave mirror is called converging mirror because the parallel incident rays
converge or meet/intersect at a focal point. Remember that a focal point as you can see on
the illustration is the point at which rays meet after reflection.
20
Image Source: https://www.teachoo.com/10825/3118/Parts-of-Concave-and-Convex-
Mirror/category/Concepts/
What’s More
Plane mirrors and convex mirrors both produce only a virtual image. A real image can
only be seen in a concave mirror at a condition that the object will be placed at a distance
greater than the focal length from the surface of the mirror. The image formed will be in an
upright position and reduced in size.
The Law of reflection for plane mirrors remains true for both concave and convex
mirrors. When light rays reflect off a concave mirror, the rays converge at a point called the
focus. The focal length is measured from the reflective surface to the focus. The image
produced by concave mirrors are reduced in size and it is a real image. Convex mirrors on the
other hand create an image bigger than the object which is virtual.
Here is an illustration of a curved mirror.
If you have internet connection, watch the video for you to discover the characteristics
of images formed by curved mirrors. After watching the video, complete the table below.
Video 1: Characteristics of Images formed by Concave Mirrors
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp0PsU6mUGs
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Video 2: Characteristics of Images Formed by Convex Mirrors
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch/v=TpN6xuYxwms7feature=share
Note: For the size of the object, you will simply indicate whether the image is bigger or
smaller than the object, position is upright or inverted and the type of image as virtual or real.
Table 2: Characteristics of Images formed by Curved Mirrors.
Image
Location of the Object
Location Orientation Size Type
CONCAVE
A. Farther than the center of
curvature
B. At the center of curvature
C. Between the center of
curvature and the Focal
Point
D. At the Focal Point
E. Between the Focal Point
and the vertex
CONVEX
All Locations
Q10. When the object is brought closer to the concave mirror. What happens to
it’s size and location?
Q11. What generalization can you arrive at from the nature of images formed by
Convex and concave mirrors.
Now, let us determine the characteristics of the images formed by curved mirrors using
mirror equation.
1/f = 1/p + 1/q Mirror Equation
Where:
f - is the focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point (F)
p - Distance of the object from the mirror
q - distance of the image from the mirror
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f - is the focal length or distance from the mirror
q - is the distance of the image from the mirror
h’ - is the height of the image
Exercises: Do it yourself.
1. What is the image distance and image height if a 7.00 cm tall object is placed 30.0
cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 10.0 cm?
2. What is the focal length of a convex mirror that produces an image that appears
15.0 cm behind the mirror when the object is 27.5 cm from the mirror?
1. Using the equation 1/f = 1/p + 1/q, for all locations in front of a convex
mirror, where does the image seem to appear always? Explain. (5 pts.)
2. It is therefore considered that the value of image distance, q is negative.
What does the negative value for image distance mean? (5 pts.)
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3. In the same manner, the focus, F in a concave mirror is located on the other
side of the mirror (behind the mirror), thus the focal length is also negative.
What is meant by the negative value of a focal length in a concave mirror?
What I Can Do
1. Cite a situation in your daily routine which uses the concept of reflection? Explain.
2. Why are curved mirrors used in supermarkets?
Lesson 2: Assessment
1. If you wish to have a magnified image of your face for applying makeup or shaving, the
mirror you will use must be:
A. Plane mirror C. Convex mirror
B. Concave mirror D. Concave mirror
2. What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and smaller image of
the shoppers?
24
C. decreases in size and moves away from the mirror.
D. increases in size and moves away from the mirror.
9. The reason why convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles is:
A. It is more attractive B. It produces real image
B. It has wider field view C. It produces virtual image
10. What will be the exact description of the image that will be formed on the given illustration
of a concave mirror showing object location between C and F?
11. Rays of light traveling parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror will come together
A. at infinity D. at a point half way to the
B. at the focal point focal point.
C. at the center of curvature
12. A candle is placed in front of a concave mirror. The image produced by the mirror is:
A. Virtual, upright, magnified C. Real, inverted and
B. Real, inverted and demagnified
magnified D. Virtual, upright and
demagnified
13. As the distance of an object from a converging mirror decreases, the image:
A. moves toward the mirror and increases in size
B. moves towards the mirror and decreases in size
C. moves away from the mirror and increases in size
D. moves away from the mirror and decreases in size
14. Which of the following statements can best describe the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is at a distance farther than the center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. Virtual, erect and bigger than the object
B. Real, inverted and smaller than the object
C. Real, inverted and bigger than the object
D. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
15. Farsightedness is corrected by a:
20
Additional Activities
1. Holding a metal spoon in front of you, observe your image on the back side of the
spoon. Describe your image. What kind of mirror does this side represent? Bring
the spoon closer and farther to your face. What happens to your image as it is
move closer and farther from the spoon on the back side?
2. Observe your image on the front side of the spoon. What kind of image do you
see? What kind of mirror does this side represent? Bring the spoon closer and
farther to your face. What happens to your image as it is move closer and farther
from the spoon on the front side?
3. Look at an image formed by a water droplet. Explain. What kind of lens does it
represent?
Lesson
2. Identify ways in which the properties of lenses determine their uses in optical
instruments (e.g. cameras and binoculars)
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind the fishbowl near the window. The
fishbowl act as what type of lens?
A. Converging lens C. Focusing lens
B. Diverging lens D. None of the above
2. The lens which diverges light from a single point.
A. convex lens B. concave lens
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C. biconvex lens D. all of the above
3. As light passes from air to water, its speed decreases. Describe the refracted ray.
A. It is reflected
B. It travels at the normal line
C. It is bent towards the normal
D. It is bent away from the normal
4. A person’s legs appear to be shorter when standing waist deep in a swimming pool due to:
A. Diffraction C. Reflection
B. Refraction D. Polarization
5. When light passes from air to glass, which of the following does not change?
A. Frequency B. Speed C. Velocity D. Wavelength
6. Describe the image formed by the human eye.
A. Magnified and real C. Magnified and virtual
B. Diminished and real D. Diminished and virtual
7. In most cameras, the location of the image is adjusted for the image to fall on the film by
changing the:
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14. Different objects at different distances are seen by the eye. The parameter that remains
constant is
A. the focal length of the eye lens C. the radii of curvature of the eye
lens
B. the object distance from the eye D. the image distance from the eye
lens lens
15. What kind of image is formed by a concave lens irrespective of the position of the
object?
A. real, upright , diminished C. virtual, upright and magnified
B. real, inverted and magnified D. virtual, upright and diminished
What’s In
Have you ever asked yourself why we see a colorful array of colors in a sky (rainbow)?
Have you observed the appearance of a pencil placed in a glass half filled with water? Or have
you notice how your body looks when standing on a waist deep water in a swimming pool?
What might have caused all these phenomena?
Refraction is the bending of light rays due to change in its speed as it travels from one
medium to another. A lens is a molded piece of transparent material that refracts light rays in
such a way as to form an image. As a ray of light enters a lens, it is refracted, and as the same
ray of light exits the lens, it is again refracted.
A lens is an optical device that disperses light beam by way of refraction. To determine
the exact location and size of the image formed in lenses, a lens equation is needed. The
mirror equation also applies to both concave and convex lens.
What’s New
A lens is a transparent glass with curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light
rays. Some devices which use lenses are cameras, binoculars, telescopes and microscopes.
Probably, you have already tried using a magnifying lens. What have you notice as you vary
the distance between the object and the lens, and the image and the lens? We will be
describing the images formed by lenses based on the location of the object in relation to the
lens as we proceed to the lesson.
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What is It?
Convex Lens:
A lens that is thicker in the center than at
the edges is called a convex lens, they are bent
towards the center.
Image
Source:http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/concave-lenses-convex-lenses.html
The point at which the light converge is the focal point. Light is refracted as it enters a
lens and again as it leaves the lens. The amount of refraction will depend on the degree to
which the lens is curved. A very curved lens will refract light more than a lens whose surface
is only slightly curved. In a very curved lens, the converging rays will meet at a focal point
closer to the lens. Thus, the focal length of a very curved lens is shorter than that of a slightly
curved lens. Because a lens converges light, it can form a real image. However, a convex lens
can also form a virtual image. The kind of image a convex lens forms depends on the position
of the object.
If an object is placed more than one focal length, but less than two focal lengths beyond
a convex lens, the image formed is inverted and larger than the object. An example of this
image is the image formed by a convex lens in a microscope and a slide projector.
If an object is placed between a convex lens and it’s focal point, a virtual image is
formed. The virtual image is erect and larger than the object. For this reason, convex lenses
can be used as magnifying glass.
The lens of your eye is a convex lens. It is not a hard and rigid lens, but rather a soft
and flexible one. So, it can easily change shape to allow you to see clear images of objects
both near and far.
Ideally, the image formed by the convex lens of the eye should fall directly on the retina.
In certain cases, the image falls in front of the retina because the eyeball is too long. This is
called near sightedness. The lens of a near sighted person is too convex. A concave lens is
used to correct near sightedness.
If the eyeball is too short, the image is focused behind the retina. This condition is
called farsightedness. The lens of a farsighted person is not convex enough. The rays of light
converge at a point behind the retina. A convex lens is used to correct farsightedness.
Concave Lens:
A lens that is thicker at the edges and thinner at the center is a concave lens. As
parallel rays of light pass through a concave lens, they are bent toward the edges and the light
rays diverge.
All images produced by concave lenses are erect and smaller than the object. Concave
lenses are most often used along with convex lenses to help form a sharper image.
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Let us use the lens equation to determine the characteristics of the images formed by
lenses. For a concave lens, the image will always be located on the side where the object is
also located. It this case, the value of image distance is negative. The focal length of a concave
lens is negative while positive for a convex lens. The negative value for image height means
an inverted image
When lens equation is used in determining the characteristics of images formed by
lenses, we will refer to this sign convention for lenses.
The sign convention for lenses:
• f is + if the lens is double convex
• f is – if the lens is double concave
• q is + if the image is real and located behind the lens
• q is – if the image is virtual and located on the object side of the lens
• h’ is + if the image is upright (also virtual)
• h’ is – if the image is inverted (also real)
Where:
• f is the focal length and distance of the object from the lens
• q is the distance of the image from the lens
• h’ is the height of the image
This equation called the mirror equation applies to both concave and convex lenses.
There are two cases which we are going to consider:
1/f = 1/p + 1/q
Where:
f – is the focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point (F)
p – Distance of the object from the mirror
q – distance of the image from the mirror
Sample Problem:
What is the image distance and image size if a 5.00 cm. tall light bulb placed a
distance of 45.5 cm. from a convex lens having a focal length of 15.4 cm ?
Given
h=5.00 cm. p=45.5 cm. f=15.4
Find:
d=? q=?
Q= 23.3 cm.
Since we now have a value for three of the four quantities in the magnification
equation, we can now calculate the height of the image.
h’/h=-q/p
h’/5.00 cm=-23 cm/45.5 cm.
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h’= (5.00 cm.) (-23.3 cm.)/45.5 cm
h’ =-2.54 cm.
Now for you to have a clearer understanding of the images formed by lenses, if you
have internet connection, watch this video. Watch attentively and take hold of a pen and
paper for you to jot down the characteristics of images formed by lenses. After watching fill
up the table below.
Video: Convex and Concave Lenses
Channel: Manocha Academy
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6aB5ULqa0
Image
Location of Object Orientation Size (Same,
Type (Real or
Location (Upright or Reduced or
Virtual)
Inverted) Enlarged)
Convex Lens
Beyond 2F
Between 2F and F
At the Focal Point
Between F and V
Concave Lens:
At 2F
Image
Location of Object Orientation Size (Same,
Type (Real or
Location (Upright or Reduced or
Virtual)
Inverted) Enlarged)
At the Focal Point
Between F and V
What’s More
1. Construct your own pinhole camera and explore on the images formed by lenses.
The materials you need here is just found in your home. You don’t need to buy
a cardboard. You simply need here a shoe box. A video on how to do it is provided for
you. So, prepare your shoe box, a cutter, a scotch tape, a small needle and a wax
paper. If wax paper is not available, you can use onion skin bond paper.
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Channel: Fliplearn.com
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlmoxxEK-uc
1. What happens to the image size and its location as the object comes nearer the
concave lens? convex lens? (5 pts.)
2. A concave lens is also called diverging lens. Why? A convex lens as also called
converging lens. Why? Explain. (5 pts.)
3. How can lenses used to correct the following vision defects? (5 pts.)
a. Farsightedness?
b. Nearsightedness?
What I Can Do
How does the image change in its size and location as the object comes nearer
the convex lens? Concave lens?
Lesson 3: Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
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3. Sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind the fishbowl near the window. The
fishbowl act as what type of lens?
A. Converging lens C. Focusing lens
B. Diverging lens D. None of the above
4. When light passes from air to glass, which of the following does not change?
A. Frequency B. Speed C. Velocity D. Wavelength
5. Describe the image formed by the human eye.
A. Magnified and real C. Magnified and virtual
B. Diminished and real D. Diminished and virtual
6. A person’s legs appear to be shorter when standing waist deep in a swimming pool due to:
A. Diffraction C. Reflection
B. Refraction D. Polarization
7. In most cameras, the location of the image is adjusted for the image to fall on the film by
changing the:
A. Shape of the lens C. Focal length of the lens
B. Position of the lens D. Diameter of the diaphragm
8. The human eye is like a camera and hence it contains a system of lens. The eye lens
forms
A. an inverted, real image of the object on the retina
B. an inverted, virtual image of the object on the retina
C. a straight or upright, real image of the object on the iris
D. a straight or upright, real image of the object on the retina
9. From which part of the lens the ray of light passes without deviation?
A. Pole C. Optical center
B. Focus D. Center of curvature
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B. the object distance from the eye lens
C. the radii of curvature of the eye lens
D. the image distance from the eye lens
Additional Activities
Try to go out early in the morning to find morning water droplets on the leaves of
plants. Look at an image formed by the water droplets. Explain. What kind of lens does it
represent?
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Real image
B. Virtual image
C. Both a and b
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https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/geometrical-optics/05-geometrical-optics-03
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Assessment (Lesson 1) Assessment (Lesson 2) Assessment (Lesson 3)
1. D 1. D 1. B
2. C 2. B 2. C
3. B 3. C 3. A
4. B 4. C 4. A
5. B 5. A 5. B
6. D 6. B 6. B
7. C 7. B 7. C
8. B 8. D 8. C
9. A 9. B 9. C
10. D 10. B 10. B
11. A 11.B 11. B
12. C 12.B 12. A
13. B 13.A 13. B
14. B 14.D 14. D
15. D 15.B 15. D
What I Know:
Assessment (Unit What I Know Lesson 3 What I Know
Test) (Lesson 2) 1. A (Lesson 1)
1. B 2. B
2. B 1. C 3. C 1. B
3. B 2. B 4. B 2. D
4. A 3. A 5. A 3. D
5. D 4. B 6. B 4. B
6. B 5. A 7. C 5. B
7. C 6. B 8. C 6. B
8. A 7. D 9. C 7. A
9. B 8. A 10. B 8. D
10. B 9. B 11. B 9. C
11. B 10.C 12. A 10.C
12. B 11.D 13. B 11.A
13. A 12.B 14. D 12.C
14. D 13.B 15. D 13.B
15. B 14.C 14.D
15.A 15.B
Answer Key
D. concave mirror B. convex mirror
C. concave lens A. convex lens
15. Farsightedness is corrected by a:
D. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
C. Real, inverted and bigger than the object
B. Real, inverted and smaller than the object
A. Virtual, erect and bigger than the object
References
Printed:
Electronic Sources:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/light/images-formed-by-lenses/
https://byjus.com/physics/concave-convex-lenses/
https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysicsv3openstax/chapter/images-formed-by-plane-
mirrors/
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-1-images-formed-
by-plane-mirrors
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-
2.0/section/19.9/primary/lesson/optical-instruments-ms-ps
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Book%3A_Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/
03%3A_Optical_Instruments
https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/215821007114541032/
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/concave-lenses-convex-lenses.html
https://byjus.com/physics/concave-convex-mirrors/
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