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Health Promotion and Health Education

Book · January 2014

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7 authors, including:

Doncho Donev Zoran Velkovski

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University University Sst Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Philosophy, Macedonia, Skopje
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Vera Stojanovska Ilija Gligorov

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University 12 PUBLICATIONS   47 CITATIONS   
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 CONTENTS
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. 5

I. Introduction to medicine and nursery,

health education and health promotion - Doncho Donev ................................................. 15

1. Definitions, tasks and division of medicine ........................................................................ 17

1.1. Definition of medicine .................................................................................................. 17
1.2. Man, the object of medicine ......................................................................................... 19
1.3. Tasks, division and unity of medicine .......................................................................... 20
2. Scientific, alternative and folk medicine and quackery ...................................................... 25
2.1. Scientific, educational, conventional or official medicine .......................................... 25
2.2. Traditional, complementary (supplementary) and alternative medicine .................... 25
2.3. Folk medicine .............................................................................................................. 26
2.4. Quackery and charlatanism......................................................................................... 28
3. Concepts and definitions of human health and approaches to health education and
health promotion.......................................................................................................... 31
3.1. Historical review of theories about health .................................................................. 31
3.2. Modern understanding of human health according to WHO documents ................... 33
3.3. Concept of health balance and health potential ......................................................... 36
3.4. The theory of salutogenesis ............................................... ......................................... 40
4. Determinants of health - the most important factors that influence health ......................... 42
4.1. Historical review ......................................................................................................... 42
4.2. Classification of factors that influence on health of the population ........................... 45
4.3. Hereditary factors......................................................................................................... 45
4.4. Environmental factors ................................................................................................. 47
5. Key factors of the social environment and health ............................................................... 51
5.1. Economic standard ...................................................................................................... 51
5.2. Culture and education .................................................................................................. 52
5.3. Lifestyle ........................................................................................................................ 52
5.4. Unemployment and health ............................................................................................ 53
5.5. Social support and health ............................................................................................. 55
5.6. National and racial discrimination ............................................................................... 56
5.7. War and armament ....................................................................................................... 56
6. How the disease occurs and natural course - history of the disease ..................................... 58
7. Contemporary concept and definition of health care ........................................................... 61
7.1. Primary prevention (intervention) ................................................................................ 65
7.2. Secondary prevention (intervention) ............................................................................. 69
7.3. Tertiary prevention (intervention) ................................................................................. 70
8. The role of the nurse in the promotion of health and implementation of the
WHO Strategy "Health for All" ............................................................................................ 72
9. Stages in the development of health educational process ..................................................... 76
9.1 Health propaganda ......................................................................................................... 76
9.2 Health enlightenment and education .............................................................................. 77
9.3 Health education/pedagogy ............................................................................................ 77
9.4 Health promotion ........................................................................................................... 78
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10. Historical development of health education in Macedonia ................................................ 83

10.1 Period from the 9th to the early 20th century ............................................................... 83
10.2 Period between I. and II. World War ............................................................................ 85
10.3 Period after the II. World War ...................................................................................... 85
10.4 Period after the establishment of the Republic of Macedonia as an independent state.. 88
11. Literature ............................................................................................................................... 90

II. Social psychology and health education - Lenche Mirchevska ........................................ 93

1. Attitudes to health ................................................................................................................ 95

1.1 Perception ......................................................................................................................... 96
1.2 Prejudices ......................................................................................................................... 96
2. Factors that act on forming and changing attitudes ............................................................... 98
2.1 Impact on acquisition of attitudes .................................................................................... 99
3. Culture, social norms and standards, and health culture ........................................................ 101
3.1 Health Culture .................................................................................................................. 103
4. Communication among people and obstacles in communication ......................................... 104
4.1 Value of the message in communication ......................................................................... 105
4.2 Barriers in communication .............................................................................................. 106
4.3 Characteristics of personality .......................................................................................... 107
5. Health education principles .................................................................................................... 112
5.1 Principle of education ...................................................................................................... 113
5.2 Principle of scientific approach/attitude ......................................................................... 113
5.3 Principle of steadiness ..................................................................................................... 114
5.4 Principle of systematic approach and gradation ............................................................ 114
5.5 Principle of linking theory with practice .......................................................................... 114
5.6 Principle of visual illustration ......................................................................................... 115
5.7 Principle of voluntary action/willingness ........................................................................ 115
5.8 Principle of interests and needs of trainees ..................................................................... 116
5.9 Principle of conscious activity and gaining personal experience of trainees .................. 116
5:10 Principle of adjustment the teaching to the trainees ...................................................... 116
5:11 Principle of help for self-help ........................................................................................ 117
5:12 Principle of satisfaction at work .................................................................................... 117
6. Health education goals ........................................................................................................... 118
7. To whom health education is intended................................................................................... 119
8. Literature ................................................................................................................................ 121

III. Pedagogy and didactics - Vera Stojanovska ..................................................................... 123

1. Subject and tasks of pedagogy ............................................................................................... 125

2. System of pedagogical disciplines and basic pedagogical concepts ...................................... 128
3. Didactics - subject and didactics problems ..................................................................................
132
4. Teaching - types and tasks of teaching .................................................................................. 135
4.1 Educational aims of teaching .......................................................................................... 137
4.2 Functional tasks of teaching ........................................................................................... 137
4.3 Correctional task of teaching .......................................................................................... 138
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5. Curriculum ............................................................................................................................ 139

6. Learning in the process of teaching ....................................................................................... 141
6.1 Teaching and learning .................................................................................................... 141
6.2 Learning and types of learning ........................................................................................ 141
6.3 Educational effects of learning in the teaching process ................................................. 147
7. Structure of the teaching process ........................................................................................... 152
7.1 Material and technical basis of teaching ......................................................................... 153
7.2 Methodical aspect of teaching ......................................................................................... 154
7.3 Cognitive aspect of teaching process ............................................................................... 154
7.4 Psychological aspect of teaching ..................................................................................... 154
8. Phases of the teaching process ............................................................................................... 156
8.1 Preparation and involvement of the trainees in the teaching activity .............................. 156
8.2 Presentation and discussion of new curricula ................................................................. 157
8.3 Training ........................................................................................................................... 159
8.4 Repetition/repeating ........................................................................................................ 159
8.5 Testing and assessment .................................................................................................... 161
9. Methods of teaching work ..................................................................................................... 163
9.1 Definition and classification of teaching methods .......................................................... 163
9.2 Verbal teaching methods ................................................................................................. 164
9.3 Visual - auditory teaching methods .................................................................................. 170
9.4 Methods of laboratory work and practical teaching ....................................................... 172
10. Forms of teaching .................................................................................................................. 174
10.1 Frontal or collective form of teaching activity .............................................................. 174
10.2 Group form of teaching activity .................................................................................... 176
10.3 Teaching activity in pairs (duos-couples) ..................................................................... 177
10.4 Individual type of teaching ............................................................................................ 178
11. Organization of lesson ........................................................................................................... 180
12. Planning and preparing of teaching ....................................................................................... 183
13. Literature ................................................................................................................................ 187

IV. Pedagogy and andragogy - Zoran Velkovski, Elena Rizova ............................................ 189

1. From pedagogy to andragogy ................................................................................................. 191

2. What is andragogy .................................................................................................................. 193
3. Development of adult education ............................................................................................ 195
4. Adult education and lifelong learning .................................................................................... 199
4.1 Development of the idea of lifelong learning ................................................................... 201
4.2 Key competences for lifelong learning ............................................................................. 204
5. Literature ................................................................................................................................. 209

V. Forms and methods in health education - Eelena Kosevska .............................................. 211

1. Prerequisites for starting/initiation of health educational process ......................................... 213

2. Basic forms of health education .............................................................................................. 215
3. Classification of health education methods............................................................................ 218
4. Individual health educational methods ................................................................................... 220
4.1 Method of interview .......................................................................................................... 220
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5. Group health educational methods ......................................................................................... 225

5.1 Working with a small group ............................................................................................ 226
5.2 Working with a large group ............................................................................................ 235
6. Mass health educational methods .......................................................................................... 240
6.1 Conferences ..................................................................................................................... 240
6.2 Health forums .................................................................................................................. 241
6.3 Questions and answers .................................................................................................... 241
6.4 People Ads ....................................................................................................................... 241
6.5 Social action or campaign ............................................................................................... 241
6.6 Tele-education ................................................................................................................. 242
6.7 Organization of community ............................................................................................. 242
7. Evaluation of effectiveness of the applied methods .............................................................. 244
8. Literature ................................................................................................................................ 245

VI. Tools for education - teaching resources - Ilija Gligorov ................................................ 247

1. Psychological foundations of learning and basics of the communication among people ... 249
2. Types of tools for education - teaching resources ................................................................. 251
3. Exhibition - health educational exhibition ............................................................................ 252
4. Printed resources for health education .................................................................................. 254
4.1 Picture book ..................................................................................................................... 254
4.2 Book, brochure, professional article and essay ............................................................... 255
4.3 Propaganda/promotion material, slogans and leaflets ................................................... 256
4.4 Poster ............................................................................................................................... 256
4.5 Circular letter .................................................................................................................. 257
5. Tools for health education that display moving images and sound or just moving images .. 258
5.1 Teaching Film .................................................................................................................. 258
5.2 TV and TV - video system ................................................................................................. 259
5.3 Teaching computer application ....................................................................................... 260
5.4 Flanelograf ...................................................................................................................... 260
6. Tools for health education that display static (ready, ready-made) photos/images ............... 263
6.1 Sheer (transparent) PVC sheets with applications (graphic folios and overhead) ......... 263
6.2 Slides and diafilm/diapositives showing pictures with health educational contents ...... 263
6.3 Carousels, episcope, diascope and epidiascope ............................................................. 264
6.4 Teaching album (thematic collection of images and/or drawings) .................................. 264
6.5 Single-themed paintings and drawings ........................................................................... 265
7. Tools for health education using a sound channel for transmission and communication ...... 266
7.1 Tape recorder, cassette player and gramophone ............................................................ 266
7.2 Modern devices and apparatus for sound reproduction ................................................. 267
7.3 Library of sound devices and applications ....................................................................... 267
8. Means of mass media and communication ............................................................................. 268
8.1 Radio and permissions station/public-addresssystem ...................................................... 269
8.2 Television .......................................................................................................................... 270
8.3 Specialized journals and articles .................................................................................. 271
8.4 Telephone calls to spread health information .................................................................. 271
8.5 Cinema with newsreel and / or film performance ........................................................... 272
8.6 Campaign and Festival ..................................................................................................... 272
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8.7 Media based on computer technology, i.e. "hybrid media" .............................................. 273
9. Cabinet for health education ................................................................................................. 274
10. Application of tools for health education ............................................................................. 275
11. Literature .............................................................................................................................. 276

VII. Management of health education - Ilija Gligorov, Doncho Donev ............................... 279

1. Informal and formal health education ................................................................................... 281

2. Plans and programs for health education at national level and at
population groups level............................................................................................................ 284
2.1 Strategic documents ........................................................................................................ 284
2.2 Linking health education programs with appropriate occasions ................................... 285
2.3 Health- educational program ......................................................................................... 286
2.4 Resources of health education ........................................................................................ 288
3. Practicing of health education in the Republic of Macedonia .............................................. 291
4. Contents, areas of action and institutional competence of health education ........................ 293
5. Health education in health facilities ...................................................................................... 294
5.1 Specificity of health education in primary and
secondary healthcare (PHC, SHC) ....................................................................................... 295
5.2 General medicine service and specialist-consultative service ......................................... 296
5.3 Health care facilities with dispansery/outpatient model of organization and activities .. 296
5.4 Health education within the health counseling unit ......................................................... 301
5.5 Health education within the scope of patronage service ................................................ 302
5.6 Health education within dentistry .................................................................................... 305
5.7 Health education within pharmacies and pharmaceutical industry ................................ 306
5.8 Health education within the specialist services of the public health................................ 307
5.9 Health education in hospitals ........................................................................................... 308
6. Management of health education in some non-medical institutions and professions ............ 311
6.1 Health education within institutions in which preschool age children reside ................. 311
6.2 Health education in primary and secondary schools ....................................................... 311
6.3 Health education within informal spaces/premises and events ....................................... 313
7. Health education programs for specific health needs and problems ...................................... 314
7.1 Health- educational work for better nutrition ................................................................. 314
7.2 Health- educational work for prevention of cardiovascular diseases ............................ 315
7.3 Health- educational work for prevention of cancers ....................................................... 316
7.4 Health education as part of HIV / AIDS prevention ........................................................ 318
7.5 Health education on sexual behaviour and prevention of sexually transmitted
infections and diseases ..................................................................................................... 319
7.6 Health education in prevention and control of diseases of dependence/addiction .......... 320
8. Program approach for eradication of diseases by presenting an example of a disease
related to hygiene conditions and behavior (habits) ............................................................... 326
8.1 Preparatory phase ............................................................................................................ 326
8.2 Considering of finding available resources for implementation of the program ............ 327
8.3 Supporting and financing of the program ....................................................................... 327
8.4 Defining the objectives of the program ............................................................................. 328
8.5 Detailed plan for carrying out/realization of the program .............................................. 329
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8.6 Implementation of the program ......................................................................................... 330

8.7 Evaluation of the program ................................................................................................ 311
9. Literature

VIII. Guidelines for preparing seminar papers and thesis work - Doncho Donev,
Kosevska Elena, Lenche Mirchevska ............................................................................ 335

1. Preparing seminar paper ......................................................................................................... 337

2. Preparing graduation work ..................................................................................................... 339
2.1 Technical rules ................................................................................................................. 340
2.2 Basic elements of the graduation work ........................................................................... 340
2.3 Text of the paper / graduation work ................................................................................ 341
3. Paper / graduation work related to public health practice and organization of healthcare of
the population and / or certain specific population groups .................................................... 345
4. Citing of references ................................................................................................................ 346
4.1 Standard papers published in journals ............................................................................ 346
4.2 Books and monographs .................................................................................................... 347
4.3 Other Articles ................................................................................................................... 347
4.4 Electronic material ........................................................................................................... 348
5. Literature ................................................................................................................................. 349

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