Notes on Vice and Drug Education and Control

The Nature of Drugs

What are drugs?

A drug is a chemical substance used as a medicine or in
making medicines which affects the body and mind and have
potential for abuse. Two major divisions of drugs:

1.Legal drugs
 refer to the drug where it is legally permitted by
the government’s law for such medical purposes.
 In medicinal purposes, the ingredients are active
to treat and cure people of disease.

2.Illegal drugs
 are chemicals that a person is not allowed by law
to have. They are often addictive. Such drugs that
are illegal by the country generate stimulants.

Category of Drugs

1.Prescriptive Drugs
 These are drugs requiring written authorization
from a doctor to allow a purchase. They are
prescribed according to the individual’s age,
weight and height and should not be taken by
anyone else.

2.Over – the- Counter Drugs

 These are non – prescription medicine, which may
be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore
without, written authorization from a doctor.

 They are use to treat minor and short term

illnesses.

 Two forms of Drugs

1.Natural Drugs – includes natural plant leaves,

flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium, and Marijuana.

2. Synthetic/Artificial Drugs – produced by clandestine

laboratories which include those drugs that are

1
 controlled by law because they are used in the medical
practice.

Physiology of Drugs

How Drugs Work?

1.Minimal dose
 amount needed to treat or heal that is, the
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
therapeutic effect.

2.Maximal dose
 largest amount of a drug that will produce a
desired therapeutic effect without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

3.Toxic dose
 amount of drug that produces untoward effects or
symptoms.

4.Abusive dose
 amount needed to produce the side effects and
action desired by the individual who improperly
uses it.

5.Lethal dose
 the amount of drug that will cause death.

How Drugs are administered?

1.Oral
 this is the safest and most convenient and
economical route whenever possible.
2.Injection
 this form of drug administration offers a faster
response than the oral method. It makes use of a
needle or other device to deliver the drugs
directly into the body tissue and blood
circulation.
 The administration can be given in the following
ways:
a.Intradermal

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 b.Intramuscular
c.Intravenous
d.Intraarterial J.Q. Udan, 2009).

3.Inhalation
 this route makes use of gaseous and volatile
drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly
through the mucous of the respiratory tract.
4.Topical
 This refers to the application of drugs directly
to a body site such as the skin and the mucous
membrane.

5.Iontophoresis
 the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers
of the skin by the use of special type of electro
current for local effect.

What are some Medical uses of Drugs?

1.Analgesics
 are drugs that relieve pain.

2.Antibiotics
 are drugs that combat or control infectious
organism.

3.Antipyretics
 those that can lower body temperature or fever due
to infection.

4.Antihistamines
 those that control or combat allergic reactions.

5.Contraceptives
 drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and
sperm cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg
cells.

6.Decongestants
 those that relieve congestion of the nasal
passages.

7.Expectorants

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  those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and
phlegm from the lungs and the throat.

8.Laxatives
 those that stimulate defecation and encourage
bowel movement.

9.Sedatives and Tranquilizer

 are those that can calm and quiet the nerves and
relieve anxiety without causing depression and
clouding of the mind.

10. Vitamins
 those substances necessary for normal growth and
development and proper functioning of the body.

Dangerous Drugs
 Dangerous drugs refer to the broad categories or classes
of controlled substances. Controlled substances are
generally grouped according to pharmacological
classifications, effects and as to their legal
criteria.

General Classification of Drugs According to its Effects

1.Depressants
 are group of drugs that has the effect of
depressing the Central Nervous System.

2.Stimulants
 are group of drugs having the effect of
stimulating the Central Nervous System.

3.Hallucinogens
 refers to group of drugs that considered mind
altering drugs and give general effects of mood
distortion.

Commonly Abused Drugs

1.DEPRESSANTS(Downers)
 these are drugs which suppress vital body
functions especially those of the brain or central
nervous system with the resulting impairment of

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 judgment, hearing, speech and muscular
coordination.
 They dull the minds, slow down the body reactions
to such an extent that accidental deaths and or
suicides usually happen. They include the
narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol
and other volatile solvents.

Facts about Depressants:

 A depressant is any legal or illegal drug that
depresses the CNS.
 Depressants make up the largest class of drugs and
are the most commonly and easily abused.
 When prescribed by a doctor, a depressant drug may
be beneficial for the relief of an anxiety,
irritability, stress and tension. However, just
because the doctor prescribes the drug does not
mean it is not an abuse.

Kinds of depressants drugs

A.Narcotics
 it is derived from the Greek work “narkoticos”
meaning sleep. It is a term originally applied to
all compounds that produce insensibility to
external stimuli through depression of the central
nervous system.

Classes of Narcotics

I. Opium
 It is a narcotic drug produced from the drying
resin of unripe capsules of the opium poppy,
Papaver Somniferum. The legitimate world demand
for opium amounts to about 680 metric tons a
year, but many times that amount is distributed
illegally.

Signs and Symptoms of Opium Administration

1.Stage of Excitement
a.there is increase in mental activity, restlessness or
even hallucination

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 b.there is flushing of the face and increased action of
the heart

2.State of Stupor
a.the person suddenly becomes quiet
b.there maybe headache and uncontrollable desire to
sleep
c.there is itching sensation all over the skin
d.pulse and respiration are still normal

3.Stage of Narcosis
a. the patient passed into a deep coma
d. the skin feels cold and clammy
c. the pupils are constricted to almost pinpoint and
they’re insensible to light
d. the pulse is slow, respiration is slow

4.Withdrawal Syndrome – if an addict is suddenly deprived

of opiate, the following symptoms may develop.
a. 8 – 16 hours after withdrawal – nervousness,
restlessness and anxiety
b. 14 hours later – frequent yawning, sweating, runny
nose
c. 24 hours later – symptoms increases, pupils are
dilated, goose flesh develops and shivering
d. 36 hours later – severe twisting of muscles,
painful
cramps of legs and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea

Slang Names: “gum”, “gamot’, “kalamay”, “panocha

II. Morphine
 It is the principal derivative of opium. It is
the second extraction from opium. It is an active
element derived from opium by chemical process.
 Its name was derived from the name “morpheus”,
the Greek God of Dreams because of its dreamful
effect, which follows its initial stimulating
effect.
 It is effective as a painkiller and six times
more potent or stronger than opium, with a high
dependence producing potentials.

Withdrawal Symptoms

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  anxiety
 drowsiness
 lack of sleep
 euphoria
 neglect of personal hygiene
 insomnia
 depression
 vomiting
 watery eyes
 diarrhea
 loss of appetite
 waves of gooseflesh – roughness of the skin
produced by cold or fear.
 excessive yawning and sneezing
 cramps
 nausea – the feeling you have in your stomach
when you think you are going to vomit.
 Convulsion
 Neglect of sex life

Slang Names: “M”, “Dreamer”, “Pectoral”, “Syrup”,

“AAA”, “999”

III. Heroin
 It is three to five times more powerful than
morphine from which it is derived and the most
addicting opium derivative. With continued use,
addiction occurs within 14 days.
 It maybe sniffed or swallowed but it is usually
injected in veins.

Slang Names: “Snow”, “stuff”, “junk tooth”, “H”

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 Heroin Color Tests
Color Tests Observation

Marquis A reddish – purple develops

Foehde A violet – purple color develops

immediately. On the standing it turns
purplish – brown

Mecke A light green rapidly changing to a darker

greenish blue

IV. Codeine
 A derivative of morphine, in most respects a tenth
or less as effective as morphine.
 It is cough suppressant and analgesic.
 The symptoms of abuse are the same as morphine but
lesser in degree. Its symptoms of withdrawal are
less severe than other drugs.

Slang Names: “School boy”, “cough syrup

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 CODEINE COLOR TEST
Color Tests Observation

Marquis A purplish – violet which rapidly becomes

very intense

Foehde A yellow – green, olive green, finally

turning blue in about 3 minutes

Mecke A green – rapidly turning to dark green and

finally turning to greenish blue in 3
minutes

V. Demerol and Methadone

 Methadone was first sensitized in Germany in 1943,
when an opiate analgesic was not available because
of war; it was first called “Dolophine” after
Adolf Hitler.
 Common synthetic drugs with morphine – like
effects.
 Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in
childbirth while methadone is the drugs of choice
in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents
since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.

VI. China White

 These are drug synthesized from the basic morphine
molecule but perhaps more than 1,000 times more
potent than heroin.
 This drug is very dangerous not only because of
itspotency but also because the chance is the street
chemist will make the substance wrong.

B.Barbiturates
 are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued
with anxiety, mental stress and insomnia. They are
also of value in the treatment of epilepsy and
hypertension.

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 It is believed that the name barbiturate was
developed because the first synthesis occurred on
St. Barbara’s day.
 It was first synthesized November 27, 1864, by
German chemist Adolf von Baeyer.

Barbiturates are classified as:

1. Intermediate – acting (Secobarbital) It is used
on a short-term basis to treat insomnia
(difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep). It is
also used to relieve anxiety before surgery.
Secobarbital is in a class of medications called
barbiturates. It works by slowing activity in
the brain. Secobarbital is indicated for:

 Treatment of epilepsy
 Temporary treatment of insomnia
 Use as a preoperative medication to produce
anaesthesia.

2. Short – acting (Pentobarbital)

- It was widely used during the 1940s and 1950s as

a sleeping pill (i.e. hypnotic) or anti-anxiety drug
(i.e. sedative).
Nembutal is used by euthanasia organizations in the
United States.
- The brand name "Nembutal" was coined by Dr. John
S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the
structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) +
ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for
barbiturates). Nembutal is trademarked and
manufactured by the Danish pharmaceutical company
Lundbeck, and is the only injectable form of
pentobarbital approved for sale in the United
States.
3. Long – acting (Methobarbital)
- Methylphenobarbital, also known as mephobarbital
and mephobarbitone, marketed under brand names such
as Mebaral, Mephyltaletten, Phemiton, and Prominal,
is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative and is
used primarily as an anticonvulsant, but also as a
sedative and anxiolytic.

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 SLANG NAMES: “goofballs”, “footballs”, “barbs”,
“blockbuster”.

C.Methaqualone
 is a synthetic sedative which has been widely
abused and often caused serious poisoning.
 The effect is similar to barbiturates and action
is within 30 minutes after administration; the
effect is for 6 – 10 hours.

D.Tranquilizers
 are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or
calm psychotic patients or mental disorders
without producing sleep.

KINDS OF TRANQUILIZERS

1.Meprobamate
 a minor tranquilizer used for the relief of
anxiety, tension and muscular spasms.
 Possible side effects include drowsiness, and
unsteadiness of stance and gait.
 Meprobamate was introduced in the mid-1950s and
commonly is marketed under the trade names Equanil
and Miltown
(https://www.britannica.com/science/meprobamate).

2.Diazepam
 It was introduced in 1963. It is the most commonly
used tranquilizer.
 used in the treatment of anxiety and as an aid in
preoperative and postoperative sedation. Diazepam
also is used to treat skeletal muscle spasms.
 Side effects include drowsiness and muscular
incoordination.
Effects of Tranquilizer
 It caused physical weakness and sleepiness.
 It calms the nervous and relieves tension and anxiety.
 Overdose can lead to “coma” respiratory failure and
death

VOLATILE SOLVENTS

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 - Gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as
“gas”, “teardrops” .
Examples are plastic glues, hair spray, fingernail
polish, lighter fluid, rugby, paint, thinner, acetone,
turpentine, gasoline, kerosene, varnishes and other aerosol
products.

Effects of Volatile Substance/Inhalants

 Damage to the brain and other organs of the body
 Death by overdose
 Sudden heart failure or “sudden sniffing death
syndrome”

ALCOHOL
- It is considered the most widely used, socially
accepted and most extensively legalized drugs throughout
the world.
- In the field of medicine, it is valuable as
disinfectant, an external remedy for reducing high fever
among children, and as preservative and solvent for
pharmaceutical preparations like elixirs, spirits, and
tincture. EFFECTS OF DEPRESSANTS

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
 Small doses: calmness and relaxation
 Large doses: slurred speech, poor judgment, slow body
movements.
 Overdose: unconsciousness, death

WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
 Irritability/anxiety
 Sleeplessness
 Stuffy or runny nose
 Lung damage
 Confusion
2. STIMULANTS (uppers)
 these are drugs that produce excitation, alertness
and wakefulness, intense feeling of “highness” and
in some cases, a temporary rise in blood pressure
and respiration.

 Their medical uses include treatment of Narcolepsy

– a condition characterized by an overwhelming

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 desire to sleep. A person who has narcolepsy goes
to sleep as frequently as 5 times a day.

Kinds of Stimulants drugs:

A.Cocaine
 the drug taken from the coca bush plant
(erythroxylon coca) grows in South America.
 Cocaine was first isolated (extracted from coca
leaves) in 1859 by German chemist Albert Niemann.
It was not until the 1880s that it started to be
popularized in the medical community.
 People in some parts of the world chew coca
leaves. Oral use relieves one from hunger and
fatigue.
 It was first used as local anesthesia for it
blocks the nerve cells causing numbness.
 Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who used the
drug himself, was the first to broadly promote
cocaine as a tonic to cure depression and sexual
impotence.

Three (3) Forms of Illegal Cocaine

A.Hard tiny rock for large wholesale or dealers.

B.Flake form – considered as a delicacy among coke cat.
C.Powdered form

 SLANG NAMES: “leaf”, “snow”, “coke”, “speedballs

when mixed with heroin”, “snorr”, “chinese white”,
“blow”, “C”, “coca”, “flake”, “heaven”, “dust”,
“paradise”

Effects of Cocaine

• Dryness of the throat and nose

• Nausea/gastric spasm
• Loss of appetite
• Feeling that ants or insects are crawling under the
skin
• Talkative and over-active

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Freebasing
 it is a method of reducing the impurities in cocaine.

Magnan’s Symptoms
 it is the feeling as if grains of sand are lying under
the skin or small insects (cocaine bugs) are creeping
on the skin is the most characterized symptoms.

Cocaine “Body Packer” Syndrome

 refers to the ingestion of multiple small packages of
cocaine for the purpose of transporting contraband.

Crack
 is a form of cocaine that
so that it can be smoked.
shaving of soap but has a
drug is sold in inch that
or teeth.
has been chemically altered
It looks like small lumps or
mixture of porcelain. The
is referred to us frenchfries

 Crack, which is an extremely potent smokeable form of

cocaine, is something 10 times stronger than the
regular coke and can cause instant addiction and even
death when excessive amounts are used.

B.Amphetamine
 used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief
or mild depression and treatment of narcolepsy.

Speed freaks
 People who depend on amphetamines, they cannot
function without the drugs.

SLANG NAMES: “beanies”, “co-pilots”, “foot ball hearts”,

“pep pills”, “ampies”

C.CAFFEINE
-it is present in coffee, tea,chocolate, cola drinks
and some wakeup pills.

D.Shabu (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride)

 It is commonly known as “poor man’s cocaine”.
 It is a white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder
with a bitter numbing taste.

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  It is taken orally, inhaled, snorted, sniffed or
injected.

SLANG NAMES: “upper”, “speed”, “ha”, “ice”, “shabs”, “S”

CONTENTS OF SHABU

Ephedrine - (Classified as Dangerous Drugs) Main ingredient

of Shabu causing brain damage
Toluene – Chemical used for paints, adhesives, etc.
Acetone – Nail cleaner
Lithium Batteries – Cancer causing component
Battery Acid – Corrosive chemical
Drain Cleaner – Liquid Soap
Hydrochloric Acid – (Muriatic Acid)

EFFECTS OF SHABU

 Increased wakefulness / Insomnia

 Increased physical activity / Aggressiveness
 Excitement / Causes restlessness
 Decreased appetite / Inhibits hunger / Malnutrition
 Hyperthermia
 Euphoria
 Confusion
 Convulsions
 Anxiety
 Paranoia
 Irritability

Can addiction be treated?

- YES. Addiction is a treatable disease.
- Advances in drug abuse treatment help people stop
abusing drugs and start leading productive lives

3.HALLUCINOGENS (Psychedelics)
 The word was coined in 1956 by British
psychiatrist, Humphry Osmond

 Refers to a group of drugs which affects the

Central Nervous System producing alteration,
intense and varying emotional changes, ego
distortion.

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  are drugs capable of provoking changes in
sensation, thinking, self – awareness and emotion.
Alteration of time and space perception (false
perception), illusions, hallucinations and
delusion.

Effects of Hallucinogens
 Strong emotional feeling.
 Recalling previously suppressed ideas and thoughts.
 A feeling of great creativity and imagination.
 A feeling of oneness with reverse for a bad trip the
following experiences are felt by the user.

Kinds of hallucinogens

1.Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa Lyn)

 it is the most commonly abused hallucinogen in the
Philippines.
 The effects of marijuana include a feeling of
grandeur. It can also produce opposite effect, a
dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.

Two Varieties of the Cannabis Plant

a.Resin – Producing (female mj)
 THC is found most abundantly in the upper leaves,
barks and flowers of the resin – producing plant.

b.Fiber – Producing (male mj) 

contains lesser THC

o Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
 most active and are considered responsible for
the hallucinogenic effect of mj. THC contains
the highest concentration of the drug.

Effects of Taking Marijuana

 Shortly after inhaling the smoke, the user
experiences a feeling of “inner joy” that is

16
 out of proportion to any apparent cause –
described as being high.
 Excitement
 -(but eventually leads to sleepiness)
 Depression
 Hallucination
 Psychosis/delusion
 “Food trip”  euphoria

o Phantasmagoria
 sensation that figures are rushing toward
him at tremendous speed, increasing in size as they
approach. o Potheads
 MJ addicts

GENERAL DRUG TEST

Duquenois Levine Test has been found to be the only

satisfactory chemical test for the identification of
marijuana.

2.ECSTACY
- popular club drug with both hallucinogenic and
stimulant properties, boosts empathy and feelings of
interpersonal closeness.

Scientific Name:
MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine or
MDMA
Street / Slang Names
Designers Drug, X, XTC, Rave, E, Eckie, Love Drug,
Flying Saucer, LBD or Libido, Jagged Little Pill, Adam, Eve,
Artist Drug, Hug Drug, MDA, MDEA, Love Doves, Disco
Biscuit, etc.

3.Lysergic Acid Diathylamide (LSD) o This drug was first

synthesized by Dr. Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur
Stool from the ergot plants. o This drug is the most
powerful of the Psychedelics and it is 1, 000 times
more powerful than marijuana. o LSD causes
perceptual changes so that the user sees colors,
shapes or objects more intensely than

17
 normal person can and may have hallucinations of
things that are not real. To him the real objects
seem to change, buildings seem to be cracking
open, and walls pulsating.

o Physical effects: flush face, increase blood

pressure, profuse sweating, nausea and rapid
heartbeat.

4.Peyote o It is derived from the surface part of a small

gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor
and its user suffers from nausea. o Peyote produces
hallucinations occasionally sexual in nature. o Side
– effects may be feeling of terror, anxiety,
impaired space and color perception and psychotic
reactions. o Physical symptoms are similar to LSD.

Mescaline o This is the active ingredient of the peyote

cactus

5.Phencyclidine (PCP)

o It is used as an analgesic and used also as

treatment for mental disorder.

o Often produced unpleasant post – operative side –

effects including visual disturbances and
delirium.

6.Psilocybin o This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small

Mexican mushroom. These mushrooms induced nausea,
muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions of
bright colors and shapes.

o Hallucinogenic effect may last for 4 – 5 hours and

later may be followed by depressions, laziness,
and complete loss of time and space perceptions.

o Physiological effects produced by this drug is

similar to LSD.
7.Morning Glory Seeds o Known as
Lysergic Acid Amide.

o The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical

morning glory that are used to produce

18
 hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour,
soaked in cold water, then strained through a
cloth and drunk.

o The active ingredient in the seed is similar to

LSD although less potent.

8.The Date Rape Drug Rohypnol

• Rohypnol is colorless, odorless and tasteless. The drug
dissolves with ease, especially in carbonated drinks.
Rohypnol alone can produce incapacitating sedative
effects that last between eight to twelve hours.
Rohypnol is known in club drug with slang as:
• roofies
• rophies
• roche
• roach
• rope
• forget-me drug.

How addiction is acquired?

• Association
 the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer
groups where he feels being wanted and accepted.

• Experimentation
 the tendency of a person to try and explore the
effects of drugs due to curiosity or other
reasons.

• Inexperienced doctors
 the tendency of doctors and physicians to
unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through:

• Habituation
 repetitious engagement of drug use which is
closely related to the experience of the euphoric
effect of drugs, and the relief of pain or
emotional discomfort.

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 • Toleration
 refers to the necessity to increase the dose to
obtain an effect equivalent to the original dose.

• Dependence
 the altered physiological state brought about by
the repeated administration of the drug, which
necessitates the continued use of the drug to
avoid withdrawal syndrome.

• Situational Users
 those who use drugs to keep them awake or for
additional energy to perform an important work.
Such individual may or may not exhibit
psychological dependence.

• Spree Users
 school age users who take drugs for “kicks”, an
adventurous daring experience, or as a means of
fun. There may be some degree of psychological
dependence but little physical dependence due to
the mixed pattern of use.

• Hippies
 those who are addicted to drugs believing that
drug is an integral part of life.

Effects to the family:

1.Intense feeling of humiliation and guilt are felt by
family members;
2.The spirit of togetherness or unity are broken;
3.Occurrence of domestic violence;
4.Loss of money or valuable;
5.Loss of unity among family members.

Effects to the community

1.Increase of petty crimes in the community (Physical

Injuries, rape, hold-upping, bag snatching, stealing by
“akyat-bahay gang” and “bukas-kotse gang” and others)
2.Increase of drug dependent and drug pusher in the
community;

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 3.Fear of community residents to drug dependents
specially at night;
4.Increase in heinous or anti-social crimes;
5.Downfall of social values of the country;
6.Increase of immorality and loss of moral fiber of the
society (Prostitution, pedophilia, child abuse);

TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH

1. Treatment- the medical service rendered to a client

for the effective management of the physical and mental
conditions related to drug abuse. Aims of treatment:

A. to prevent death from overdose.

C. to make them comfortable during the withdrawal period.
D. to encourage confirmed drug dependent clients to
undergo rehabilitation.

Detoxification- it is a medically supervised elimination

of drugs from the system of any addicted person.

2. Rehabilitation- the dynamic process directed towards the

physical, emotional psychological, vocational, social and
spiritual change to prepare a person for the fullest life
compatible with his capabilities and potentialities, and
render him able to become a law abiding and productive
member of the community without abusing drugs. Methods of
Rehabilitation:

1. Psychotherapeutic methods.
A. individual therapy
B. group therapy
C. the family therapy

2. The spiritual and religious meansThis is the

development of moral and spiritual values of the drug
dependent.

3. The follow-up and after-careThe process of

rehabilitation does not end upon the release or
discharging of client from a center.
Duration of rehabilitation

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 If the patient is found to be an opiate abuser, the
treatment prescribed shall be for a period of not less
than six months.

STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS THE DRUG PROBLEM

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ACTION:

A. Supply Reduction
 The object of supply reduction is to take away the
drugs from the person through market denial
operations and prevention of diversion of these
drugs to the illicit markets.

III. Demand Reduction

 The 2nd Pillar, Demand Reduction, is geared towards
reducing the consumer’s demand from drugs and
other substances. This is done through programs
on Preventive Education, Treatment and
Rehabilitation, and Research. Programs are either
school-based, community-based, or both school and
community-based.

IV. Alternative Development

 Alternative Development aims to reduce the
production of marijuana and eventually eliminate
its cultivation through sustainable rural
development and alternative livelihood programs.
Its thrust is to develop and implement sustainable
income-generating programs like yakon and jathropa
(commonly known as tuba-tuba) propagation and
other socio-economic programs offering health
services, Philhealth insurance, education and
infrastructure like farm-to-market roads,
irrigation systems, etc.

V. Civic Awareness
 Promotion of Civic Awareness is done through the
use of a public communication strategy that
utilizes the tri-media in conveying anti-drug
abuse messages and through the conduct of
community outreach programs that also deal on the
evils of drug abuse and the legal consequences of
being involved in illegal drugs. The Board’s

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 programs and activities for the year focused on
the promotion of a campaign message “Challenge
Yourself . . . Be Drug-Free”. A communication
plan was developed to properly and effectively
disseminate the message.

VI. Regional and International Cooperation

 The Dangerous Drugs Board has actively maintained
cooperative undertakings at the bilateral,
regional and international level on all matters
pertaining to drug abuse and illicit trafficking
of dangerous drugs.

Dangerous Drug Board (DDB)

o The Dangerous Drugs Board is directly under the Office

of the President. Its Secretariat is under the
administrative control and supervision of the Executive
Director, who has the rank of undersecretary and who is
assisted by two (2) Deputies with the rank of assistant
secretaries. These are the deputy executive director
for administration; and deputy executive director for
operations.

COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD

The DDB is composed of the:

A.Chairman;
B.two (2) Permanent Board Members;
C. the heads of twelve (12) National Government
Agencies as Ex-Officio Members, namely: o
Departments of Justice (DOJ); o Departments Labor
and Employment (DOLE); o Departments Interior and
Local Government (DILG); o Departments of Social
Welfare and Development
(DSWD); o Departments of Foreign Affairs
(DFA); o Departments of Finance (DOF); o
Departments of Health (DOH); o Departments
of National Defense (DND); o Departments of
Education (DepEd); o Commission on Higher
Education (CHED); o National Youth
Commission (NYC); and o Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA).
D.Two (2) regular members;

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 o the President of the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines (IBP); and o the Chairman or
President of a Non-Government Organization
(NGO).

Take Note: The permanent consultants are the heads of the

National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and the Philippine
National Police (PNP).

Members of the Board

• Secretary of Justice - Acting Chairman
• Secretary of Health - Vice Chairman
• Executive Director, DDB - Ex – officio
Member
• Secretary of National Defense - Ex – officio Member
• Secretary of Finance - Ex – officio
Member
• Secretary of DECS - Ex – officio Member
• Secretary of DSWD - Ex – officio Member

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino:

Kawanihan ng Pilipinas Laban sa Droga) (KPLD) o was
established by, and enacted in the year 2002 as the
leading anti-drugs office in the Philippines, under the
supervision of the , which in turn, is under the
supervision of the President of the Philippines.
o The basic qualifications for becoming a Drug
Enforcement Officer are as follows: 21 to 35 years of
age, a college degree holder, has passed the Civil
Professional Exam, and physically fit.

Important dates and events in the history of Dangerous Drugs

1873 - Alexander Bennet discovered the first medical use of

cocaine as anesthetic.

1875 - San Francisco, California, enacted an ordinance which

banned the smoking of opium in opium dens. 1879 - Cocaine
was used to treat morphine addiction.

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1884 - Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as
anesthetic in Germany. 1919 - The prohibition of
alcohol commenced in Finland.

1920 - The prohibition of alcohol commenced in the United

States.

1970 - Cocaine gained popularity as a recreational drug.

The Global Drug Situation

First Drug Traffic Route

Middle East - discovery, plantation, cultivation,
↓
Turkey - preparation for distribution
↓
Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine
↓
U.S - marketing
Second Major Drug Traffic Route

On the other side of the globe is the second major drug

traffic route, which is composed of the popular Golden
Triangle and the Golden Crescent. The Golden Triangle
composed of three countries namely Burma/Myanmar, Laos and
Thailand while Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India compose
the Golden Crescent.

 Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle”

approximately produced 60% of opium in the world,
90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is
also the officially acknowledge source of
Southeast Asian Heroin.
A heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and
passes through nearby countries in relatively small
quantities through air transport while in transit to
the United States and European countries.

 Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the

major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana and
heroin products in the western part of Asia. It
produced at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin
channeled in the drug underworld market.

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The World’s Drug Scene
1.Middle East
 the Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be
the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle
East. Lebanon is also became the transit country
for cocaine from South America to European illicit
drug markets.

2.Spain
 is known as the major transshipment point for
international drug traffickers in Europe.

3.South America
 Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama are the
principal sources of all cocaine supply in the
world due to the robust production of the coca
plants.

4.Philippines
 second to Mexico as to the production of
marijuana. It also became the major transshipment
point for the worldwide distribution of illegal
drugs particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan
and South America.

5.India
 is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to
the rapid addiction among its people.

6.Indonesia
 Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main
cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia
is an important transit point for drugs en route
to Australia and New Zealand.

7.Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand

 is the most favorable sites of drug distribution
from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of
Asia.

8.China
 is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden
Triangle” to Hong Kong.

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  the principal chemical for producing the drug
shabu.

9.Hong Kong
 is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of
heroin.

10. Japan
 became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from
the United States and Europe.

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Qualification of the 3 Permanent members of the DDB
- at least 7 years training and experience in the field of dangerous drugs and in any of
the following fields: law,medicine,criminology,psychology or social work.They are
appointed by the President.

  The President shall designate a Chairman  of the DDB from among the 3
permanent members who shall serve for 6 years.
 The Chairman of the DDB shall have a rank of Under Secretary.
 Term of office of the permanent members of the DDB - 6 years and until their
successors shall have been duly appointed and qualified.
 The PDEA shall be headed by a Director General with the rank of
undersecretary.
 The PDEA Director General shall be appointed by the President of the
Philippines.

Duties/Functions of PDEA Director General

  1. Responsible for the general administration and
      management of the agency.
  2. Perform other duties that may be assigned to
      him/her by the President.

  The PDEA Director General and the 2 Deputy Director General must possess
adequate knowledge, training and experience in the field of dangerous drugs
and in any of the following field: law enforcement, law, medicine, criminology,
psychology and social work.

There are 2 PDEA Deputy Director General

  1. One for Administration
  2. One for Operation

  They shall have a rank of Assistant Secretary and both are appointed by the
President of the Philippines upon recommendation of the board.

Mandatory Services of the PDEA

  1. Intelligence and Investigation
  2. International Cooperation and Foreign Affairs
  3. Preventive Education and Community Involvement
  4. Plans and Operation
  5. Compliance, Legal and Prosecution
  6. Administrative and Human Resource
  7. Financial Management
  8. Logistic Management
  9. Internal Affairs

  PDEA shall establish regional offices.

PDEA Academy -  Shall be established either in Baguio City or Tagaytay City and in
such other places as may be necessary.

  PDEA Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent with the rank of Director.

He shall be appointed by the PDEA Director General.

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 3 Pronged Approached in the Solution of Drug Problems
  1. Law enforcement activities
  2. Preventive Drug Education and Information
      program in school and in communities.
  3. Treatment and Rehabilitation programs for drug
      dependent.

VICE CONTROL

Vice
 It is any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence
of which leads to depravity, wickedness or
corruption.

Substance Abuse and Vice Control

ALCOHOL
 Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to
man. Ever since there has been a continuous
effect, everywhere, to control its consumption
because of its devastating effects on human life.
Many countries all over the world have tried
prohibition ban with little success.

What Is Alcohol?
 Alcohol is created when grains, fruits, or
vegetables are fermented. Fermentation is a
process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the
sugars in the food into alcohol.

How Does It Affect the Body?

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 • Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows the
function of the central nervous system. Alcohol
actually blocks some of the messages trying to get to
the brain. This alters a person's perceptions,
emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.

History of Alcohol
• Evidence of wine only appeared as a finished product in
Egyptian pictographs around 4,000 BC
• The ancient Egyptians made at least 17 types of beer
and at least 24 varieties of wine

• The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars

from Jiahu which date to about 7000 BC. This early
drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit
• Sura, is the alcoholic beverages in India, a beverage
distilled from rice meal.
• the first alcoholic beverage in Greece was mead, a
fermented beverage made from honey and water.

Nature and Property

• Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It
boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius.
• It has pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to
the mouth, esophagus and stomach.
• Alcohol is a depressant not a stimulant.

Two kinds of alcohol

1.Methyl alcohol
 is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is
use in some industries.

2.Ethyl alcohol
 is used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by
breweries.

Various Degree of Intoxication

1. Slight Inebriation (10 to 100 mg) There

is reddening of the face, and there is no sign of mental
impairment, in-coordination and difficulty of speech.

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 2. Moderate Inebriation (100 - 200 mg) The
person is argumentative and overconfident, and there is
slight impairment of mental faculties, and loss of
coordination of finer movements.
3. Drunk (200 – 300 mg) The mind is
confused and disoriented, there is difficulty in speech
and marked motor in-coordination and often walking is
impossible.

4. Very drunk (300-400 mg) –, the mind becomes

confused and dis-oriented. There is difficulty of speech
and marked poor motor coordination. Walking may be hard
for persons diagnosed, there is increased disassociation
leading to stupor

5.Coma (400 mg. and above) The subject is

stuporous or in a comatose conditions, and sometimes
it is difficult to differentiate this conditions
with other conditions having coma.

Tests for Alcohol:

 Blood alcohol determination is a reliable index of
alcoholic content of one’s body. For the test to be
dependable 5 cc. amount of blood is sufficient and must
be sent to the laboratory for analysis within 30
minutes after blood extraction by means of needle.

 A breathalyzer is an apparatus that may be used to

indirectly determine the quantity of alcohol consumed
by a subject by measuring the absorption of light by
potassium dichromate before and after the reaction to
alcohol.
 Physical tests which may be used to determine
drunkenness and are available to law enforcement
officers to determine whether a person is under the
influence of liquor or not.

The Common Alcoholic Drinks

A.Beers – they contain 2 – 6 percent alcohol;
B.Wines – they contain about 10% alcohol;
C.Fortified Wines – liquors that contains 10% – 20%
alcohol; and
D.Spirits – liquors that contains 40% - 60% of alcohol.

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Types of Drinkers
• Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or
uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes only a few drinks
per year.
• Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social
affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week or
occasionally reaches three or four times per week.
• Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on
weekends, usually comes from cultural background where
wine and beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor
of the food.
• Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol.
Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to the
exclusion of physical health and interests of family
and society in general.

Usual Motives for Drinking

• Traditional – social and religious functions.
• Status – symbol of success and prestige.
• Dietary – dining incomplete without wine, integral part
of today’s way of “gracious living”.
• Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user can
tolerate and enjoy another’s company.
• Shortcut to adulthood – user unsure of maturity, drinks
to prove himself.
• Ritual – foster group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts
made to brides, wishes for good health.
• Path of least Resistance – doesn’t want to drink but
doesn’t want to abstain so goes along with everyone
else.

TOBACCO
 Tobacco means the curved leaves of the tobacco
plant “nicotiana tobacu” which contains a very
potent ingredient called nicotine.

 Nicotine – an active component in tobacco which acts as

a powerful stimulants of the nervous system. A drop of
pure nicotine can easily kill a person.

Tobacco Chemicals / CIGARETTE CONTENTS

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  Nicotine – used as ingredient in insecticides
 Carbon Monoxide – toxic substance
 Tar – ingredient for asphalt
 Vinyl Chloride – used for plastic
 Cyanide – poisonous gas
 Formaldehyde – used for embalming
 Ammonia – used to clean bathrooms
 Cadmium – used in car batteries

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
 Smelly breath, hair and clothes
 Stained teeth and fingers
 Increase heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure
 Smoking exposes yourself and others to health risks

LONG TERM EFFECTS

 Sickness
 Heart Attack
 Cancer
 Bronchitis
 Ulcers
 Infertility
Why do people smoke?
• The answer is NICOTINE.

Republic Act No. 9211 - Known as Tobacco Regulation Act of

2003
 PROHIBITED ACTS:
• Allowing Children to man stalls selling tobacco
product (s)
• Selling tobacco products to a minor (under
18 years of age)
• Selling of Tobacco products within 100
meters from
playgrounds, schools, and all youth facilities
• Smoking in Public Place

RULES:
IRR mandates all establishments selling tobacco
products to post a sign stating,“ It is unlawful for tobacco

33
products to be sold/ distributed to or purchased by persons
under 18 years of age”.

PENALTY:
Selling to or buying tobacco products to minors
- Not more than 30 days of imprisonment for 1st
time Offender. - 5,000.00 fine.

Prostitution

Prostitution

It is an act or practice of a woman who

engages or habitually indulged in sexual intercourse for
money or profit.

Prostitute
A woman engages in discriminate sexual
intercourse or acts with males for hire.

Whores/Knockers
It is the name often used for all types of
prostitute.

Pimp
One who provides gratification for the lust of
others.

White Slavery
The procurement and transportation of women
across satellite for immoral purpose.

CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION

A.Poor social background.

B.Lack of education.
C.Previous sexual experience mostly regrettable and in or
out of wedlock.
D.Craving for money and luxury on the part of the
prostitute.
E.Lack of restraints from parents, social environments
and laxity of social control such as the agency for
religious training and reforms.
F.The influence of contraceptives readily available

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 G.Prostitution is a means to maintain other addiction to
vice such as gambling, alcoholism and substance abuse.
H.Social causes such as broken homes, anonymity of city
life and poverty.

Classification of Prostitutes on the Basis of Operation:

• Call girls/boys – They are part time prostitutes who
engage in other legitimate profession.

• Hustler – They are considered as professionals, also

known as street walker, bar or tavern pick-up. They
frequent bars where liquor is served to get clients,
sometimes with the knowledge and permission from the
management.
• Door Knocker – They are occasional and selective
prostitutes, usually a new comer to the sex trade.
• Factory Girls – They work-in regular houses of
prostitution such as massage parlors, brothels and
accept all customers as they come. They work in regular
shift under the supervision of a madam or pimp who
selects and solicits customers.

Types of Prostitution Houses

• Disorderly Houses – This kind of prostitution house is

usually under the control of an organized crime
syndicate. It lodges a number of factory girls or
professional prostitutes.
• Furnished Room Houses – Typically managed by an
experience madam who rent rooms to legitimate roomers
in order to maintain the appearance of legality and
responsibility. Deliberately the madam leaves several
rooms vacant but reserved for prostitution activities.
• Call Houses _ this is where the customers call and the
madam make an arrangement sending the girls by a
transporter to the place agreed upon. The location
appears to be a legitimate business enterprise such as
a service agency, a computer shop or internet café,
travel offices, beauty parlors, bars and other similar
entity with business permit and licenses.
• Massage Clinics – These houses are manage under a
permit and license to operate issued by the local
government but acts as fronts for prostitution. They
operate along with hair stylists, manicurist,

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 attendants and massagists who while servicing clients
can make arrangement for sex encounters.

Prevention and Control of Prostitution:

• The School of Total Repression: Also known as the

American Model, this contends that prostitution needs
to be subdued by detention, apprehension of not only
the sex worker but also the customers.
• The School of Regulatory Control – Propagated by the
Europeans, this is also known as the “French Model” it
maintains the idea that society cannot do away with
prostitution unless we consider the problem causing it
and removing identified causes.

Gambling

It is a game or scheme wherein the result of which

depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazard.

Chance of Hazard
It is the uncertainty of the result of the
game when the outcome of the game is incapable of
calculation by human reason, foresight, capacity or
design.

Classification of Gambling Games:

• Those which are absolutely prohibited.

– Roulette and Faro; under the RPC Monte, jueteng and
other forms of lottery, policy, banking or
percentage games and dog races;

• Those which are regulated by law. These games are

regulated in the sense that the law allows the same to
be played except on certain specified days such as:
– Horse racing under Art 198, RPC; Cock fighting
under Art 199, PRC; Domino, mahjong, entre cuatro,
cuajo, Panguinge and the like.

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Acts punishable in gambling:

• In case of horse racing under art. 198, RPC;

– Betting on horse races during the periods or days
not allowed by law such as: ordinary working days
but not legal holidays not allowed by the Games
and Amusement Board, July 4th now June 12,
Independence Day under RA 137; December 30th of
each year known as Rizal Day under RA 229; Any
registration or voting days under RA 180 as
amended by the Omnibus Election Code and Holy
Thursday and Good Friday under RA 946.

In cases of illegal cock fighting under Art. 199, RPC:

– Betting money or other valuable consideration and
organizing such cock fights at which bets are made
on a day other than those permitted by law.
– Betting money or other valuables and organizing
such cock fights in a place other than a licensed
cock pit.

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