Chap. 6-3

Nuclear
System Engineering
Cho, Hyoung Kyu
Department of Nuclear Engineering
Seoul National University
Review
 First law analysis in a simplified PWR system
 Stationary, non‐deformable control volume operating at steady state
=0
 Turbine and pump
 Steam generator and condenser
Review
 Thermodynamic efficiency and cycle thermal efficiency
Review
 ,

 ,
– ∙ 1 ∙
– ∙ 1 ∙

Review
 Q 
ds   
 T int,rev
Thermodynamic Analysis of A Simplified PWR System
 First Law Analysis of a Simplified PWR System
 Improvements in thermal efficiency for this simple saturated cycle
 Pressure
– Increase the pump outlet pressure/decrease turbine outlet pressure
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Nonflow Process
3. Thermodynamic Analysis of Nuclear Power Plants
4. Thermodynamic Analysis of A Simplified PWR System
6.4.1 First Law Analysis of a Simplified PWR System
6.4.2 Combined First and Second Law or Availability Analysis of a Simplified PWR System
5. More Complex Rankine Cycles: Superheat, Reheat, Regeneration, and Moisture
Separation
6. Simple Brayton Cycle
7. More Complex Brayton Cycles
8. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycles
More Complex Rankine Cycles
 System Superheat, Reheat, Regeneration, Moisture Separation
 Improvements in overall cycle performance
 Can be accomplished by superheat, reheat, and regeneration
– Each approach leads to a higher average temperature at which heat is received by the working fluid
 Minimize erosion of the turbine blades
 Multiple turbine stages with intermediate moisture separation
 The superheat and reheat options also allow maintenance of higher exit steam quality, there by
decreasing the liquid fraction in the turbine.
 Superheat: limited degree in PWR
 Once‐through SG: B&W
 Recirculating SG: CE and Westinghouse
 Reheat
 The working fluid is returned to a heat exchanger after partial expansion in the turbine.
 In PWR
– Moisture separator and reheater
 Regeneration
 Extracting steam from various turbine stages and directing it to a series of heaters where the
condensate or feed water is preheated.
 These feedwater heaters may be open (OFWH), in which the streams are directly mixed, or closed
(CFWH) in which the heat transfer occurs through tube walls.
 Analysis of the regeneration with OFWH
 Thermal efficiency
 Actual useful work
– Turbine work – pump work
W P  m 4 h1'  h1   m 4  m 3" hz '  hz 

 m 4  m 3"  m 3' h2  hy 
Q in  m s h3  h2 
 Analysis of the regeneration with OFWH
 First law & mass conservation
– For OFWH No. 1
hz m 3"  m 4   m 3"h3"  m 4 h1'
m 3"  m 4   m s  m 3' 
– For OFWH No. 2
hy m s  m 3' h3'  m s  m 3' hz '

 System Superheat, Reheat, Regeneration, Moisture Separation Closed feedwater heaters
 Regeneration with CFWH ‐ Drained backward
‐ Pumped forward
 System Superheat, Reheat, Regeneration, Moisture Separation Closed feedwater heaters
 Regeneration with CFWH ‐ Drained backward
‐ Pumped forward
 Analysis of the regeneration with CFWH
– For CFWH No. 1
m 4 hy  m 4 h1'  m 3"h3"  m 3' hx '  m 3'  m 3" hz
– For the mixing tee, at position y’
m 4  m 3'  m 3" hy '  m 3'  m 3" hz  m 4 hy

m s  m 4  m 3'  m 3"
 Analysis of the regeneration with CFWH
– For CFWH No. 2
m s h2  m 3' h3'  hx   m s hy '

 Moisture separator
 The steam from the high pressure turbine to a moisture separator
 Separated liquid to a feedwater heater while vapor passes to a low‐pressure turbine
 Moisture separator
 Saturated state of liquid and vapor
– For the separated water (3”)
m 3"  (1  x)m s h3"  h f ( p3' )
– For the separated vapor (3’’’)
m 3'"  xm s h3"'  hg ( p3' )
– Feedwater heater exit enthalpy (1’)
h1' m s  h3" (1  x3' )m s  h1 x3' m s

is not given!
1. Draw the temperature‐entropy (T‐s) diagram
for this cycle, as well as the temperature
‐fractional length (T vers us z/L) diagram
for the steam generator.
2. Compute the ratio of primary to secondary
flow rates.
3. Compute the cycle thermal efficiency.
T‐s diagram
 Example 6.6
 Compute the ratio of primary to secondary flow rates.
 With given information only
 Energy conservation
m p h5  h6   m s h3  h2  Information is not enough.
m p h5  hb   m s h3  ha  Information is enough.
h5  hb   c p T5  Tb   c p T5  Ta  14.4

Tb  Ta  14.4
 Example 6.6
 Compute the cycle thermal efficiency.
 Neglecting pump work,
  by steam table
 Unknowns: , , , , ,

s3  s9 s  s f  x9 s ( s g  s f )  s f  xs gf
s9 s  s f
h9 s  h f  x9 s (hg  h f )  h f  hgf
s gf
h3  h9
T  h9  h3  T h3  h9 s 
h3  h9, s
 Example 6.6
 Unknowns: , , , , ,
 ,
h9  h f  x9 (hg  h f )
h9  h f
x9   m g  x9 m s m f  (1  x9 )m s
hg  h f
s11  s4 s  s f  x4 s ( s g  s f )  s f  x4 s s gf
s4 s  s f
h4 s  h f  x4 s (hg  h f )  h f  hgf
s gf
h11  h4
T  h4  h11  T h11  h4 s 
h11  h4 s
 Example 6.6
 Unknowns: , , , , ,
 and
(1  f )m g 
 m f  fm g h10  m s h10
 (1  f )m g h13  m f h12  fm g h11

m s  (1  f )m g  m f  fm g 
m s h10  m g h13  m f h12
f 
m g h11  h13 
s10  s2 s , h2 s  f ( P2 , s2 s )
p 
h2 s  h10
h2  h10 
h2 s  h10 
h2  h10 p
 Example 6.6
Try by yourself!
 HW#3‐1
 4 loop WH PWR
 Efficiency of the turbines
 Cycle efficiency
 Pump efficiency: 75 %
 HW#3‐1 State Point Temperature (oC) Quality Pressure (MPa) Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
1 226.7
 4 loop WH PWR 2 1 6.895
3 2.827
 Efficiency of the turbines 4 1.896
5 1.206 2530.7
 Cycle efficiency 6
7
 Pump efficiency: 75 % 8 215.6
9
10 268.3
11 0.483
12 0.310
13 0.110
14 0.046
15 0.00517 2330.7
16
17
18
19
20
21 98.9
22
23 127.8
24
25 146.7
26
27
28
29 205.6
30
31 14.651
32 293.3 15.513
33 326.7
 HW#3‐1
 Solution procedure
 Step 1: evaluate the efficiencies of the high pressure turbine and low pressure turbine
–
, ,
 : saturated steam
 2530.7 : two‐phase mixture
0.779 0.745
 , ,
 HW#3‐1
 Step 2: evaluate the enthalpies of each state
– , : subcooled liquid,  given
– : saturated steam
– , ,
– , , ,
,
– : given
– : saturated liquid
– , :  given
– , :  given
 HW#3‐1
– , ,
– ~ , , ,
,
– : given
– , ,
– , , , : subcooled liquid,  given
– , , : saturated liquid
– , , ,
 HW#3‐1
– , , : saturated liquid
– , , , : subcooled liquid,  given
 HW#3‐1
– , : subcooled liquid,  given, /2
– ,
– , /
–
 HW#3‐1
h h h
1 975740.4 11 2828965.9 21 415294.2
2 2773765.5 12 2767621.9 22 566217.1
3 2644676.6 13 2637452.8 23 537648.7
4 2590034.0 14 2539523.6 24 634466.5
5 2530700.0 15 2330700.0 25 618500.1
6 799286.7 16 140246.9 26 799286.7
7 992814.1 17 140300.9 27 807899.2
8 2854763.3 18 331879.5 28 896155.4
9 1262030.7 19 333473.2 29 879667.6
10 2976593.1 20 428835.3 30 992814.1
5g 2783890.2
 HW#3‐1
 Step 3: evaluate the mass flow rates using mass and energy conservation equations
 HW#3‐1
– Feed Heater 1
(1)
– Feed Heater 2
(2)
– Moisture Separator
(3) (4)
 HW#3‐1
– Feed Heater 3
(5)
– Reheater 1
(6)
– Reheater 2
(7)
 HW#3‐1
– Feed Heater 4
(8)
– Feed Heater 5
(9)
– Feed Heater 6
(10)
 HW#3‐1
– Feed Heater 7
(11)
– Mass balance on Feed Heater 3
(12)
 HW#3‐1
– A linear system of 12 equations in 12 unknowns
m2 0.054
m3 0.029
m4 0.049
m5 0.035
m6 0.061
m7 0.772
m8 0.098
m9 0.025
m10 0.037
m11 0.021
m12 0.044
mlpt 0.673
 HW#3‐1
 Step 4: evaluate the turbine works and pump works
– High pressure turbine
– Low pressure turbine
– Condensate pump
 HW#3‐1
 Step 5: evaluate the turbine works and pump works
– Low pressure feed pump
– High pressure feed pump
– Reactor coolant pump
 Mass flow rate ratio between primary and secondary sides
 HW#3‐1
 Step 6: evaluate the cycle efficiency
 HW#3‐2
 APR1400 Use your own drawing!
 Efficiency of the turbines
 Cycle efficiency (secondary side only)
Pump efficiency: 75 %
 HW#3‐2
State Point Temperature (oC) Quality Pressure (MPa) Enthalpy (J/kg)
 APR1400 1 232.2
2 1 6.633
 Efficiency of the turbines 3 3.256
4 2.130
 Cycle efficiency 5 1.384 2539294
6
 Pump efficiency: 75 % 7
8 222.6
9
10 264.5
11 0.411
12 0.105
13 0.050
14 0.024
15 0.005 2232727
16
17
18
19 60.2
20
21 76.9
22
23 96.5
24
25
26
27 190.3
28
29 209.7
30
Compare the mass flow rate ratios!
 HW#3‐2
 HW#3
 You can use any software you want to use.
 For MATLAB users, xsteam.m file was posted on ETL.
 Due date: 4/21
 Submit the printed document and source program to TA.
 박일웅, Park, Il‐Woong, 8339, 31‐207.
 Draw the T‐s diagram of one of the problems (if you can).

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Nuclear

W P  m 4 h1'  h1   m 4  m 3" hz '  hz 

hz m 3"  m 4   m 3"h3"  m 4 h1'

m 3"  m 4   m s  m 3' 

hy m s  m 3' h3'  m s  m 3' hz '

m 4 hy  m 4 h1'  m 3"h3"  m 3' hx '  m 3'  m 3" hz

m 4  m 3'  m 3" hy '  m 3'  m 3" hz  m 4 hy

m s h2  m 3' h3'  hx   m s hy '

m 3"  (1  x)m s h3"  h f ( p3' )

m 3'"  xm s h3"'  hg ( p3' )

h1' m s  h3" (1  x3' )m s  h1 x3' m s

m p h5  h6   m s h3  h2  Information is not enough.

m p h5  hb   m s h3  ha  Information is enough.

h5  hb   c p T5  Tb   c p T5  Ta  14.4

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