10

SCIENCE
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 3

Homeostasis:
Communication
and Regulation

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 What I Need to Know
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that all work
together for the maintenance of the entire organism. While cells, tissues, and
organs may per- form very different functions, all the cells in the body are similar
in their metabolic needs. Maintaining a constant internal environment by
providing the cells with what they need to survive (oxygen, nutrients, and removal
of waste) is necessary for the well-being of individual cells and of the entire body.
Our body needs to maintain homeostasis. But what is homeostasis?

In this module, you will learn about the coordinated function of the Nervous
System and Endocrine System in order to maintain constant internal
environment in the following lessons:

Lesson 1 – The Nervous System and Endocrine System

Lesson 2 – Homeostasis
Lesson 3 – Feedback Mechanisms

After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to:
1. State the functions of the Nervous System and Endocrine System in the
human body,
2. Define Homeostasis,
2. Explain the coordinated function of the Nervous System and Endocrine
System in order the achieve Homeostasis, and;
4. Discuss feedback mechanism between the Nervous System and Endocrine
System to maintain constant internal environment.

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 What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The human nervous system is capable of a wide range function. What

is the basic unit of the nervous system?
A. Glial Cell C. Neuron
B. Meninges D. Cerebrospinal Fluid
2. Which of the following is an example of a basic nervous system
function?
A. Remembering a painful
B. Sweating during a yoga class experience
C. Learning English as a second language
D. Feeling afraid of the dark
3. A body system that controls and coordinates all body activities
through electric impulses/messages.
A. Endocrine System B. Nervous System C. Nerve D. Neuron
4. After consuming a banana split, which hormones would be expected
to increase?
A. Prolactin B. Glucagon C. Insulin D. Parathyroid hormone
5. Which of the following hormones would be expected to increase if you
were studying all day for a test and skipped breakfast and lunch?
A. Glucagon B. Growth Hormone C. Insulin D. Calcitonin
6. A body system that controls growth and homeostasis by secreting
hormones from glands.
A. Skeletal System C. Endocrine System
B. Nervous System D. Integumentary System
7. Homeostasis
A. allows for a wildly fluctuating internal environment
B. is impossible in vertebrates
C. is the maintenance of a relatively stable environment and
often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
A. is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment
and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
8. If the environment is cold, we will often shiver in order to:
A. keep body temperature the same as the external temperature
B. decrease body temperature
C. increase body temperature
D. regulate blood pressure
9. Homeostasis in the human body is often maintained by a:
A. neutral feedback loop C. positive feedback loop
B. solar feedback loop D. negative feedback loop
10. What happens when blood sugar levels become too high?
A. Insulin is secreted, causing the conversion of glucose
to glycogen
B. Glucagon is secreted, causing the conversion of glucose to
glycogen
C. Insulin is secreted, causing the conversion of glycogen to glucose
D. Glucagon is secreted, causing the conversion of glycogen to
glucose

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 Lesson
The Nervous System and the
1 Endocrine System
Le

What’s New

Nervous System
The nervous system consists of the
brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of
the nerves that connect these organs with
the rest of the body. Together, these organs
are responsible for the control of the body
and communication among its parts. The
brain and spinal cord form the control center
known as the central nervous system (CNS),
where information is evaluated and decisions
made. The sensory nerves and sense organs
of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
monitor conditions inside and outside of the
body and send this information to the CNS.
Efferent nerves in the PNS carry signals from
the control center to the muscles, glands,
and organs to regulate their functions. https://myshrink.com/natural-relief-for-anxiety-attacks/

What is It
Nervous System Anatomy
Neurons
Neurons, also known as nerve cells,
communicate within the body by trans- mitting
electrochemical signals. Neurons look quite
different from other cells in the body due to the
many long cellular processes that extend from their
central cell body. The cell body is the roughly round
part of a neuron that contains the nucleus,
mitochondria, and most of the cellular organelles.
Small tree-like structures called dendrites
extend from the cell body to pick up stimuli from
the environment, other neurons, or sensory receptor
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents
cells. Long transmitting processes called axons org/article/scientists-say-glia
extend from the cell body to send signals onward to
other neurons or effector cells in the body.
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 Know This
The majority of the nervous system is tissue
made up of two classes of cells: neurons and
neuroglia.
There are 3 basic classes of neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons,
and interneurons.
A. Afferent neurons - also known as sensory neurons, afferent neurons
transmit sensory signals to the central nervous
system from receptors in the body.
B. Efferent neurons - also known as motor neurons, efferent neurons
transmit signals from the central nervous system
to effectors in the body such as muscles and
glands.
C. Interneurons - form complex networks within the central nervous
system to integrate the information received from
afferent neurons and to direct the function of the
body through efferent neurons.
Neuroglia
Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, act as the “helper” cells of the
nervous system. Each neuron in the body is surrounded by anywhere
from 6 to 60 neuroglia that protect, feed, and insulate the neuron.
Because neurons are extremely specialized cells that are essential to
body function and almost never reproduce, neuroglia are vital to
maintaining a functional nervous system.

Divisions of the Nervous System

I. Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord
together form the central nervous
system, or CNS. The CNS acts as the
control center of the body by providing
its processing, memory, and
regulation systems. The CNS takes in
all of the conscious and subconscious
sensory information from the body’s
sensory receptors to stay aware of the
body’s internal and external
conditions. Using this sensory
information, it makes decisions about
both conscious and subconscious
actions to take to maintain the body’s
homeostasis and ensure its survival.

www.visiblebody.com
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 II. Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all of the parts of
the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. These parts
include all of the cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory
receptors.

Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is a division of the PNS that includes
all of the voluntary efferent neurons. The SNS is the only consciously
controlled part of the PNS and is responsible for stimulating skeletal
muscles in the body. Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the PNS that
includes all of the involuntary efferent neurons. The ANS controls sub-
conscious effectors such as visceral muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tis- sue,
and glandular tissue.
There are 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system in the body:
the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
 Sympathetic. The sympathetic division forms the body’s “fight
or flight” response to stress, danger, excitement, exercise, emotions,
and embarrassment. The sympathetic division increases
respiration and heart rate, releases adrenaline and other stress
hormones, and de- creases digestion to cope with these situations.
 Parasympathetic. The parasympathetic division forms the body’s
“rest and digest” response when the body is relaxed, resting, or
feeding. The parasympathetic works to undo the work of the
sympathetic division after a stressful situation. Among other
functions, the parasympathetic division works to decrease
respiration and heart rate, increase digestion, and permit the
elimination of wastes.

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a control
system of the human body much like
the nervous system. The endocrine
system produces chemical messages in
the form of hormones, whereas the
nervous system produces electrical
messages.
The endocrine system is made up
of lots of specialized endocrine glands
that secrete hormones into the
bloodstream.
https://www2.estrellamountain.edu

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What does the endocrine system do?
The hormones that are
secreted by the endocrine glands
are chemical messengers which
are carried by the bloodstream to
other tissues or organs in the
body. The messages they deliver
tell these tis- sues or organs to
either in- crease or decrease their
activity.
Hormones a c t o n l y o n
target tissues or organs that have
the appropriate receptor sites for
that given hormone. In this way
hormonal messages are delivered
to, and act on, only the areas of
the body they are intended for.
https://andreacollo.wordpress.com/2013/10/16/disney-explains-menstruation

What’s More

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Lesson

2 Homeostasis
What’s New
What's the temperature in the room where you're sitting right
now? My guess would be that it's not exactly 98.6 0F/37 0C. Yet,
your body temperature is usually very close to this value. In fact, if
your core body temperature doesn’t stay within relatively narrow
limits —from about 95 0F/35 0C to 107 0F/41.7 0C—the results can be
dangerous or even deadly.
The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal
environment is called homeostasis. The body maintains homeostasis for
many factors in addition to temperature. For instance, the concentration of
various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the con-
centration of glucose. If these values get too high or low, you can end up
getting very sick.

What is It

Types of Homeostatic Regulation in the Body

Homeostatic Hormones and Tissues, Organs

Processes Other Messengers and Organ Systems
Involved
Osmoregulation Excess water, salts, Antidiuretic hor- Kidneys, urinary
(also known as and urea expelled mone (ADH), aldos- bladder, ureters,
from body terone, angiotensin urethra (urinary
excretions)
Homeostatic Pro- II, carbon dioxide system), pituitary
cesses Hormones and gland (endocrine
Other Messengers system), lungs
(respiratory system)
Tissues, Organs and
Organ Systems
Involved
Thermoregula- Sweating, shiver- Nerve Impulses Skeletal muscle
tion ing, dilation/ (muscular system),
constriction of blood nerves (nervous sys-
vessels at skin tem), blood vessels
surface, insulation (cardiovascular sys-
by adi- pose tissue, tem), skin and adi-
breakdown of ad- pose tissue
ipose tissue to (integumentary sys-
produce heat tem), hypothalamus
(endocrine system)

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Chemical Reg- Release of insu- Insulin, gluca- Pancreas (endocrine
ulation lin and glucagon into gon, cortisol, carbon system), liver
(including the blood in dioxide, nerve (digestive system);
glucoregulation) response to ris- ing impulses, adrenal glands
and falling blood erythropoietin (EPO) (endocrine system)
glucose levels, lungs (respiratory
respective- ly; system), brain
increase in breathing (nervous system),
rate in response to kidneys (urinary
in- creases carbon sys- tem)
dioxide levels in the
blood, and release of
carbon dioxide into
ex- haled air from
lungs, secretion
of erythropoietin by
kidneys to
stimulate for-
mation of red blood
cells

Endocrine System
The endocrine system, shown in Figure
2, includes glands which secrete hormones into
the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical
messenger molecules that are made by cells in
one part of the body and cause changes in
cells in another part of the body. The endocrine
system regulates the metabolism and
development of most body cells and body
systems through feedback mechanisms. For
example, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
(TRH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH) are controlled by a number of negative
feedback mechanisms. The endocrine glands
also release hormones that affect skin and hair
Figure 2: The endocrine system controls almost
color, appetite, and secondary sex every other body system through feedback
characteristics of males and females. mechanisms. Most of the mechanisms of the
endocrine system are negative feedback.

https://byjus.com/biology/endocrine-glands/

The endocrine system has a regulatory

effect on other organ systems in the human body. In the muscular system,
hormones adjust muscle metabolism, energy production, and growth. In the
nervous system, hormones affect neural metabolism, regulate fluid and ion
concentration and help with reproductive hormones that influence brain
development.
The endocrine system is linked to the nervous system by effects of the
hypothalamus on the pituitary gland, as seen in the adjacent image.
The pituitary gland is known as the ‘master gland’ because its secretions

9
control the activity of other endocrine glands. The activity of the pituitary gland is
however controlled by the hypothalamus which as well as being an endocrine gland,
is also part of the nervous system.
Along with the nervous system, the endocrine system coordinates the
body’s functions to maintain homeostasis during rest and exercise. The nervous
and endocrine systems also work together to initiate and control movement, and
all the physiological processes movement involves.

What’s More

Lesson

2 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

What’s New
Feedback regulation occurs when the response to a stimulus
has an effect of some kind on the original stimulus. The type
of response determines what the feedback is called. Negative
feedback occurs when the response to a stimulus reduces the original
stimulus. Positive feedback occurs when the response to a stimulus
increases the original stimulus.

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 What is It

Thermoregulation: A Negative Feedback Loop

Negative feedback is the most common feedback loop in biological systems.
The system acts to reverse the direction of change. Since this tends to keep things
constant, it allows the maintenance of homeostatic balance.
For instance, when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the human body
increases, the lungs are signaled to increase their activity and exhale more carbon
dioxide, (your breathing rate increases). Thermoregulation is another example of
negative feedback. When body temperature rises, receptors in the skin and the
hypothalamus sense the temperature change. The temperature change (stimulus)
triggers a command from the brain. This command, causes a response (the skin
makes sweat and blood vessels near the skin surface dilate), which helps decrease
body temperature. Figure 1 shows how the response to a stimulus reduces the
original stimulus in another of the body’s negative feedback mechanisms.

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)

Disruptions to feedback disrupt homeostasis.

Homeostasis depends on negative feedback loops. So, anything that
interferes with the feedback mechanisms can—and usually will!—disrupt
homeostasis. In the case of the human body, this may lead to disease.
Diabetes, for example, is a disease caused by a broken feedback loop
involving the hormone insulin. The broken feedback loop makes it difficult or
impossible for the body to bring high blood sugar down to a healthy level.
To appreciate how diabetes occurs, let's take a quick look at the basics of
blood sugar regulation. In a healthy person, blood sugar levels are controlled by
two hormones: insulin and glucagon.
Insulin decreases the concentration of glucose in the blood. After you eat a
meal, your blood glucose levels rise, triggering the secretion of insulin from β
cells in the pancreas. Insulin acts as a signal that triggers cells of the body, such
as fat and muscle cells, to take up glucose for use as fuel. Insulin also causes
glucose to be converted into glycogen—a storage molecule—in the liver. Both
processes pull sugar out of the blood, bringing blood sugar levels down,

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 reducing insulin secretion, and returning the whole system to homeostasis.

https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch103-allied-health-chemistry/ch103-
chapter-9-homeostasis-and-cellular-function/
If blood glucose concentration rises above the normal range, insulin is released,
which stimulates body cells to remove glucose from the blood. If blood glucose
concentration drops below this range, glucagon is released, which stimulates body
cells to release glucose into the blood.
Glucagon does the opposite: it increases the concentration of glucose in the
blood. If you haven’t eaten for a while, your blood glucose levels fall, triggering the
re- lease of glucagon from another group of pancreatic cells, the α cells. Glucagon
acts on the liver, causing glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released
into the bloodstream, causing blood sugar levels to go back up. This reduces
glucagon secretion and brings the system back to homeostasis.

What I Have Learned

Self-Test FACT or BLUFF. Write FACT if the statement is true and BLUFF if the
statement is incorrect.
_________1. In negative feedback, the body uses feedback to stop a particular
action or task.
_________2. When sugar concentration of the blood increases, the liver secretes
insulin that converts glucose to glycogen and store it in the
pancreas.
_________3. People with a certain type of diabetes fail to produce insulin
which means they must take artificial insulin daily to stay alive.
_________4. Thermoregulation is an example of positive feedback mechanism.
_________5. Sweating after an hour of exercise indicates that the body is
regulating its normal body temperature is an example of negative feedback
mechanism.

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 Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which nervous system contains sensory and motor neurons that carry
information between the CNS and the rest of the body?
A. Autonomic Nervous System C. Peripheral Nervous System
B. Somatic Nervous System D. Central Nervous System
2. What is the purpose a neurons?
A. Neurons control person’s imagination
B. Neurons coordinate skeletal system
C. Neurons transmit messages throughout the body
D. Neurons control heartbeat, breathing and digestion
3. Which of the following hormones are produced by the pancreas in response to
low amount of blood sugar?
A. Cortisol B. Glucagon C. Adrenaline D. Insulin
4. The endocrine system works together with the system to maintain
the body’s equilibrium.
A. Digestive B. Nervous C. Respiratory D. Reproductive
5. The endocrine gland referred to as master gland is the:
A. Pancreas B. Adrenal Gland C. Thyroid Gland D. Pituitary gland
6. All the following are endocrine glands, EXCEPT
A. sweat gland B. adrenal gland C. thyroid gland D. pituitary gland
7. Hormones help balance the body’s reactions differently than nerve impulses in
that: A. the reactions take longer to occur.
B. hormones can target specific target cells found somewhere else in the body.
C. the reactions can last much longer.
D. all of the above
8. Homeostasis in the human body can best be described as:
A. The body’s attempt to maintain a constant normal internal environment.
B. A constant state of being maintained by living and nonliving organism.
C. Bodily Adaptions to changes in the external environment.
D. Process that occur as a result of disease and trauma.
9. Hormone release stops when the stimulus that triggered it-like thirst or high
blood sugar is satisfied or corrected. This is called:
A. positive feedback system
B. negative feedback system
C. lock and key system
D. neutral feedback system
10. Negative feedback mechanisms are responsible for:
A. Stimulating a change away from homeostasis.
B. Disrupting homeostasis by moving the body away from homeostasis.
C. Bringing specific body function to quick completion
D. Producing an action that is opposite to the change that activated the
system.

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 References
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body
-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/homeostasis
https://opencurriculum.org/5385/homeostasis-and-regulation-in-the-human-
body
https://www.iptaustralia.com.au/fitness-articles/endocrine-system/system-
overview
https://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html

WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 10
MODULE 3

Name:_______________________________________Section:____________Score:_____

I. Direction: Provide the normal range value of the following variables in a healthy adult
person. Choose your answers from the box below and write your answer in the column
provided.
• 97.8°F to 99.1°F (36.5°C to • 6 to 8 times every 24 hours.
37.3°C); • 45–75%
• 91 to 118 lbs. • 28 days
• 90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg • 12 – 18 breaths per minute
• 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day • 11.5 cups (2.7 liters)- 15.5 cups (3.7 liters)
• 8.6 to 10.3 mg/dL • 1,500 and 2,000 kcal
• 7.35 to 7.45. • 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) - 140 mg/dL
• 7 to 9 hours (7.8 mmol/L)
• 60 to 100 beats per minute

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 NORMAL RANGE
1. Body Temperature
2. Blood pH
3. Amount of water in the body
4. Blood Calcium level
5. Blood pressure
6. Sleep requirement per night
7. Daily fluid intake
8. R esting heart rate
9. Breathing while at rest
10. 24-hour urine volume
11. Number of times urinate a day
12. R ecommended calorie intake
13. Normal weight of a 4' 10" tall
14. B lood sugar level
15. Regular menstrual cycle
II. Direction: Answer concisely at least two from among the five questions below:
1.What might happen to a person whose nervous and endocrine systems fail to
maintain homeostasis?
2. How do the nervous and endocrine systems respond to an increase in
environmental temp?
3.Why is injecting insulin an essential part of the daily regime for most people with
diabetes?
4. How will you explain the sudden boost of energy, increased strength and
extraordinary ability to lift very heavy objects especially during emergency
situations?
5. How do oral contraceptives, specifically birth control pills, prevent pregnancy?
III. Direction: Complete the table by putting the correct pair of gland and its
hormone/s released to play their indicated functions properly.
FUNCTIONS GLAND HORMONES
1. Blood glucose regulation
2. Produces antibodies to fight foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses
3. Stimulates growth
4. Regulates body metabolism such as digestion, heart and muscle function
5. Helps response to a stressful, exciting, dangerous, or threatening situation.
6. Increases water absorption
7. Controls calcium level and normalizes bone growth
8. Influence female traits and support reproductive function
9. Maintains typically male characteristics and sperm maturation
10. Works to control calcium and potassium levels
IV. Direction: Identify which gland in the endocrine system is involved in each
dysfunction and explain the effect of hormonal imbalance that was observed.
Dysfunction Gland Effect of hormonal imbalance

1. Goiter
2. Gigantism
3. Dwarfism
4. Obesity
5. Osteoporosis

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