9.1 Problem 9.

9.1.1 Part a

The general solution for the vector potential in Lorentz gauge with source J~(~x; t) is:
Z Z  
A(~
x; t) =
 0 0 J~(~x0 ; t0 ) 0 j~x ~ x0 j
4 d x dt j~x ~x0j  t + x
~ 0 3
t

Then if we look at a Fourier-transformed (in time) eld,

Z 1
A(~x; ! ) =
1
2 1 dtA(~x; t)e
~ ~ i!t

Z 1 Z Z  
1 
= 2 4 0 0 x0 ; t0 )
J~(~ 0 j~x ~x0 j
j~x ~x0j  t + c
0
dtei!t d x dt 3
t
1
Z ikj~x ~x0 j Z
0 e
= 8 x0 dt0 ei!t J~(~
x0 ; t0 )
0
3
d
Z
2
j~x ~ x0 j
eikj~x ~x j ~ 0
0
0
= d3 x0
4 j~x ~x0j J (~x ; !)
where k = !=c and we have made no assumptions about the source.

9.1.2 Part b

If we have a charge q rotating in a circle of radius R about the z axis, it is easiest to use
cylindrical polar coordinates, with the charge at ~xq with coordinates  = R, ' = ! t, z = 0. 0
The current density is
Z 1
J (~ 0
x ; !) =
1  ( R)
2 qR!  (z ) 1 dte^'(' ! t)e
~ i!t
0 0

A little care is needed in converting (' ! t) to a delta function in t, because it requires

its argument to be zero modulo 2, so
0

 
 (' ! t) =
1 X

t (' + 2n)
0
!0 !0
n2Z
Thus,
Z 1
= !1 e^'ei!'=!0 e in!=!0
X
^ (
dte'  ' )
!0 t ei!t 2

1 0
n2Z
X
= 2e^'ei!'=!0 (
 ! m!0 )
m2Z

1
Now from the expansion of the Green's function we have
XZ 1
(
~ ~ ) = i q! k r 02 dr 0  r 0( ) ( ) (kr>)Y`m (; ')
(1)
A x; ! 0 0 R j` kr< h` 0

`m 0 0
Z
X

 ! ( m!0 )
0(r0 cos 0)^e0'eim' Y`m (0; '0)
d
0
0

The angular integral restricts the values of ` and m0 which can contribute. We have
Z s
d
0(r0 cos 0)^e0'eim' Y`m (0; '0) = (24`r
0
0
+ 1) (` m0)!
0 (` + m0 )!
Z 2
 d'0 P`m
0
(cos(=2)) e im0 '0 eim'0 ( sin'0 e^ + cos '0 e^ )
x y
0
s
= (2` +4 1) ((`` + m
m0 )! m
0 )! P` (0) (^ex i(m
0 0
)^ )
m ey (1)
 [(m0 m 1) + (m0 m + 1)]
Note that the '0 integral forces m m0 = 1, so higher frequency modes, with ! = m! , 0
can only enter with `  m 1. Furthermore, as Y`m (=2; '0) = 0 for ` m0 odd, even values 0

of m have only odd values of `, and vice-versa.

For ` = 0 we have only ! = ! , and P = 1, so (for r > R)
0
0
0

A (
~ (0) ~
x; ! ) = i q! k(!  ! )Rj (kR)h (kr)Y 4 P (0)(^ex  ie^y )
0 0 0 0
(1)
00
0
0

= i q! k(!  ! )R sin(kRkR) eikr p1 4
1 (^ex  ie^y )

ikr
0 0

p4 0

i! 0 r=c
=  qc(!  ! ) sin(! R=c) e r 8 (^ex  ie^y )
0 0 0

R
For ` = 1, we have no contribution at w, as the magnetic dipole moment m
~ = 1
2
~
x  J~ =
q! R e^z is a constant, and the quadrupole term (and ME ),
0
2

Z  
x x (~
x) =
cos (! t) cos(! t) sin(! t) 2
0 0 0
sin(! t) cos(! t) sin (! t) 0 0
2
0
 
1 1 + cos(2! t) sin(2
= 2 sin(2! t) 1 + cos(2! t) ! t) 0 0

0 0

which has only components at ! = 2! . From (1), for m = 2, we get a factor of

0

r
1 3 0! P (0)(^e ie^ ) 1
x y
r0 4 2! 1

2
 q
We have j (kR) = k2RkR2 = kRkR ,
1
sin( ) cos( )
(
Y11 ; ' )= 8
3
 sin ei', P11 (0) = 1, (1)
h1 (kr) =
i

kr 1 + kr , and k = 2! =c. So,
e ikr
0

  ikr  
~ (1)
A (~x; 2! ) = i q! kR 2 sin(kR) cos(kR) e
1 + kr i
0 0 0
k 2 R2 kR kr
r r
 83 sin ei' R1 34 0!2! (^ex + ie^y )
 
3 i cq
= 16R [sin(kR) 2! R cos(kR)] r 1 + kr
0 eikr i
0

 sin ei' (^ex + ie^y )

9.7 Problem 9.7

To get the instantaneous power, we need to evaluate

dP  
d

(t) = r r^
2 ~ t
E ( )  H~ (t)

and not just the average power. As the actual elds E~ (t) and H~ (t) are real, we  need
the Fourier transforms for negative !, which are necessarily E~ (~x; !) = E~ (~x; !) , and
similarly for H~ . Then,
Z 1  Z 1 
dP

(t) = r r^

2 ~ (! )e i!t d!
E ~ (! 0 )e i! t d! 0
H
0

d 1 1
The Fourier transformed vector potentials are, to leading order in 1=r, all of the form
0 ! ei!r=c ~
~ ~
A x; ! ( )= i
4 r
V ! ( )

where V~ = p~ for an electric dipole, V~ = c r^ m

~ for a magnetic dipole, and V
1 ~ = i! r^
Q for an
c 6
electric quadripole. Notice that all of these values of V~ (!), and of A~ , satisfy the condition
that ! ! ! is equivalent to complex conjugation. Again to leading order in 1=r, we have

= 1 r
i!r=c 2
~= ! e
~ A
4c r r^  V
~
H ~
0

and  
2
ei!r=c
~
E = 4! 0

r
^
r ~
V  r^
3
So evaluating the power per sterradian:
Z 1 Z 1 ! 02 ei(!+! )
0
2
dP 0 !
d! 0 e i(!+! )t

(t) = r h1 d! 1
0
2
d
i h
4 4ci r 2

 r^
r^  V~ (!)  r^  r^  V~ (!0)
Z 1 Z 1
0
= 16c d! 0 e i(!+! )(t r=c) ! 2 ! 02
0
d!

2
1 1 
 ~ (! )
V
V ~ (! 0 ) ^
( )^
( )
r V ~ !0
~ ! r V
Z  1 
0
= 16c2 d!e i!t0
2
! V ~ (! )
j
Z 1 1
  
d! 0 e i! t ! 02 V
0
~ (! 0 )
k
(jk r^j k^)
1
where t0 = t r=c.
For the electric dipole, Z 1
( ) = p~(!) = 2
~ !
V
1 dt00 p
~(t00 )ei!t
00

1
R1
so, ! V~ (!) = p~(!) =
2
2
1 d2
~( )e
 1 d d 2 p
i! and
Z 1   
d2
d!e i!t ! 2 V
0
~ ! ( ) j= p ( )
~  
 =t0
1 d 2
  2  2
Nothing that 
 r^  A~  
r^ = A~ 2
^
~
r A , we have, all together,
  2
dP Z0  d2 
d
(t) = 162c2  r^
  dt0 2
~(t0 )
p  r^

For the magnetic dipole, p~ is replaced by r^  m rA

~ , and (^ ~) 2
(^r
(^r  A~ )) = (^r  A~ ), so
2

for the magnetic dipole   2

dP Z  d  2
(t) = r^  m~ ( t0 ) 0

d
16 c  dt0  2 4 2

Finally, for the electric quadripole, we need

Z 1
2~
( ) = 6c ! r^
Q(!) = 12c
! V !
i 3
d r^
Q( )
d i!
e
1 3

Z 1
1 d 3

1
= 12c d ei! r^

d
Q
3

1 d 3

Z 1
d!e i!t e i!t ! V (! ) =
~0 1 d 0
Q (


 )
2
= 1 d Q ~ (^
3
r ; t0 )
3

1 6c d  t 6c dt 0 3
= 0 3

4
So, just as for the electric dipole, we have:
  
dP
( t) =
Z
0 1 
 r^  Q(^ ) 
d3 ~
r ; t0

r^
d
16 c 6 c
2 2 2 2  dt03
  2
 
= Z0
5762c4  r^
  d3 ~
dt03
Q(^ ) 
r ; t0 r^