TECHNICAL ARTICLE

Seismic retrofitting of masonry walls

APRIL 2015 / V1.1 / SIKA SERVICES AG / DAVID VAZQUEZ

FOR INTERNAL&EXTERNAL DIFUSSION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 SCOPE 3
2 SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
2.1 INTRODUCTION: 3
2.2 TECHNICAL DATA 4
3 CALCULATION PROCEDURE 4
3.1 INTRODUCTION 4
3.2 CASUISTIC 4
3.2.1 IN-PLANE LOADS: INSUFFICIENT SHEAR STREGTH 4
3.2.2 IN-PLANE LOADS: TOE CRUSHING + FLEXURAL CRACKING 5
3.2.3 OUT-OF-PLANE LOADS: HORIZONTAL BENDING 6
3.2.4 OUT-OF-PLANE LOADS: SIMPLE OVERTURNING 6
3.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLES: 7
3.3.1 DESCRIPTION 7
3.3.2 OUT-OF-PLANE: HORIZONTAL BENDING. 8
3.3.3 OUT-OF-PLANE: SIMPLY OVERTURNING 13
3.3.4 IN-PLANE LOADS: TOE CRUSHING + FLEXURAL CRACKING 14
3.3.5 IN-PLANE LOADS: INSUFFICIENT SHEAR STREGTH 14
4 REMARKS 15
5 LEGAL NOTE 16
6 KEY WORDS 16

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1 SCOPE
Seismic retrofitting of masonry walls by means of SikaWrap®-350G Grid.

2 SYSTEM INFORMATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Sika solution for masonry strengthening based on a TRM (textile reinforced mortar) solution comprises the
following elements:

®
 SikaWrap -350G Grid, a balanced bi-directional glass fiber grid, equipped with an alkali resistant coating.
® ®
 Sika MonoTop -722 Mur, high-ductility cementitious mortar.

The Sika TRM solution have been equally developed and tested for seismic retrofitting of walls, supplying the
necessary shear and flexural strength to the masonry member for most of the in-plane and out-of-plane load
combinations.

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2.2 TECHNICAL DATA

Areal weight (glass fibre)

 Total: 295g/m2 ±5%
 Warp(longitudinal): 123g/m2 ±5% (47.31 mm2 ±5%
 Weft (transverse): 172g/m2 ±5%

Fibre density
 2.6 g/cm3

Cross section:
 Warp(longitudinal): 47.31 mm2 ±5%
 Weft (transverse): 66.15 mm2 ±5%

Mechanical properties:
 Tensile strength: 2600 MPa (measured on roving).
 Tensile E-Modulus: 80 Gpa.
 Ultimate strain: >3%
 Characteristic debonding strain between TRM and masonry: 1.4%
 Design debonding strain between TRM and masonry: 0.9%-1.1%

(Important note: users must always refer to the most recent issue of the local Product Data Sheet)

3 CALCULATION PROCEDURE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Masonry is commonly used in those applications where vertical load-bearing loads are expected. In buildings,
masonry walls can serve as part of the lateral load-resisting system to resist wind and moderate horizontal loads.
However, unreinforced masonry structures show a significant vulnerability to major events such as earthquakes
and severe wind, due to its limited strength under shear loads or flexure.
The use of external renders based on TRM (Textile Reinforced Mortars) supplies an additional mechanical capacity,
which helps the wall to support the horizontal accelerations in case of seismic.

3.2 CASUISTIC
The collapse of the wall in case of horizontal forces can be originated by the rupture of the wall as consequence of
one of the following mechanisms:
(Important note: most of the resistances are strongly influenced by the vertical axial load acting on the wall; hence this value must not be neglected as this may lead
to an unrealistic calculation)

3.2.1 IN-PLANE LOADS: INSUFFICIENT SHEAR STREGTH

The shear capacity of the unreinforced masonry is

limited by the “design value” under shear forces,
which can be determined according to Eurocode 6
as follows:
𝑉𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑑 𝑡 𝑙𝑐
Where:

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  fvd is the design shear strength of the masonry.
 t is the width of the wall.
 lc is the length of the wall under compression.

fvd is determined by dividing the characteristic shear strength of the masonry (fvk) by a safety factor (ym). In case of
seismic retrofitting of existing structures, a secondary safety factor must be taken into account (CFKL) according to
the existing knowledge about the structure (Eurocode 8).

Hence:
𝑓𝑣𝑘 (𝑓𝑣𝑘𝑜 + 0,4𝜎)
𝑓𝑣𝑑 = =
𝑦𝑚 𝐶𝐹𝐾𝐿 𝑦𝑚 𝐶𝐹𝐾𝐿

Where:
 fvk is the characteristic shear strength of the masonry.
 fvko is the initial characteristic shear strength of the masonry (no
compression).
 σ is the average compressive stress corresponding to the
compressed section of the wall (green area in the picture).

When strengthened, the horizontal yarns of the SikaWrap®-350G Grid take the shear forces in addition to the
initial shear strength of the wall. In order to ensure the contribution of the existing masonry, the effective strain of
the external strengthening must not exceed a certain value, in order to maintain the integrity of the masonry (e.g.
0.4% according to ACI 549.4R-13).

3.2.2 IN-PLANE LOADS: TOE CRUSHING + FLEXURAL CRACKING

Toe-crushing is a flexure-controlled failure mode, characterized by the formation of flexural cracks at the heel and
crushing of the toe when the compressive stresses exceed the compressive strength of the masonry (left picture
below).

The magnitude of the compressive and tension stresses can be easily determined by the equilibrium of
forces&moments and strains compatibility in the section.

The mechanical performance of the masonry under compression can be determined according to the Eurocode 6,
Part 1-1. Tipically, 0,35% can be assumed as the ultimate deformation of the fabric under compression.

The design strength of the masonry under compression can be obtained by dividing the characteristic strength by
the corresponding safety factor (ym). In case of seismic retrofitting, the knowledge factor (CFKL) will also be taken
into account as an additional reduction factor, according to Eurocode 8.

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 𝑓𝑘
𝑓𝑑 =
𝑦𝑚 𝐶𝐹𝐾𝐿

The flexural cracking as a consequence of the vertical tension (right picture) is expected in the case of un-
reinforced masonry, as its strength under vertical tension is almost negligible. In case of retrofitted walls, the
external strengthening must be able to assume the vertical tensile forces with no contribution from the masonry.

3.2.3 OUT-OF-PLANE LOADS: HORIZONTAL BENDING

As previously indicated, the bending capacity of the un-reinforced

masonry member is extremely limited, due to the inability to
assume tensions. Hence, the section of the wall must essentially
stay working under compression.

In the case of masonry panels restrained at both top and bottom,

and subjected to horizontal forces as a consequence of the
seismic acceleration, a failure is expected due to the formation of
3 hinges (bottom, top and intermediate).

In the case of an unreinforced panel, the resulting distribution of stresses must avoid the existence of tensions in
the extreme fibre of the section. When strengthened, the vertical yarns of the external SikaWrap®-350G Grid will
assume those vertical stresses. In that case, the design must verify that:
a) The deformation of the TRM under tension must not exceed the strain corresponding to the debonding
from the substrate.
b) The compressive stress will not exceed the design value corresponding to the design strength of the wall
under compressive forces fd as indicated previously.

3.2.4 OUT-OF-PLANE LOADS: SIMPLE OVERTURNING

The overturning is expected around a hinge located at the

bottom of the panel, usually expected in the outer surface of
the wall.
Overturning is feasible for those elements not restrained at
top or not properly connected to orthogonal walls.
A simple solution is to display a band of horizontal TRM
displayed at the top of the wall, properly anchored or
extended to the orthogonal walls at both sides.

The performance of the fibre mesh will not be limited by its ultimate strength, but by the debonding from the
anchorage points (orthogonal walls), hence the debonding stress of the TRM will be used for the design.

The performance of the TRM (force developed by the TRM can be determined by the moment equilibrium with
respect to the location of the hinge at the bottom of the panel.

The external forces to be considered are:

 Nd (axial force on the top of the panel).

 Pd (panel self-weight).

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  αs (ratio between the horizontal and vertical loads).
 Fd (Force exerted on the masonry panel by the TRM band on top).

The moment equilibrium with respect to the bottom hinge is achieved when:

Pd h (Pd + Nd ) t
𝐹𝑑 = 1⁄2 ℎ ∗ (αs ( + Nd h) − )
2 2

3.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLES:

3.3.1 DESCRIPTION

 Solid bricks group 1, compressive strength 15MPa, mortar strength M10, Class CC1.
3
 Panel density: 1800 kg/m
 Characteristic compressive strength: fk=6.20 Mpa.
 ym=max (1.5; 2/3 x 1.5)= 1.5 according to Eurocode 8, part 1.
 Knowledge level (Eurocode 8, part 3): KL1. Hence, knowledge factor CFKL1=1.35
 Design compressive strength fd=6.20MPa/(1.5 x 1.35)= 3.06MPa.
 Maximum compressive strain: 0,35%
 Parabola stress block, defined by the equation:
𝑥 2
 𝜎(𝑥) = (1 − (1 − (0.0035)) ∙ 𝑓𝑑 ) , where x corresponds to the compressive strain (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.0035).
 Tensile strength of the masonry are neglected for the calculations.
 Panel dimensions:

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3.3.2 OUT-OF-PLANE: HORIZONTAL BENDING.

The next example is based on the additional assuptions:

a) The calculations are based on 1 meter length of the panel.
b) The contribution of the masonry under tension in negligible.
c) SikaWrap®-350 Grid will be displayed horizontally, full cover (3strips x 1m). The influence of the TRM in the
compressed face of the panel will not be taken into account (however, the TRM should be displayed on both sides
as the seismic acceleration will lead to compress any of both sides indistinctly).

3.3.2.1 Unreinforced masonry.

Under these circumstances, the panel will be able to work under eccentric compression, but limited to those
combinations of axial loads and bending moments within the section is still under compression.

When a panel is subjected to a small bending moment (i.e., when the eccentricity is small), the entire element will
stay under compression, but the stress will be higher on one side than on the other. The maximum compressive
strain in the wall will be 0.35% and failure will occur either by the crushing of the compressed masonry or by the
decompression of the panel on the opposite side.

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As the axial load applied to the wall is changed, the moment that the panel can resist will change. Hence, the
influence of the axial load is extremely important as it will modify the maximum acceptable bending moment.
Hence, several combinations (axial-bending) are possible.

All this combinations can be calculated according to the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces and
moments, and finally determined as an interaction diagram. The inner surface of the diagram will show the different
combinations of axial loads and bending moments that can be supported by the panel.

In the case of pure axial load, the maximum design load corresponds to the entire section (110mm x
2
1000mm=110000mm ) working under the design compressive strength (fd=3.06MPa).

Hence:
2 2
3.06 N/mm x 110000mm =336.6kN (in the case of 0,0 kNm bending moment).

In the case of pure bending, the inability of assuming tensions avoids the possibility of resisting any bending
moment (hence, for no axial load no bending moment is feasible 0 kN = 0 kNm) (*).
(*) The un-cracked fabric can show a very limited strength under tension. However, in the case of seismic this situation may not be expected, hence it´s recommendable
not to expect any contribution to tensile forces .

In case of axial load, some bending strength can be expected, as the compressive stresses that stem from the axial
loads will balance the tensions resulting to the bending. The balanced situation will comprise the extreme fiber of
the section working at its maximum compressive strain, and the opposite side of the section showing to
compression or tension (zero strain). This situation can be calculated by means of strain compatibility and
forces/moment equilibrium (to be adjusted by trial and error), providing the next result:

Top Strain Bottom Strain Force Masonry Moment Masonry Stress Masonry Axial Moment

0,350% 0,000% 224529,6 N 3,0869 kNm 3,06 MPa 224,530 kN 3,0869 kNm

According to those limitations, the interaction diagram (axial+bending) for a section of 1m panel, can be
determined as follows:

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3.3.2.2 Strengthened masonry.

Even when the external TRM will not influence the performance of the panel in those situations where the
ultimate strength is compression-controlled, the influence of the SikaWrap®-350G Grid will be very significant
under tension-controlled situations, as a consequence of bending moments caused by horizontal accelerations.
The mechanical contribution of the SikaWrap®-350G Grid will be limited by the debonding from the brick wall,
which can vary significantly according to the properties of the substrate. For this example, the reduced debonding
strain between TRM and masonry for the design will be taken as 1 %.
2
Under those circumstances, the force developed by the TRM will depend on the transverse section (66.15mm per
1m panel) and its modulus (80 GPa).
So, following the same procedure (forces & moment equilibrium and strains compatibility), the expected results
corresponding to different axial + bending combinations can be calculated as follows:

Neutral axis Top Bottom Force Force Moment Stress Stress

depth Strain Strain Masonry TRM Masonry Moment TRM Masonry TRM Axial Moment
Eccentric 224549, 3,0872 0,0000 3,06 0,00 224,55
compression 110,00 mm 0,350% 0,000% 5N 0,0 N kNm kNm MPa MPa kN 3,1 kNm

Neutral axis Top Bottom Force Force Moment Stress

depth Strain Strain Masonry TRM Masonry Moment TRM Masonry Stress TRM Axial Moment
153877, -8507,1 4,1134 0,4679 3,06 -128,60 145,3
Intermediate 75,38 mm 0,350% -0,161% 6N N kNm kNm MPa MPa 7 kN 4,6 kNm

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 Neutral axis Top Bottom Force Force Moment Stress
depth Strain Strain Masonry TRM Masonry Moment TRM Masonry Stress TRM Axial Moment
Pure bending (no 55894,4 -55891,2 2,5003 3,0740 3,06 -844,87 0,00
axial) 27,38 mm 0,350% -1,056% N N kNm kNm MPa MPa kN 5,6 kNm

According to those parameters, the new interaction diagram for the strengthened wall is obtained:

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3.3.3 OUT-OF-PLANE: SIMPLY OVERTURNING
This example follows will determine the ratio between horizontal and vertical loads (assumed to be equal to the
horizontal acceleration) for the sample wall, with the next assumptions:

 The volume of the wall is:

3
0,11m x 3m x 4m = 1.32 m

 Its weight can be determined is given as:

3 3
Pd=1.32m x 1800kg/m = 2376 kgf ~23,3 kN.

 The uniform load on the wall equals 30kN/m

Nd= 4m x 30kN=120 kN.

The calculation takes into account 3x1m strip of SikaWrap®-350G Grid displayed horizontally on the exterior
surface of the wall.

As the calculation is limited by the debonding of the TRM, the maximum force that can be exerted by the TRM
strengthening (considering it´s bonded on both lateral transverse walls) can be determined as:
 Design debonding strain: 1%
 Design debonding stress: 1% x 80.000 MPa = 800MPa.

The cross-section of the SikaWrap®-350G grid for these 3 strips is:

2 2
3 x 47.31 mm = 141.93 mm

Hence, the maximum force exerted by the TRM (limited

by the debonding of the TRM from the transverse walls)
is:
2
2Fd= 2 x ((800MPa- 0MPa)/2 x 141.93mm ))=
2 x 56.77 kN = 113.54 kN.

The maximum horizontal/vertical loads ratio (αs) can be

obtained due to the moment equilibrium with respect
to the hinge at the bottom:

113.54 kN x 2m + (120kN +23.3kN) x 0.055mm =

αs x (120kN x 3m + 23.3 kN x 1.5m)

This condition is satisfied for a horizontal/vertical load

ratio of:
αs = 0.59

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3.3.4 IN-PLANE LOADS: TOE CRUSHING + FLEXURAL CRACKING

For the same panel (4x3x0.11 m. wall), self-weight (23.3kN) and uniform vertical load of 70kN/m (total=70kN/m x
4m=280kN), and considering a horizontal/vertical ratio αs = 0.43, the internal distribution of stresses can be
determined as a consequence of the strain compatibility of the materials and static equilibrium.
The wall is assumed to be strengthened by means of SikaWrap®-350G Grid displayed horizontally on both sides of
the wall (3 strips x 1 metro at both sides).
The vertical tensions will be assumed by the vertical yarns of the grid.
2
The corresponding SikaWrap®-350G Grid section for 1 meter wall will be 2x66.15mm =132.30 mm2.
The design strain for the SikaWrap®-350G Grid is 1%, corresponding to a stress of 800MPa.

The equilibrium of forces and moments is

achieved for a position of the neutral axis
equal to 1.48m (that is: 1.48m of the wall will
be supporting tensions, and 2.52m will be
acting under vertical compressions).

The toe-crushing is not expected (the

effective compressive stress for the masonry
is 2.044MPa (fd=3.06Mpa).

The effective deformation of the TRM under

vertical tension will be 0.087% (which is
lower than the design strain corresponding
to the debonding from the substrate, 1%).

Forces Level Arm Moment

Horizontal N 120,40 kN 3,00m 361,20 kNm
Horizontal P 10,02 kN 1,50m 15,03 kNm
Vertical N 280,00 kN 2,00m 560,00 kNm
Vertical P 23,30 kN 2,00m 46,60 kNm
Reaction Masonry -310,14 kN 3,18m -986,20 kNm
Reaction TRM 6,84 kN 0,49m 3,37 kNm

Total 0,00 kN 0,00 kNm

3.3.5 IN-PLANE LOADS: INSUFFICIENT SHEAR STREGTH

For the last example, it´s possible to determine the in-plane shear strength of the wall.
The shear capacity of the strengthened wall can be evaluated as V Rd, strengthened =VRd + VRd,TRM where VRd is the
masonry contribution to shear strength:
𝑉𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑑 𝑡 𝑙𝑐
and:
 fvd is the design shear strength of the masonry.
 t is the width of the wall (110mm).
 lc is the length of the wall under compression (2520mm).

fvd is calculating by reducing the characteristic shear strength (fvk)by a safety factor (ym). In the case of seismic
retrofitting of existing structures, a secondary safety factor must be taken into account (CFKL) according to the
existing information about the structure.

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 Hence:

𝑓𝑣𝑘
𝑓𝑣𝑑 =
𝑦𝑚 𝐶𝐹𝐾𝐿

where :

 fvk is the characteristic shear strength of the masonry, and equals min( (𝑓𝑣𝑘𝑜 + 0,4𝜎); 0.065𝑓𝑘 )), where:
 fk is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry (6.20MPa).
 fvko is the initial characteristic shear strength of the uncompressed masonry (0.20 MPa).
 σ is the average compressive stress corresponding to the compressed section of the wall (310140N/
(110x2520mm)=1.18MPa).

0.065𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙6.20
𝑓𝑣𝑑 = = 0.199 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
1.5∙1.35

According to this:
𝑉𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑑 𝑡 𝑙𝑐 = 0.199𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 110𝑚𝑚 ∙ 2520𝑚𝑚 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵

The contribution of the TRM (V Rd,TRM) displayed on both sides of the wall, can be determined according to
ACI549.2R-13:

VRd , TRM = 0.75 ∙ 2 ∙ n ∙ Af ∙ L ∙ ffv

where:
 ffv is the design tensile strength of the mesh under shear forces (effective limited to 0,4% by ACI549.2R-13,
hence ffv=0.004 x 80000MPa = 320MPa).
2 2
 Af is the area of the mesh reinforcement by unit width (A f=47.31mm /1000mm=0.04731mm /mm).
 N is the number of plies of mesh displayed in the face of the support (n=1).
 L is the length of the wall in the applied shear force (L=4m=4000mm).

VRd , TRM = 0.75 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.04731 ∙ 4000 ∙ 320 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵

Finally, the in-plane shear strength for the panel can be calculated as:

VRd, strengthened =VRd + VRd,TRM = 55.17kN + 90.83kN= 146kN

4 REMARKS
The calculation of seismic strengthening for shear walls may lead to complex calculations, as different
guidelines/codes may be used simultaneously. The previous examples showed this complexity, working with a
combination of different ACI and European codes.
The user must take into account that the parameters for the calculation may be indicated either in local or
international codes; some of the most significant international codes are:

Concerning the design of masonry structures:

 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
 ACI 530/530.1-13: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures.

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Concerning seismic evaluation and design of existing structures:
 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance.
 ACI 530/530.1-13: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures.

Concerning the FRP strengthening of masonry walls:

 ACI 440.7R-10 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Systems for Strengthening Unreinforced Masonry Structures.
 ACI 549.4R-13 Guide to Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious
Matrix (FRCM) Systems for Repair and Strengthening Concrete and Masonry Structures.
 CNR-DT 200 R1 (2013) Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for
Strengthening Existing Structures, from Italy.

For further information, please contact David Vázquez.

5 LEGAL NOTE
The information, and, in particular, the recommendations relating to the application and end-use of Sika products, are given in good faith
based on Sika's current knowledge and experience of the products when properly stored, handled and applied under normal conditions in
accordance with Sika’s recommendations. in practice, the differences in materials, substrates and actual site conditions are such that no
warranty in respect of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose, nor any liability arising out of any legal relationship whatsoever,
can be inferred either from this information, or from any written recommendations, or from any other advice offered. The user of the product
must test the products suitability for the intended application and purpose. Sika reserves the right to change the properties of its products. The
proprietary rights of third parties must be observed. All orders are accepted subject to our current terms of sale and delivery. Users must
always refer to the most recent issue of the local Product Data Sheet for the product concerned, copies of which will be supplied on request.

6 KEY WORDS
TRM,Seismic, Strengthening, Design, In-Plane, Out-of-plane, Earthquake, Masonry, Wall.

SIKA SERVICES AG Version given by

Corporate Technical Dept. David Vázquez
Aragoneses 17 Phone: +34 91 657 23 75
28108, Alcobendas Fax:
Spain Mail: vazquez.david@es.sika.com
www.sika.com

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