STEM 12

CHEMISTRY 2

QUARTER 3: MODULE 4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTIONS

PHOEBE T. MARCHAN
INSTRUCTOR

Time Frame: Two Weeks

Module 4 - 5
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this module, the learners are able to:
 Understand the solution stoichiometry
 Describe how the solubility of solute is affected by nature of solute, temperature, and
pressure.
 Identify the factors affecting the rate of dissolution.

Discussion
Lesson 1
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
The word stoichiometry which was first introduced in 1792 by a German chemist,
Jeremias Benjamin Ritcher, was derived from two Greek words stoicheion which means
“element” and metron which means “measure.” It was already discussed in your early
general chemistry subject, it means a branch of chemistry which deals with the
quantitative relationships in a chemical reaction either in mass or volume of reactants and
products. Let us look at the reaction, iron + hydrochloric acid solution to produce ferric
chloride and hydrogen gas, as shown on the equation below
Fe+ HCl → Fe Cl 3+ H 2
similar to an ordinary chemical reaction, the chemical equation needs to be balanced.
2 Fe+6 HCl→ 2 FeCl 3 +3 H 2
assuming that 2400 mL solution of 1.50 molar hydrochloric acid solution is used in the
reaction, how much ferric chloride is produced?
2 Fe+6 HCl→ 2 FeCl 3 +3 H 2
1.50 molar xg = ?
2.40 liters soln
g
MW = 55.85 + 35.45 (3) = 162.20
mole
Determine the moles of hydrogen chloride used as shown below
moles HCl
1.50 ×2.40 L soln=3.60 moles HCl−is the amount of HCl used ∈moles
1 liter soln
(labeled as moles given)

Let us recall how to convert moles given/available to moles needed/required by using

mole required
the mole ratio expressed as (the numerical values are taken from the
mole given
numerical coefficients of the substances involved in the balanced chemical equation) and is
2moles required( Fe Cl 3)
equal to . Therefore the moles needed shall be
6 moles given(HCl)
2 moles required (FeCl 3)
1.60 moles HCl × =1.20 moles Fe Cl 3
6 moles given (HCl)
Knowing the numbers of moles, it can now be converted into grams using the
molecular mass of the substance, FeCl3
g
1.20 moles Fe Cl3 ×162.20 =194.64 grams Fe Cl3 isthe mass produced
mole

SOLUBILITY
 Solubility refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
Substances differ in their solubilities, like for example, the maximum amount of sodium
chloride or table salt that will dissolve in 100mL of water is 35.68grams, while that of table
sugar (sucrose) is 201.90 grams at 20℃ . This means that table sugar has higher solubility
than table salt. And as discussed in the early part of the chapter, when the solution is
formed by dissolving the maximum amount of solute that a given amount of solvent will
dissolve, a saturated solution is formed. There are several factors affecting the solubility of
solute, namely;

1. Nature of solute – “likes dissolve likes,” ionic and polar solutes dissolve in polar
solvent while nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Solubility of some substances
in water, polar and nonpolar solvent are shown in table 2.2
Type of Bond and Solubility
Type of Bond Example Water Alcohol Benzene
Ionic Table salt, NaCl Very soluble Slightly soluble Insoluble
Polar covalent Table Very soluble Soluble Insoluble
bond sugar,C12H22O11
Nonpolar Naphthalene, Insoluble Soluble Very soluble
covalent bond C10H8

2. Temperature – solubility of solid and liquid is directly proportional to the absolute

temperature while that of gas is inversely proportional. This means that as the temperature
increases, the solubility of solid and liquid increases since the kinetic energy is also
increased. An increase in kinetic energy allows the solvent particles to allow the solvent
molecules to successfully break the intermolecular attractions in solute particles. Table 2.3
shows some substances whose solubility is affected by increase in temperature.
Solubility in g solute
100mL H2O
Substance Type of Bond 20℃ 100℃
Table salt, NaCl Ionic 35.68 39.10
Barium sulphate, Ionic 2.30 x 10 -4
4.10 x 10-4
BaSO2
Table sugar, Polar covalent 179.00 487.00
C12H22O11
Ammonia, NH3 Polar covalent 89.90 7.40
Hydrogen Chloride Polar covalent 82.30 56.10
HCl
Oxygen, O2 Non polar covalent 4.50 x 10-3 3.30 x 10-3
Table 2.3 Solubility of Some Substances at Different Temperatures

The increase in temperature of our bodies of water decreases the amount of oxygen
dissolved in it as seen in table 2.3. This causes the different marine species to die or to
move away from bodies of water with increase in temperature.
3. Pressure – the pressure on the surface of the solvent has minimal effect on
solubility of gases. Each gas dissolve in a liquid exerts individual partial pressures and as
the partial pressure increases, the solubility of a gas in a liquid also increases. For
example, why are carbonated softdrink properly capped? The answer is to maintain the
pressure exerted by carbon dioxide, CO2 on the surface of the liquid. As the bottle is
opened, the solubility of CO2 is decreased since the pressure is released. This was proven
by an English chemist, William Henry shown on figure 2.5,called Henry’s law which states
that “the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure exerted by the
gas on the surface of the liquid.” In medicine and scuba diving, this is the primary concern
of the doctors and divers. In medicine, the patient is subjected into high pressure
treatment known as hyperbaric which means higher than the normal atmospheric
pressure. As the pressure is increased, the amount of oxygen dissolved and transported in
the different tissues by the blood also increases which is of great importance to patients
that are anemic, exposed too much carbon monoxide undergoing skin grafting, etc. In
scuba diving, as the divers go deeper, the pressure increases due to the increasing amount
of water. It was found out that for every 33ft of water, it exerts a pressure of 1atmosphere.
As the diver goes deeper, the pressure of air in the lungs increases in a very fast manner,
thus increasing the amount of oxygen dissolve in the blood. The bubbles of gas are released
into the blood streams and tissues instead of the lungs causing a sharp pain on the chest.
This is very dangerous, causes temporary deformities called bends (difficulty in
straightening joints).

Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving

The process of dissolution is affected by several factors, namely:
1. Stirring or Agitation – it affects how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent but it has
on effect on how much solute will dissolve. Stirring merely moves the solvent particles
faster and it allows more interaction between solute and solvent particles causing the
process of dissolution faster, i.e. coffee added to a cup of water will dissolve faster if a
teaspoon is used to agitate the solution.
2. Heating – gives the solvent particles more kinetic energy. The faster the motion of
the solvent particles, the greater is the collision with the solute particles, thus there is an
increase in the rate of dissolution, i.e. coffee dissolves faster in hot water than in cold
water.
3. Powdering – since dissolving depends on the collision of the solute and solvent
particles, the smaller the size of the solute particles, the greater is the surface area in
contact with the solvent, i. e. powdered coffee dissolves faster than granulated coffee.

LESSON 2
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF NON-ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION AND ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTION
Let us recall the definition of chemistry, it is defined as the branch of physical
science that deals with the study of matter, its composition, properties, changes undergo
and the energy associated with the changes. To be able to differentiate one substance from
another, one uses its physical and chemical property. Physical property is either extensive
property depends on the amount of matter such mass, volume, area, etc. while intensive
property depends on the kind of matter such as boiling point, density, malleability, etc.
This part of the chapter introduces another physical property of matter called colligative
property. Colligative property is a property of solution that does not depend on the kind of
matter (like intensive property) but more specifically on the amount of solute present in a
solution. There are few colligative properties, namely boiling point elevation, freezing point
depression, osmotic pressure and vapour pressure lowering. Let us now describe each.

1. Boiling point elevation is the increase in the boiling of the solvent due to the
addition of solute to form solution; mathematically it can be expressed as
 Where m is the molal concentration of the solution
Kb is the boiling point elevation constant of the solvent
∆ T b is the change in boiling point = Tbsolution - Tbsolvent
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
2. Freezing point depression is the decrease in the freezing point of the solvent due
to the addition of solute to form solution, mathematically it can be written as
∆ T f = mKf
Where m is the molal concentration of the solution
Kf is the freezing point depression constant of the solvent
∆ Tf is the change in freezing point = Tfsolution – Tfsolvent
Freezing point is the temperature at which the liquid starts to become solid.
3. Osmotic Pressure, II is the pressure that has to be applied to pure solvent to
prevent the solvent from passing into a given solution by the process of osmosis.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as
П = MRT
a. where п is the osmotic pressure in atmosphere
b. M is the concentration of solution in molarity
atm - L
c. R is the universal gas constant = 0.082 mole – K
Osmosis is process by which solvent tends to pass through a semipermeable membrane
from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, to attain equilibrium on
each side of the membrane.
4. Vapor pressure (is the pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid or solid form)
lowering – between 1887 – 1888, a French chemist, Francois-Marie Raoult, showed that
the vapour pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent multiplied by
the vapour pressure of the pure liquid known as Raoult’s Law.

Example1. Which solution has a higher boiling point? Why?

a.) 10.0g of CH3OH in 100g of H2O or 20.0g of CH3CH2OH in 200g of H2O
(Note: The molal boiling point elevation of water is 0.512 ℃ )

msolute = 10.0g solute

MW(molecular weight)of CH3OH = 12+4+16=32g/mole
msolvent = 100 g ( 1K/1000g) = 0.10Ksolvent
m = 10.0g /32g/mole
0.10Ksolvent
= 3.125 molal (.512℃ /molal)
= 1.6℃
Since the boiling point of solvent (water) is 100℃ ,
∆ Tb = Tbsoln - Tbsolvent
∴ Bpt of solution = 100 + 1.6 = 101.6℃

Msolute = 20.0g solute

MW of CH3CH2OH = 46g/mole
Msolvent =20.0g(1k/1000g) = 0.20K solvent
20.0g/46g/mole
M = 0.20K solvent = 2.17 molal
 ∆ Tb = mKb = 2.17molal (0.512℃ /molal) = 1.11℃
∴ Bpt of soln = 100 +1.11 = 101.11℃
∴ 10.0g of CH3OH in 100g of H2O will have a higher boiling point than 20.0g of
CH3CH2OH in 200g of H2O since it has higher molal concentration.

b.)10.0g of H2Oin 500g or 10.0g of CH3CH2OH in 500g of CH3OH

Given: msolute =10.0gsolute

MW H2O=2+16=18g/mole
msolvent = 500g (1k/1000g) =0.50Ksolvent
Bpt of CH3OH = 72.2℃
Solution:

m = 10.0g/18g/mole
0.50Ksolvent
∆ Tb =mKb = 1.11molal (2.7℃ /molal)
= 2.997℃ 3.0℃
∴ Bpt solution = 72.2 + 3.0 = 75.2℃

Given :

msolute = 10.0g solute

MWCH3CH2OH = 24 + 6 + 16 = 46 g/mole
msolvent = 500g ( 1k/1000g) = 0.50K solvent

Solution:

m = 10.0g/46g/mole = 0.43 molal

0.50K solvent

∆ Tb = mKb = 0.43 molal (2.7℃ /molal) = 1.16 ℃

∴ Bpt of solution = 72.2 +1.16 = 73.36 ℃
∴10.0g of H2O in 500g of CH3OH has higher boiling point than10.0g og
CH3CH2OH since it has a higher molal concentration.

Example 2 : Calculate the boiling and freezing point of a solution prepared by dissolving
68gof glucose, C6H12O6, in 800g of water.

Given: MW C6H12 O6 = 180g/mole

msolvent = 800g (1K/1000g) = 0.80K solvent

msolute = 68.0g solute

molal = 68g/180g/mole =0.47 molal

0.80K solvent
∆ Tb = mKb = 0.47m (0.512℃ /¿ molal ) = 0.24℃
Bpt of solution = 100 +0.24 = 100.24℃
∆ Tf = mKf = 0.47(1.86℃ /molal) = 0.87℃
Fpt of solution = 0-0.87 = - 0.87℃
 The colligative properties of electrolyte solution ( is a solution that contains ions,
atoms or molecules that lost or gained electrons, thus is electrically conductive , for this
reason this type of solution often called ionic solution) and nonelectrolyte solution (is a
solution that does not conduct electricity due to the

CHEMISTRY 2
MODULE 4

Activity

Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of a solution prepared by dissolving 68g
of glucose, C6H12O6 in 800g of water.(answer -0.87℃ ). Show your computation.

ASSESSMENT
Problem Solving: Show your computation
1.) Freezing point and boiling point of electrolyte or ionic compound: Determine the freezing
and boiling point of a solution containing 41.10g of calcium chloride into 500 grams of
water.

2.) Determine the osmotic pressure of a 8.00g salt present in 600mL solution at 37℃ ?

3.) What is the freezing point and boiling point of a solution containing 5.0grams of sodium
chloride in 800g 0f water?

4.)What is the osmotic pressure of mixture containing 5.85 grams of salt in 500mL of
solution at 25℃ ?