Main Menu p> composition / sTvLe C Teaching with eas) Reference CL ee oe eerie nineBasic Grammar B1 Parts of speech ‘rakional grammar ecpnizes eight parts of epech noun, prone = nour Petectenn 208 Ul srt wr OT iy iia ch i sense iri i Epon OP feta Ghat bt ersveb hear ae rao m8 7 eta ‘aren © Bia Nouns i iomeme “ Tsai nots tn ing rane Hi recta 316 Bf sets op 253 Cee neibauecoomanaroad complements, 318 © Sentence purposes 327 ‘Because of their dual roles, nouns used in this mannee may be called. “| Nous arcane nx vrety of ways Proper nouns ar cpa {nn tat common nouns are alae Po Por arty wrtes thes ‘ween cnet and barct nau ave Wo. Te essen = "ren cunt nouns and rancunt nous can be ope ety ule! writer awe Mia) Mat nouns base sla eck pease Sermo nouns ay be athe gular o ll Sept, soso Ge Pa ~ Bib Pronouns A pronoun is word uted in plac of « noun. Usuely the pronoun Le ‘though roe prosouns fant a subi for oan, se can fenton at aiectves moving nana, Bemus they bate teform of pronoun ad the unos oan ejctie ch prencun ‘cal pronuniadctine ci. in ean laid a peel posi ite eo ve erste ite and egal PERSONAL PRONOUNS erronal rou refr especie pate POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Pscssive proncns lint omnerthip Star my you er i Some of psbnv rons faction ative mong {nou cr aoterpromun (Tbe enter helmet aa edesve pronouns wich hav the sae forma sean ee SALE eo ial ve dee eos Sieur pst yore hime Mee att fimetoning 6 ajcives Thm wre who wen De avon SETH Instn igh dene eran pre {soe pnt ack nu ar rnc ta he cine ei INTERROGATVE PRONGLNS.Intrrogaiv prone ans (Who expected win te ect DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, Deneostative pronouns dauty or Print onoura Frequeaty they fancon ar aosvs (Ts cas hs ha ae hee INDERNTE PRONOUNS Indefinite procous rr to nanspele per always plural Goth, many); few may be singular cr plural (see G1-0) ‘cody Sg 7 ‘may ating ‘oes. RECPROCAL PRONOUNS Reis pronoun efi india pia ‘pal nto By the penguin feos andher) Nore: Using pronouns carety can be challenging. See pronoun Sstecadent agreement (G3. pronvan referee (G3) distinguish {ng between ponmane such ar I and (Oe), snd Singwching Bi-c Verbs abso) Tee compan eanan vet ety pred by ont ot more belping vere ‘To oe eee da. Notice hat words sully avr. can intranet th ling ‘eand the ai ver ast suapeted (See BaHelping verbs ‘There are twenty-three Dein vets in Bagh: ome of hve, do TEEL'Walch tay sso fonclon se ain verbs. and ine modal ‘Thich fanan ony atl verbs Hoe do ant Be hangs fo 9 Toate nue he nine medals do nok verbo eon. de am ar wa, eee. Clover ng. ght, mt hal kul, wh wou ann nda we. ‘Toe rb pase ought ot on Main verbs ‘he sin var of sentence aways the Bind a word that would ‘hang fom ita these te sneer: reser rnnceie Lar whinging ight ro 1a wr nn chang hn ged ht tenn ot era ea soy to mae sae ike ae eday Felton Seay Freee.) and oul se vy “nc bth the pat ieee she paa-partii farms of ver ec Ina he yer eg wale whe teri, the verb [Shree (aden) (S00 O20) "hs et ee hey egal, ving ight forms instead fhe salve the bus fr te reenter am ane the pst lense fa wae ae te peeont pate Dlg 0d Semast perce oan coat nace Fors survey often one O24 wore: Some verb re allwed by wor that Isk ike prepoions Titans so dhol secstdith the er tha hey ae par ote rr a a a a i | ‘meaning. Teese words are incr a parse, Common verb pesie Sins nde ing cl of one of nk Sao paked up her babe pep aden ite the epi sop ‘ir isc find mentation seat sing verb in ter scons th handonk tive verte (WS), sujet green (Gan ‘hed Engst ver fm (2 to Gd vere ene sad med (GB fd (Gap, and mulligcalESL lenge wih vert OED Bi-d Adjectives An aici ins word utd o modify or sr, a oan or proaoin ‘Anadnievaaly snes on hee qatins Which oe? Waa ‘Endo? How many? ‘he ny heh he rad plata (What ig of late? se ment ow any et ino Snking arin wisn eave ty cari the ra See BID ‘he dani ete heard the indie ales aan are Rate ot shouldbe judg onthe vidanee provide ae fry, Sie posse, demonstrative and nde prota en fa tion ances hints land ano ee BID). Ane ction a eds when ey ler on ape pee oan 1: You can nd more dea about wing adjective in Gt. Iyou ace ‘ane tet and34 Bi-e Adverbs An eer ea word eto modify or qu veo or verbal a (Sipe orale adver etal snewer cn of bse gestions ut fd nse emery ae Pal ew ead the eft thon wath nein. eal wh [Ader mociyng adjectives o tee avers sully inteniy cori the nant ae word they moat "The words nt and never are asd as adverbs BI-f Prepositions A repston i wr pla bere una ronan to frm phrase ‘REibing contier wordt the sentence The prputonal pare ‘ror alaye ncaa ea adjective rasan ever. "Te rai he unit tee pat eta rma eine vl. ‘othe sumo funeions a wn adjective moi the sean rood: pt eratre actions aban adrorsmoaing te verb rae rom nveslnaelcan Tuntans os an sieve mosiyag tbe moun ‘Suse a ore oo prepntoel pase, ne BB) ‘glnk Sar elie number propestions The et common ended in te following a. at bat he Tegueing moe a oe fare Seng Site rogint ce Tr ae ‘Sone prepositions are oe than ane word lang Ala sith a ell ‘on addton ones fend rathar than ar octon temp 1m Prepositions are weed in ome sch an capable of 52 ip up B1-9 conjunctions Cniuetons jon wor, pressor cases, an they indicat the connec grammatically equal dmenta (See Sr and 8 The coords lng conhncions re on, ur nro, 0 suporoNATWe CONUNENONS A mborinaing conunctin ito oem a abit lest inde he ran fhe nebo ‘he vet ofthe entanee (Se Ba) The at common ubncknating enjoins are ae although, 2, because before fi order ‘hat anc, nc that, han, ha, Pua nelson here wheter and whe, Crs ome li ep. 936). teri, indy then, arr, no tas Se Ps ra com: ‘Tes The ability fo datinguish xtwoen ounctive adverb ad xo ‘rating anne wl bp yon soi aac aeeoee nd a ‘pnctuston deste (ae GE Pay and PLD) Theat to eng sens eee316 Bi-h interjctions ‘An ineiction isa word sed to expat surprise o emotion (Oh! B2 Parts of sentences Most Bagi seizes fe fom subject to ve to any jets or Utpemenes Th pr of te estes cofaning the verb pls ie ‘yet complements ad andre incall he predate, B2-a Subjects ee fan inv va in Fe ie ca tte vnoe re pens ecto rk stmt reacts any wrt nr pens mn Saale umpc The complete subject ‘To find he complet abet el Who? or Wha nser he verb, and Fah the gestion The anaes the complet ject ‘Who what nts or many seas? Th devoting efit offing ‘Adventure novel hat contain zl woos are fie made oto Who or what are made int movie? Adventure nov that contain at wo wi filter tn eth? St ahr. Not weep ado assets mabe mover ie sere san tht he et a aye The simple subjct 1 find de simple subject, trp eva all medias ix the exepato ‘nhjee Th inladassnglewerd moder sch the and deat, ing hvac such ao famine, end subordinate Sauses such a hat famine cn at many er Understood subjects In imperative setancos, which ge advice or asus emma, the (tol Buren ine be, “Subject efter the vers though the autietontineiy comes before the verb (he plane tok off oczsonly Sedo nt Whan a santene bp wit There {Se There ar (ar Thre wos ot Thar were the sb flows the ‘sb In ach invert mtrtion, he word har a epstie, ‘eng word aeving merely to go the eaten arto. Tn quition the oe! seguenly spar meen the being 1 The ahity to rcguic the uj of sentence ml ip you et Fe val of rena: cleen Sgrnni (G5) jo ser agree Pent (Gh nce of ream ach an! sd ma (Gh ing mes 2 ed eps seesB2- Verbs, objects, and complements section Bic expcns hw tof the eof a pntne, A enna se Sao a ntngunnnt rtranat, Spe REEEAr rote or complement the er Linting vers and sujet complements ect he abject seit complet a word shan et ones essing of sb by enamine = esr nplament rename the sujet anu Fn cpiientcoetines ai reine ro Teme ecrbes the sujet ti an adjective Jente evlet Dedede adie oraljanneequaieet Gomes ‘hey spear ssn verb ether tan being et a reer ig em aly on ae Ling verte inte preeing exampiy fo an appar bse fl rou Lok, mak, em als ‘Sarai or dren the Transitive verbs and ect objects saarrtove ve takes direc beta word oF word group a ‘ates ees of he alr ‘engine tesa nenn ren thi ne a Sy yc appar in te cv ie, wih in ale eee i cst svn thn acon, AEE rie saranda @ sentences can be rand into the pane ses, with the sake ‘eceing the ation intend Seon WOe) rssvevoee Food and lshing ware arte by voltae. Transitive vers, indirect objects, and direct objects ‘os hie, ano or ronan talingt whom ofr whom heaton tthe sentence iene oustive her some yaa, and she will ait you ear Transitive verbs, direct objects, and object complements ‘a dc objet of a tami verb is smtinos flowed by an {hie complements a word or word group that renames eres feotet rope tn caida haley thing fhe pas ‘Waas the bjt complement rename the diet objet nous or Pronoun (sch tin When it osc the rot be, 6 om ‘ect och at rm and stron ntrnsiive verbs Infransitive verb take co otter compen ‘The dive eer th leaves overated220 ove Th inary wilt whether aver ita oinran ‘anarvt—Ses law ber sal plane ver the arn, In the fret example, flew basa diet bj that reves the ation: aetna ten inte scl exampl, the verb flowed YY ab Grr overhead) nt by a diet co B3 subordinate word groups Sburinale word groups inlade pres ond clauses. Phos are ordinate eae fey late jet end vers ey are asad SSwnu erbel eppstar, aad sits ane Boe to B3-0. ‘uborknato caus have tno nd er, Dt they beg witha ‘ror (sh alt that, o he) tat marks them as suber TEE Gee Bate ece alto Bea. 3-2 Prepostonal phrases ‘A seoostnalphrae bagze wi «peporisin ach ay fr Patelnfon to wih ace Blt) and weal ends with 0 Moan eae on te tbl for him By ler tate The ne OF ta cguvalent how a tie bt ofthe preps ‘epontnal pace futon ether a adctves or a adver, ‘When fenton som cna proper pase aay vay ‘Srnens namely loving te oom or pronoun mi. ‘heat ad lof mad djotive cases sully answer one or bat of tho questions ‘ocho? sal Wht kind of Io nk Which wa? or What id ale ne ete masa awe ols of md ‘Agvet pepostional pass rally may tho vor, ba they can tive may nctnes or tr adverse When a preston! Sse mls tn verb coh epost aes angwherein a etence wins "Somes peeps ag at Sain in tine ai Mein Beano Daring muds erin cos lange rss Advartial word groups arly answer on of thes quest ‘When? Where! How? Why? Unda wat conser Tv wa dapae? une wlted i og On eh ‘Sabin wit aut eer wh? nine ‘heat am shang tly under B3-b Verbal phrases ‘Verba include ininitives (be word to ps the base form oft verb), reaper a eee he var’ form sully ending ind, ed, -n, em, oF (Bee Oa) Instnd of fneoniag as thn vck ot Sms ‘jetta none or ve, Sree eneean {OnCTVE Broke promi so! be Bed Verbs with oes, complements, er meer fm vata! ‘Phrase, Like verbal, verbal phrase fonction se adjectives, oun or vera Vara prs se adn sie i ‘eet et hes prs grand, Partie proces Sie men nl erdransa etree Serena ree pate eral pave fog epee ised flowing ‘san or praoun they medi " “ue (oogreshall make 2 i abrgng he eon of ch orof thy, PRACTICE tadarandboks coment‘ate sine word op ht ac a, evs (rep snl httos instr ives ative ase) wich most lvays ‘Sas Renn or pono tes mos petcpn pres ar en ‘movable Thy ean pce te word ty mail. ‘Banga weight bearing jt, nes mang he mats ‘hay mayen appear at some stance fom the word they mai profund ight ino th sof iroigrans Gerund phrases Gerad pre i around penn pres (fr hat ceri Rand ty abvaye funtion at nouns ualy a bes ‘jeer empamets drt chjods or obec of = prepoation, Iofitive phrases Tofistive pre, sully constructed around opus the bo fer of {Env ca fit unto a aetna SESERUiny oun sot tra unten soul ws ruber eae! ‘Sonploment adic oe. Infinkive phrase utonng a adjective usually appear ial feing te a pana they 0d Aerial ifinive pase usaly qualify te meaning of the vet taling when, what, How, WB, Under what eoditons, oF to ‘n deges an acon eure Nore: Insome nstretna the init unmarad:in thr word, thats de ot appear Sse Crap nd charts a al rere) peut compl data B3-c Appostive phrases thay as ane or ean eguesant B3-d Absolute phrases ‘weed It const of snaun or moan egbvaart sal lowed by 8 {were rebarting inthe theo, aoe B3-e Subordinate clauses Suburinte danse ar ator he sentence, avg suc cnt ‘ere ad setines eto eopletent Bat hry inson wih mpl beatenes. Adjective clauses Ati cnr iyo or prong ws erring he coun ako, whom, whas, which oF tht) er oesonally with a rela Ee ndver aay when her or why) Soe 385 ‘Thcont hws ples ko wold Bee rane ilIn aden tetodacng the ease the elatie pron pointe tac tenn tat elas odie Relative presoune are smstimes “understood” ‘The sings eo a ers met re tha thine ha "Th para fo djvu ee ft arranged as in sciences (oon er sxpomen® reqaety, bower he objet rempement appear Set sm Fer puneution of ajectne clues ne Pie and PR For aie ‘Moar nating rept word in ade das ne MS ‘Advers clauses ‘Adverh dawies molify vet jective, or other adverbs, ually ‘wong on of tines gueton: Wheat Whre? Way? How? Under ‘incconticons? Te wiatdngret They away begin with x bord wing conjunction eh ee afer laugh, caus, ha, though, Unde or shen eee eompeelit 325), ata woud have malt te the hada broken her ane Noun clouses ‘A noun cae functions jt hs ssingle-word nun, usually a8 8 ABER bec complemen die ket ran te! ca reps TEISPScaIy born wi aoe of the towing word: hw at Slant ahem, where whether lich, tha, hoe, whom once whwe hy ees amples seep. 325) \ Ct. cameras Words nding ave cases ‘Serdang ono a hgh an ft ee ‘eho thine tha gh le on thors wet ie Words ntrding nective aes aie prone ath whon, whose aie nv wen ae sy ond inten non douse ate promee hwhwhm,one (er prone hee cere oe (ter tberdetng wedi an whan whe eet Sheter ‘Whoever leaves the hour lant must double lock the dor "The suboninating werd intducng the claus may not pay 2 signee ln he Snare, tn the pring sone sentence, ‘Whoeer ethos oft das, bl hat dae nt parr a fe OO pa with active dause, the parts of «nou cause may ape i orl ors ae vera empl oreo of saa er Leyla kg rendeip eng, BA sentence types Sexes eid nto wage: aig he tect nl ‘ounound pen, nd cmp cmp td aca ee Por ‘es dndarate npr, ata, and ema) 22826 B4-a Sentence structures Dependingon he srs type of ase he ota tenses ae en icin bre vaio ndepedent and sora caetene awe conse ssulert and prea, and it ee ald sand oe an sntene A boriale SE omens ue anda predate bu it fanetions within ‘eam Gran adjective, an aver, of 8 noun emoot stand Simple sentances ‘A ample sntence is one ndapendent clas with no sabrdinaie ‘without pape, cold atv her paren i Time [Aimploseteas ry contain conposnd laments compound SRS ecole Sst, long soe sale Fa ae er ens a got area ul Sorin ‘Compound sentences . ‘Acompnund entence comput ro crore independent lntet ar inte cau he dependant case are ely indwidhacomme and oan enti oot 0, ‘Th car Wake down, but yscue van arrived within insta ‘nba wae petted oar bare people et mediates ac, aan Complex sentonces ‘Aconples sentence ie compored fon ndependen: clause with one ‘rmoreraberdnate dawes (See BB) ya leave ate take aoa bom. Compound-complex sentences A compound-complex sentence cntsns t leet two independant ‘Ascot lens oe ordinate clause. Th lowing sotenee Contains bre independent saat, each of wich enti 8 evr B4-b Sentence purposes Weiter wie decarstivesntenns to ake statements erative ‘St Guesions and examtory sentence to make tlamalans ween Lor your niger