AFE2113 Ch1 For Students

INTEGRATED ACADEMIC ENGLISH SKILLS AFE 2113
1. Parts of Speech
• Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb,

Adjective, Article, Preposition &
Conjunction
2. Tenses
• Simple (Present, Past &

Future) • Progressive (Present,
Past & Future) • Perfect
3. Sentences (Present, Past)
01
• Simple
FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
• Compound
• Complex
SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 1
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
CONJUNCTION
SITION
PREPO
PARTS OF
SPEECH
PRONOUNS
VERBS
ARTICLE ADJECTI ADVERBS

VES

English has several kinds of words, which are called the “parts of speech”: nouns, pronouns,
verbs, adverbs, adjectives, articles, prepositions and conjunctions.
Individual words can become different parts of speech depending on their function in a
sentence. For example, the word mail can be either a noun or a verb.
noun
∙ She received that mail yesterday.

verb
∙ A postman mails letters.

Understanding the different parts of speech is important in understanding how words can
and should be joined together to make sentences that are both grammatically correct and
readable.
You must familiarize yourself with the different parts of

speech discussed in this workbook
because they are among the most fundamental concepts that you will encounter throughout
your study of grammar. An in-depth knowledge of this topic will not only make you a better
writer, but an effective communicator as well.

INTEGRATED ACADEMIC ENGLISH
SKILLS AFE 2113 1. NOUNS
Definition: A noun is a naming-word. It is the name which identifies something. A noun may
be the name of a person, an animal, a place, town, city, country, or continent, a
thing that we can see, a thing that we cannot see but can only think of or feel,
and an idea or a thought.
Types of Meaning Examples
Nouns
Common ▪ Used for thing of the ▪ People (boy, doctor)

same kind/class. ▪ Animals (coyote, meerkat)
▪ Things (blouse, couch)
▪ Places (pool, backyard)
Proper ▪ The name of a ▪ People (Alex, Dr. Phillips)
particular common ▪ Animals (Bobby, Comel)
noun. ▪ Things (Samsung, Nivea)
▪ Places (UPM, McDonald’s)
Countable ▪ Singular ▪ Person, child, textbook, box, lorry

▪ Plural ▪ People, children, textbooks, boxes,
lorries
Uncountable ▪ Or known as mass ▪ News, police, sheep, jeans, furniture

nouns are used in
Singular form.
Abstract ▪ The name of ▪ Childhood, motherhood, life,

quality/ condition/ advice ▪ Poverty, truth, anger,
ideas /emotion. hunger
▪ Relief, pleasure, justice, wisdom
▪ Kindness, happiness, laughter, thought

Write a Proper Noun beside each of the Common Nouns below:
a. friend: Jack b. city: New York

1. town : ____________________________________ 2. girl
: ____________________________________ 3. mountain :
____________________________________ 4. car :
____________________________________ 5. river :
____________________________________
Write an Abstract Noun from each of the Adjectives below: a.

angry: anger b. happy: happiness
1. dead : ____________________________________ 2.
dangerous : ____________________________________ 3. present :
____________________________________ 4. creative :
____________________________________ 5. distant :
____________________________________ Give the Plurals of
these Singular Nouns:
a. container: containers b. : sheep: sheep
1. woman : ____________________________________ 2.
dictionary : ____________________________________ 3. wife :
____________________________________ 4. wolf :
____________________________________ 5. policeman :
____________________________________ 6. tooth :
____________________________________ 7. phenomenon :
____________________________________ 8. ox :
____________________________________ 9. data :
____________________________________ 10. hero :
_____________________________________
11. mouse : _____________________________________ 12.
person : _____________________________________ 13. fly :
_____________________________________ 14. foot :
______________________________________
15. furniture : _____________________________________

Practice A: Underline the nouns in the following sentences.
1. My sister plays basketball every day.
2. All students have to take English.
3. Maria keeps all her clothes in the wardrobe.
4. She is a graduate from a local university.
5. People admire the beauty of her work.
6. The chairs were in the hall.
7. Mr. Goodwill replied the email promptly.

8. The clerk left his mobile phone at the office.
9. Experience is the best teacher.
10. Exercising immediately after eating is unwise.
Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate noun.
1. The __________________ watched the final game.
2. The __________________ stopped the bus.
3. The architect designed the ____________________.
4. The __________________ prepared the omelette.
5. The __________________ wants the ____________________ to type the letter as
soon as possible.
6. The __________________ carefully examines the injured __________________.

7. ____________________ visited her __________________ during the semester break.
8. ____________________ cooks lunch for his ____________________ during the
weekend.
9. Teaching is a ___________________ that brings great ____________________. 10.
The ______________________ explains all the _____________________ about the
diploma course.
Practice C: Underline all the nouns found in the following advertisement

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Practice D: Fill in the blank with appropriate nouns.
A Picnic by the Sea
Cape May is about 12 kilometres from New Jersey in United States of America (USA). It is a popular (1)
__________ where many people go to and relax on. It was on one of the days of the Thanksgiving Day (2)
__________ that we had a (3) __________ at Cape May. I went there with my uncle and his (4)
_________. There were five of us, my uncle, his wife, their two young (5) __________ and me. My uncle
drove us there in his (6) __________. We arrived there at about ten in the (7) __________. The beach was
already crowded with other (8) __________. Anyhow we managed to get a place in the shade of a large
(9) ___________ and we put our (10) ___________ there. My aunt laid out a (11) __________ for us to sit
on. In double-quick time we were enjoying ourselves in the sea, except my (12) _________. She just sat
on the mat watching us. The (12) __________ was cool and refreshing and I loved splashing it on my
cousins. However the hot (13) ___________ above can be quite uncomfortable. So after about an (14)
__________ or so, my uncle told us to sit in the shade for a while. The sun was getting increasingly hot. So
we reluctantly came out of the sea. In the shade of some trees we built some (15) _________. Time
passed so quickly. Soon we heard my aunt calling us to have (16) ___________. We ran to her and helped
ourselves to the delicious (17) __________ she had brought. Then we had several glasses of ice-cold (18)
__________ from the Thermos flask. After lunch we played a while more in the sea. The sun was just too
hot. So we walked over to one of the hotels nearby and washed ourselves with clean (19) __________.
When we returned, my aunt had already packed everything in the car. So all of us got into the car and my
uncle drove us back home to North Carolina.

Practice E: Write a paragraph consisting of mixed nouns based on the given topic by your lecturer.
_________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
“No matter how many mistakes you make or how slow you
progress, you are still way ahead of everyone who is not trying.” -
Tony Robbins

SKILLS AFE 2113 2. PRONOUNS
Definition: A pronoun is a word used in replacing nouns. It refers to all types of nouns. It
prevents excessive repetition of a word and it also shows the relationship
between the subject and the object.
PRONOUNS EXAMPLES
Personal I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them
▪ She gave it to them. They got it from her.
Possessive my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, its, our, ours, their,
theirs ▪ Let’s study at your house. Mine is too noisy.
Demonstrative this, that, these, those

▪ I love this picture but I don’t like those.
Interrogative who, whom, whose, which, what

▪ Who went to the movies with you? Which movie did you
see?
Relative who, whom, whose, which, that

▪ Bronte, who is my best friend, is a cat.
Indefinite all, another, any, anyone, anybody, anything, both, each, either,
everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody,
none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone,
something
▪ Everyone here speaks at least two languages.
Reflexive myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,

themselves
▪ He hurt himself.
▪ They painted the house themselves.
Practice A: Underline the pronouns in the following sentences.
1. I will do it myself.
2. The car that we bought does not run well.
3. Has anyone seen my glasses? I’ve lost them.
4. Whose car can I borrow? You can borrow mine.
5. Is that your final answer?
6. She taught herself to play the piano.
7. All of his former girlfriends came uninvited to his wedding.
8. When I got to the shop, it was closed.
9. He will discuss about the project with his classmates.
10. Zara and I just got new shoes. Hers are larger than mine.
Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate pronoun.
1. My parents always told me that ___________________ is possible.
2. ________________ told you about the news?
3. I bought the dress for ________________. Don’t you like _____________?
4. My name is Leia. What is __________________?
5. He cannot blame others, he __________________ does the mistake.
6. There is a man on the phone ___________________ wants to speak with

_______________.

7. _______________ have brought their lunch. Have you brought _______________
too?
8. At the assembly, the Principal reminded the students about _______________
examination and wished ________________ good luck.
9. The servant dropped the vase _________________ was a birthday present.
10. Both of them argued between _________________ over the new bicycle. Practice
C: Underline all the pronouns found in the following article.
11. 12. I love my parents
Life without parental support can be a disaster. My parents are one of the most amazing people you can find
around the world for all the sacrifices they had made for me. I have great parents, and I still live with them. They
13.
help me with every step of my life. They never turned me down or made excuses about it. They are sweet and
14.
lovely. They love me and they would give their life for me. I thank god that gave me such a great gift. My whole
family came to America only for me before I turned eighteen, so I wouldn’t have to serve in the military for two
15.
years. My parents put a lot of effort and thinking to that, so I can get to America as soon as possible. My parents
16.
quit their jobs. My dad was working as Architect and my mom was working in the hospital. We had one month
to sell the house and everything inside of it before we could come to America. We had a lot of things to sell, and
17.
it was hard to sell all of those things with such little time. The hardest thing was to sell the house because there
weren’t as many customers looking for a house at that time. We flew to Turkey and stayed at the motel for two
days for doctor check-up then from there we flew to America and we arrived in Minnesota in March 24, 1999.
My parents put everything behind and did all of these things only for me. In addition, whenever I need help with
basic things in life they always gave me a positive answer. For example, whenever I need help financially for
school they pay for my tuition because they believe that education is the key to my future. Like this semester
the cost of my classes was about $1500 and they paid for it. In some other cases if I need money to buy gas for
my car to come to school every week they provide me with good amount of money to fill my gas tank and also
my parents provide food at my house, so that I won’t go to sleep hungry.

Practice D: Fill in the blank with

the most appropriate pronouns.
Harry Houdini, a great

magician (1)
__________ was born Erick
Weisz, used a
stage name borrowed from an
earlier
French magician called Houdini.
Whereas
(2) __________ of Houdini's
illusions were
optical ones, (3) __________ that
made
Harry Houdini famous were
daring escapes
from complex traps—(4) __________ of (5)
__________ designed by Houdini (6)
__________. The most famous escape of
all was the water-torture trick, in (7)
__________ Houdini, (8) __________
hands and feet were bound, was locked in
a water-filled tank, only to emerge safe and free a moment later. Audiences would
ask (9) __________, what does Houdini do to free (10) __________? Wouldn't (11)
__________ wonder about this (12) __________? Actually, Houdini created (13)
__________ of (14) __________ magic by practicing yoga techniques, learning to
survive on less oxygen than (15) __________ of (16) __________ need. (17)
__________ name is synonymous with magic? (18) __________ is a question (19)
__________ can answer (20) __________ is Houdini's.

Practice E: Rewrite the sentences with Possessive Pronouns.
1. I prefer our house to their house. I prefer our house to _____________________.
2. Her hair looks better than your hair. Her hair _____________________________.
3. That dog looks like our dog. ___________________________________________.
4. This coat isn’t my coat. ____________________________________________.
5. My cooking is better than his cooking. __________________________________.
6. Is this bike your bike? _____________________________________________.
Practice F: Write a paragraph consisting of mixed pronouns based on the given topic by your
lecturer.
________________________________________________________________________________
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SKILLS AFE 2113 3. VERBS
Definition: A verb is an action word. It indicates doing, having, or being. Every sentence
must have a verb and it is the most important word in the
sentence. The verb is used to say something about a person or an object.
It tells us what a person or an object is doing.
Categories Meaning Examples
of Verb
Main ▪ Ordinary verbs which ▪ Imagine

indicate actions. ▪ Join
▪ Consists of Regular and ▪ Fight
Irregular verbs. ▪ Sob
▪ Divided into two types – ▪ Call
Action and Non Action.
Auxiliary ▪ Known as helping verb. ▪ Verbs-to-be (am, is, are, was,
▪ Normally, used together were)
with the main verb. ▪ Verbs-to-do (does, do, did)
▪ Verbs-to-have (has, have, had)
Modals ▪ To show if we believe ▪ Can, could

something is certain, ▪ Shall, should
probable or possible (or ▪ Will, would
not). ▪ May, might
▪ We also use modals to do ▪ Must
things like talking about
ability, asking permission
making requests and
offers, and so on.
Subject- ▪ A verb must agree with the ▪ She sells bread and buns.
Verb subject (noun/pronoun). ⮚ ‘She’ is a singular Subject
Agreement ▪ Usually used in Simple therefore, a singular Verb is
(SVA) Present Tense and some used – ‘sells’.
Simple Past Tense, ▪ His students are well-behaved. ⮚
according to the ‘Students’ is a plural Subject
number(s) of therefore, a plural Verb is
noun/pronoun. used – ‘are’.

Subject-Verb Agreement (SVA)
a) Sentences have subjects and verbs. In English, the verb in a sentence changes to match
the subject, depending on whether the subject is plural or singular.
b) In the Simple Present Tense, if the subject is singular, we ADD ‘s’ / ‘es’ to the verb.
Meanwhile if the subject is plural, we REMOVE ‘s’ from the verb.
✔ These agreement rules do not apply to verbs used in the Simple Past Tense without any
helping verbs.

Practice A: Underline the verbs in the following sentences.
1. The birds flew away.
2. The eggs were in the nest.
3. Mrs. William was in the garden.
4. He smoked a pipe after work.

5. I compose emails to my father often.
6. They speak English and Mandarin.
7. The kittens are very hungry.
8. The car was in the garage all day.
9. The monkey climbs up the mango tree.
10. The pilot landed the aeroplane safely.
Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate verb.
1. The servant ___________________ the house today.
2. The policeman ___________________ the driver at the junction.
3. The new cars ___________________ in the showroom. 4. I
____________________ tired after the game.
5. They __________________ the song themselves.
6. The politician ___________________ the speeches himself.
7. It ___________________ an exciting game last night.

8. The monkeys ___________________ tame.
9. The Prime Minister ____________________ the award to the winner.
10. She __________________ from the stage.

Practice C: Underline all the verbs found in the following sentences.
1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2. My mother is 54 years old and she still jogs around the neighbourhood every evening.
3. Sam likes to play computer games. He spends the whole day at the computer and
often forgets his meals.
4. Many of us have pets. I have two unusual pets. My pets are a frog and an iguana. 5.
My father owns an old Morris Minor. In spite of its age, its condition is still good. 6. Julie
and Ruby baked orange cupcakes for a charity sale. They sold their cupcakes for RM4.90
each and donated the money to charity.
7. My sisters love window-shopping. They walk around in the shopping complex but
hardly buy anything.
8. I am a health fanatic. I go to the gymnasium daily for my work-out. I eat only healthy
food recommended by my doctor.
9. He was a temporary teacher before he entered the teacher training college. His
ambition is to be a ‘smart’ teacher.

10. During the economic downturn, the Government encouraged the people to grow
their own vegetables. Many people responded to the call. One man converted the
roof-top of his garage into a vegetable plot.
Practice D: Fill in the blank with the most appropriate verbs.

Last night, my father could not sleep. He (1) __________
to the sitting room to watch TV. Suddenly he (2)
__________ something burning. He (3) __________ the
door and (4) __________ a lot of smoke in the corridor. So
he (5) __________ everybody up and dialled 999. All of us
(6) __________ out of the flat. My father (7) __________
each of us a wet towel. We (8) __________ the wet towels
on our mouth and nose. We (9) __________ not (10)
__________ the lift. We (11) __________ to the ground
floor safely.
Luckily no
one in the
building was hurt.
Ann (1) __________ a good

girl. She (2)
__________ up early in the morning. She
always (3) _________ her homework carefully.
Her father and mother (4) ________ her very
much. They usually (5) ________ to the
church on Sundays. Sometimes they (6)
________ TV in the evening. They never (7)
________ to bed late.

Practice E: Write the Past Tense form for the Regular and Irregular verbs below:
Regular Verbs:
1. conceal - _________________________
2. elevate - _________________________
3. punish - _________________________
4. advertise - _________________________
5. describe - _________________________
6. reduce - _________________________
7. divide - _________________________
8. magnify - _________________________
9. irritate - _________________________
10. disturb - _________________________
Irregular Verbs:
1. bet - _________________________
2. teach - _________________________
3. fight - _________________________
4. cost - _________________________
5. split - _________________________
6. beat - _________________________
7. freeze - _________________________
8. shut - _________________________
9. bite - _________________________
10. cut - _________________________

lecturer.
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4. ADVERBS
Definition: An Adverb is a word that adds to the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or another
Adverb. This means, it is a word that says something more about a Verb, an
Adjective or another Adverb.
Question Answer
Children learn new languages easily. How do children learn? easily He

speaks English very well. How does he speak? well How well? very
They went upstairs. Where did they go? upstairs She is always late. How often
is she late? Always
→ Adverbs in –ly
quick – quickly careful – carefully → Other adverbs
almost inside now too

nice – nicely easy - easily
always late outside twice downstairs near sometimes
upstairs far never then very fast often there well here
once today yesterday

Practice A: Underline the adverbs in the following sentences
1. The man spoke slowly to the boy.
2. Our team won the game easily.
3. He came early for the interview.
4. He looked sadly at his sick child.
5. They played well in the match.
6. The sun shone brightly.
7. The motorist turned suddenly to the right.
8. He came late for the meeting.
9. He worked hard to pass the test.
10. John ran fast across the field.
Practice B: Complete each sentence by selecting the most suitable adverb. You may refer to
the dictionary.
1. He crept _______________________ to his bed. (humbly/gracefully/stealthily) 2. Joey
listened _____________________ to the lecture. (loudly/attentively/sympathetically)
3. Anne waited ______________________ for her friend.
(courageously/gently/patiently)
SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI | KPB KUALA LUMPUR 23

4. Matt strolled in ______________________ after the lecture had started.

(casually/cheaply/seriously).
5. The ballerina danced _______________________ at the concert.
(wearily/broadly/gracefully)
6. Dr. Zoe examined the patient ______________________.
(anxiously/thoroughly/deeply)
7. He fought ______________________ in the war. (innocently/clearly/courageously) 8.
The hungry man ate his food _____________________. (greedily/effectively/sleepily)
9. She was so tired she slept ______________________. (nobly/soundly/skilfully) 10.
He drove _____________________ through the busy road. (artfully/wisely/skilfully)
Practice C: Underline all the adverbs found in the following short story.
After dinner, Sarah went immediately to her room. She changed quickly into
her pyjamas and took out her story book. She lay lazily on her bed and hurriedly
opened the book. The house was quiet. Her parents had gone to bed. Suddenly, she
heard footsteps. They came slowly up the stairs. She put her book down and crept
silently to the bedroom door. She opened the door gently and looked out but saw
nothing. She shut the door quickly and switched off the light. She sat on her bed and
listened carefully. There were no other sounds.

After 10 minutes later, she opened her door and ran to her parents’ room. She
banged hard on the door and her father opened it. Her tears flowed fast and she was
shivering. Her father hugged her tightly and asked her what was wrong. She told
him what had happened. He laughed softly and hugged her again. Then he told her
that he had come up after getting a drink.
Practice D: Fill in the blank with the most appropriate adverbs.
The students entered the circus tent (1) __________. The ring at the centre of
the tent was (2) __________ decorated. We were all
(3) __________ eager to see what the circus had in
store for us. A woman in an all
silk gown with dragon patterns on it was singing (4)

__________. As the show began, the mood in the
auditorium was joyous. My friend started laughing
(5)
__________ when the clowns came out in their little
car.
I could barely hear the ringmaster over the crowd
because
they were so noisy. The man with the popcorn (6)
__________ applied butter and seasoning to his
treat. The
trapeze artists performed (7) _________ even though there
was a safety net. I became very irate when the man with
the Abraham Lincoln hat sat in front of me. I (8)
__________ watched as a young girl was chosen to come on
stage with the magician. It was hysterical when the clowns came back during the
ringmaster’s speech. Perhaps the most astonishing was how all of my money (9)
__________ disappeared. My teacher (10) __________ inquired about the treatment

of the circus animals. The show went by (11) __________ and quickly and then it was
time to leave.
Practice E: Put the adverbs in the correct places.
Example: I speak French, but people know that I’m English. (often;
always) I often speak French, but people always know that I’m English.
1. Jake eats fish. He eats fish for breakfast. (always; even)
2. Ann plays tennis, but she plays in the evening. (often; only)
3. Edward puts tomato sauce on everything. He puts it on ice cream. (usually; probably)
4. I forget names. I forget faces. (sometimes; never)
5. Jane gets angry, and she shouts at people. (hardly ever; never)
6. I get to the station on time, and the train is late. (always; always)
7. I will phone you tomorrow, and I will write next week. (definitely; probably)
8. Your sister is a good singer. She is a very interesting person. (certainly; also)

lecturer.
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SKILLS AFE 2113 5. ADJECTIVES
Definition: An Adjective is a describing word. It is a word added to a Noun to tell us

something more about that Noun. It also modifies (give more information
about) nouns and pronouns. They answer the questions Which one? How
many? What kind?
They live in the yellow house. (Which house?)

There are twelve eggs in a dozen. (How many eggs?)
He drives a racing car. (What kind of car?)
ADJECTIVES CAN COME FROM EXAMPLES
Nouns and Pronouns a shoe store

my book
Maths teachers
some money
Words ending in –ing, -en and –ed a frightening experience

a sleeping baby
a used car
a broken heart
Proper Nouns a Shakespearean play

my Spanish class
Two or more words connected by a a two-word verb

hyphen that function together as one a part-time job
word a well-known actress
a three-storey building

Practice A: Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.
1. The clever girl won the first prize.
2. The expensive car was outside the big building.
3. The young children were in the empty house.
4. My car is not new and beautiful but I love it anyway.
5. He removed the clean bottles from the green box.
6. The efficient secretary finished her daily work.
7. Tom writes a long letter to his lovely parents monthly.
8. That young man dug a deep hole in the garden.
9. The Indonesian customer received a prompt reply from the agent.
10. An important event in the life of an average American boy is the day he gets his first
car.
Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate adjective.
1. The man enjoyed the ____________________ steak.
2. The ___________________ boy scored many distinctions.
3. The lift stopped at the _____________________ floor.

4. A ___________________ shot his children.
5. The ___________________ leopard roared at the _________________ children.

6. The ___________________ porter carried the __________________ bags.
7. There were ____________________ flowers in the garden.
8. The ____________________ shopkeeper gave the __________________ girls some
sweets.
9. She sewed the _____________________ dress herself.
10. He took the ______________________ car to the workshop.
Practice C: Underline all the adjectives found in the following leaflet.
Gem Island Resort
Gem Island Resort is situated on a privately-owned island, Pulau Gemia, about

800 metres of Pulau Kapas. Transport is by our modern and comfortable boat,
which takes 15 minutes from Marang Jetty, 18 kilometres from Kuala
Terengganu, the capital of Terengganu. You may begin your day with a relaxing,
soothing stretch at the beach facing the sunrise. Walk along the sandy beaches
with your loved ones. White, sandy beaches, crystal clear water, beautiful corals
and fascinating marine life are some of the highlights of this resort.
Practice D: Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjective.
The Rich Man and the Shoemaker
Once upon a time, there lived a shoemaker next to a (1) ______rich_____ man. He
was a carefree and (2) _______________ person. Every day, the shoemaker sang (3)
_______________ songs while he did his hard work. All the young children in that (4)
________________ town loved to hear the shoemaker sings. They sat on (5)
_______________ chairs and listened to him singing wholeheartedly.
The rich man who lived (6) _______________ door, stayed awake every night
counting his shiny sparkling (7) _______________ coins. He tried to sleep during the day
because he did not sleep at night. He was very (8) _______________ with the shoemakers'
singing. He found the songs to be (9) _______________ and disturbing. He wanted to put an
end to the singing next door. Every day while he was twisting and turning in his bed, the rich
man used to think, "What can I do to make the shoe maker stop singing?" One day the rich
man thought of a (10) _______________ plan. The rich man gave him a bag full of shiny
gold coins as a gift. The shoemaker then went home and stored the gold coins in his attic.
He could not stop thinking and worrying about somebody stealing his precious gold coins.
From that day onwards he stopped singing!

Practice E
(i) Form Adjectives from these Nouns:
1. India : Indian 6. Germany : _______________ 2. Australia : ______________

7. Russia : _______________ 3. America : ______________ 8. Japan :
_______________ 4. Malaysia : ______________ 9. Italy : _______________
5. Spain : ______________ 10. Greece : _______________
(ii) Form Nouns from these Adjectives.
1. real : reality 6. equal : _______________ 2. true : ______________ 7. just :

_______________ 3. vain : ______________ 8. strong : _______________ 4.
similar : ______________ 9. free : _______________ 5. modest :
______________ 10. desolate : _______________
(iii) Form Adjectives from these Nouns.

1. help : helpful 6. wool : ______________ 2. vigour : ______________ 7.
season : ______________ 3. power : ______________ 8. space :
______________ 4. star : ______________ 9. wood : ______________ 5.
mud : ______________ 10. rain : ______________

lecturer.
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6. ARTICLES
Definition: An article is a special kind of adjective. Though these are small words, they
are very important. They have to be used correctly in good English.
Misuse of these words may alter the sense of a sentence, besides making
it incorrect. There are two kinds of articles:
o Definite – the
o Indefinite – a and an
I received a cheque in the mail yesterday but I don’t know what the cheque is for.
A police officer rang our doorbell in the middle of the night.
Practice A: Underline the correct article in the following sentences.
1. She studied for (a, an) hour last night.
2. I bought (a, an) piece of cloth yesterday.
3. (A, An) diamond is a hard stone.
4. I saw (a, an) cat. (A, The) cat belongs to my brother.
5. (A, The) moon is shining brightly tonight.
6. Raul is (a, an) honest boy.
7. (An, The) Klang river is dirty.
8. (A, The) shortest man in the world lives in Europe.
9. I borrowed (a, an) book from Francesca. (A, The) book is colourful.
10. (A, The) Prime Minister of Malaysia is visiting Havana in Cuba.

Practice B: Fill in each of the following blanks with either a, an or the. Put X if no article is
required.
1. Alice in Wonderland is _________ story which many children enjoy reading. 2. I am
thirsty. I need _________ drink desperately to quench my thirst. 3. The Science students
conducted _________ experiment on the role of sunlight in plant growth.
4. Many students nowadays have __________ knowledge on how to use the computer.
5. The internet has been __________ source of information to many people. 6. Ali
missed attending __________ lecture because he had to go for ________ Inter Varsity
drama competition.
7. There will be _________ series of talks on time management.
8. Recent studies have confirmed that _________ apple a day can really keep _______
doctor away.
9. There are _________ lot of vitamins found in the skin of fruits.
10. _________ auditors were assigned by the courts to audit the accounts of that
company.

Practice C: Complete the following by putting in a, an, or the where necessary. In some places
you don’t need an article at all.

Harris is ________ engineer. He works on _________ oil rig off ___________ coast of
Terengganu. He works on __________ rig for two weeks then has two weeks at
________ home in Seremban. __________ rig is 200 kilometres from land. _________
oil company’s helicopter flies him to and from Kerteh Airport. His job is important and
he is paid over RM5,000 __________ month.
Harris works 12 hours _________ day during his two weeks on _________ rig. His shift
ends at ___________ midnight and then he goes to __________ bed. He shares
___________ cabin with two other men. They are his good friends.

Practice D: Underline the correct articles wherever necessary. Underline ‘X’ if an article is not
necessary.
Part I
Bananas are delicious and they are good for your health. The fruit is available throughout 1. (a,
an, the, X) year. It is also 2. (a, an, the, X) very nutritious fruit. Banana is considered as 3. (a, an,
the, X) energy giving fruit. It has been found that bananas also speed up 4. (a, an, the, X)
production of haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Part II
A ship was going from Penang to Japan when it hit a rock near Singapore. Slowly 1. (a, an, the,
X) ship began to sink. 2. (a, an, the, X) captain told his sailors to leave 3. (a, an, the, X) ship
while he remained on board. They climbed down the rope ladder and got into 4. (a, an, the, X)
lifeboat. The next morning 5. (a, an, the, X) large cargo ship passed by. 6. (a, an, the, X) crew in
the cargo ship saw the sailors in their lifeboats and rescued them. Then, the cargo vessel took
the sailor 7. (a, an, the, X) Manila. In 8. (a, an, the, X) afternoon 9. (a, an, the, X) rescue
helicopter flew from Singapore and managed to save the captain from 10. (a, an, the, X) the
sinking ship.

Practice E: Write a paragraph consisting of mixed pronouns based on the given topic by your
lecturer.
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7. PREPOSITIONS
Definition: Prepositions show relationships such as direction, time, location or
ownership. It is a word which joins a Noun or Pronoun to another word
and indicates some relation between the Noun or Pronoun and that
other word.
Most prepositions are one word (of, from, in, on), but some prepositions are two words
(next to, because of, according to) or even three words (in front of, in addition to). Here
is a list of common prepositions:
about beneath in front of past above beside inside since according to between in
spite of through across beyond instead of throughout after by into till against
despite like to along down near toward along with due to next to under among
during of underneath as well as except off unlike at except for on until because of
for onto up before from out upon behind in out of with below in back of over
without

Practice A: Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.
1. The children are in the park.
2. Likas Tower is situated at 66, Meru Road.
3. Sam walks by the Post Office every day.
4. The old man died of tuberculosis last month.
5. He switched off all the lights before he went to bed.
6. The loving couple walks hand in hand along the beach.

7. Tim is the tallest boy among his friends.
8. The policeman was running after the thief.
9. The robber jumped over the fence and escaped.
10. The child is hiding underneath the blanket because he is afraid of the storm outside.
Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition.
1. The first year Business students went to the college _______________ bus. 2. They
walked _______________ the lecture theatre and were surprised to see a new lecturer.
3. Mr. James, the new lecturer had come _________________ eight o’clock in the
morning.

4. Mr. James informed the students that Ms. Maya, the Management lecturer had not
been well _______________ a few weeks.
5. Ms Maya had to go for an operation and she would return ______________ a
month’s time.
6. The students knew very little _________________ the new lecturer and they started
to ask him questions.
7. The girls who sat _____________ the front row asked more questions than the boys.
8. Mr. James advised them to study hard _________________ a better future. 9. The
students like Mr. James because he explained business terms clearly ________________
the students.
10. He gave them an assignment which had to be submitted ________________ the
week.

Practice C: Underline all the prepositions found in the following memo.
MEMO
To : Jay
From : Madam Khoo
Date : 10 May 2015
Subject : Things to do
I have attended an emergency meeting and I would like you to run a few errands
for me. Please post the letter on the table for me. You can post it at the nearest
Post Office along Perkasa Road. After you have posted the letter, please go to
find out whether the Daily Star has published my article on Management and
Training. I will be back by 4.30 p.m. Make sure that you take down all messages
for me. Mr. Lee has made an appointment to see me at 3.00 pm. Please inform
him of my absence.

Practice D: Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition.
Kota Bharu in Kelantan is a beautiful place to visit. You can go there either 1.
______________ plane or road. One of the interesting places in Kota Bharu is the Siti Khadijah
Central Market which is 2. __________________ the heart of Kota Bharu. In this building, you
will find many stalls selling all kinds 3. ______________ fruits, snacks, plants and leather
goods. 4. ______________ the ground floor, vegetables, spices, fish and poultry are sold. The
market has a glass roof which allows sunlight 5. _________________ come in. The glass roof
also makes the ground floor look lovely 6. _________________ the day. Apart from the
Central Market there are also many museums 7. ________________ Kota Bharu. Two 8.
______________ the museums are places where the Kelantan royal family once lived. 9.
_______________ the road from the museum, there is a parking area known as Pintu
Gerbang.
Practice E: Underline the correct Preposition in the brackets.
1. I am not angry (at, with) you.

2. Are Japanese goods superior (than, to) European goods?
3. I was annoyed (with, at) his stupidity.
4. She hasn’t visited us (from, since) her marriage.
5. They rise (to, for) show respect to the Judge.
6. I do not ever allow pleasure to interfere (in, with) my duty.
7. We were prohibited (to, from) using that road.
8. Don’t rush (into, to) conclusions.

lecturer.
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9. CONJUNCTIONS
Definition: A Conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words together or
one sentence to another. The common conjunctions are:
but, either, although, before, after, until, and, or, whether, if, because, since, unless,
therefore, until, although, as well as etc.
→ I enjoy swimming in the ocean but not in a pool.
→ Chicken, rice, tomatoes and onions are the main ingredients in this recipe.
Practice A: Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. J.K. Rowling is rich and famous.
2. Maria loves her cat as well as her rabbit.
3. It is raining. You can use an umbrella or a raincoat.
4. Mr. Mark is rich but he is not proud.
5. I will go for the interview if you advise me to.
6. I learnt ballet when I was a child.
7. He did not go to work because he was sick.
8. He is successful because he is honest and works hard.
9. The room grew quiet as the teacher passed out the tests.
10. If you travel a lot, you should get an ATM card from your bank.

Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate conjunction.
1. Mr. Tan is kind ________________ generous.
2. She wanted to join us _______________ her father would not allow her.
3. Please do not go near the oven ________________ it is still hot.
4. Jason went to see the doctor ________________ he was ill.
5. He could not afford to buy it _______________ he liked it very much. 6. “Did you
borrow the book from your friend ______________ from the library?” asked the
teacher.
7. She wrapped the box beautifully _________________ tied it with a ribbon.
8. Cover up the food ________________ the flies will settle on it.
9. Her father got up _________________ left the room.
10. _____________ it is getting dark, they cancel the plan.

Practice C: Highlight all the conjunctions found in the following newspaper report.
The dangers of artificial food colouring
A number of our popular brands of soft drinks contain colouring that can
cause cancer and allergic reactions in our bodies. The Consumers
Association of Penang has tested over 25 types of bottled and canned
drinks and has found that 17 of them contain artificial colouring that is
harmful to us. Some of these artificial food colourings have been banned in
many countries including Malaysia.
For instance, Carmousine (red colour) can cause cancer, allergic reaction
and food poisoning. Therefore, it has been banned in the USA and Canada.
In addition, Ponceau 4R (reddish orange) is a cancer-causing agent. As
such, it is also banned in the USA and Canada. Green S is not only caused
cancer but also mutates the genes. Another harmful colouring is Tartrazine
(yellowish orange) which can cause allergic reactions such as rashes,
swellings and running nose. This product in particular has been banned in
the USA. Adding to the list is Sunset Yellow. Since this colouring is
suspected as a cancer-causing agent, it will soon be included in the list of
banned colourings.

Practice D: Fill in each blank with because, but, and, as, and so where appropriate.
Part I
Miss Audrey Adams is an English teacher in a primary school. She goes to work early everyday
1. _________________ she lives far from school. She usually leaves home at 6.00 a.m. 2.
________________ yesterday she left home at 7.00 a.m. she left home late 3. ______________
her car could not start 4. _________________ she had to ask her husband to jump-start the car
for her.
Part II
Daniella and her family have just moved into an apartment. Daniella likes it 5. ______________
of the beautiful view from their fourth floor apartment. However, her brother Danny does not
like it 6. ________________ the apartment is small 7. _________________ becomes crowded
when the family meets.
Part III
As individuals we must have good values 8. ____________ that we can live our lives according
to these values. Respecting our eldest 9. _______________ the willingness to help others are
some of the good values that we should have. We must adhere to these values 10.
_____________ that we can avoid negative influences.

lecturer.
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🖉🖉Additional practice for Parts of Speech:
Read the poem below and identify all Parts of Speech in it by underlining, circling, or
highlighting them. You may as well discuss and share your thoughts on the poem.
“The World is Too Much with Us” – William Wordsworth
The world is too much with us; late and soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers; ---------
Little we see in Nature that is ours;
We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!
This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon;
The wind that will be howling at all hours;
And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers;
It moves us not. Great God! I’d rather be
A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn;
So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,
Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn;
Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.

PEFECT TENSES
TENSES
SIMPLE
TENSES
TENSES
PROGRESSIVE TENSES

SIMPLE TENSES OF VERBS
The main function of a verb is to indicate when the action happens. There are 3 main verb tenses;
past, present and future. Each tense is divided into; simple, continuous, perfect and perfect
continuous.
In this section, we are looking at the simple tenses in the past, present and future.
The present tense of a verb is the 'original' form. The past tense can have different patterns. The
future simple is formed with 'will'.
The concept of tense in English is a method that we use to refer to time - past, present and
future. Many languages use tense to talk about time.
I. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Expresses an activity or activities that happened at a specific time in the
past. Time expression : yesterday, two days ago, last year, just now, in 2010
Examples : Marina finished her homework last night.

They graduated two years ago.
We went to Bangkok during the school holidays.
They were good friends when they were young.
She did not write the letter yesterday.
Zeta and Mimi were not in my class last year.

Practice A: Underline the correct answers.
1. She (walk, walked) with me to the park yesterday evening.
2. The thief (tried, try) to break into my house last night.
3. My husband (stop, stopped) smoking a few years ago.
4. His grandfather (told, tell) us some scary ghost stories last night.
5. We (went, go) home late because it (rain, rained) heavily yesterday evening.
6. The Social Club Meeting (begin, began) at 3.30 p.m. yesterday.
7. My sister and her family (come, came) to our house for dinner last night.
8. Andrew (rushed, rush) to the hospital yesterday when he (hear, heard) his mother
(was, is) sick.
9. Last Sunday, my family and I (decide, decided) to go for a picnic at Pangkalan Balak.
10. Uncle Sam (forget, forgot) where he had left his wallet yesterday.

Practice B: Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs in the Simple Past Tense in the passage
below.
What did Jenny Oliver do last weekend?
Last weekend _______________ (be) a great weekend for Jenny Oliver, the
daughter of Mr. George Oliver and Mrs. Clara Oliver. On Saturday, she
_______________ (sleep) until 12 o’clock. Then she _______________ (sit) in the sun to
get some tanning because the day _______________ (be) very hot and sunny. After
that, she _______________ (call) her best friend Alex Williams and _______________
(ask) him if he _______________ (be) free and they _______________ (decide) to go to
the cinema on that night. In the evening, Jenny _______________ (go) surfing and she
also _______________ (surf) the net after that. She _______________ (find) some great
videos in YouTube about surfing and _______________ (download) them.
At night, Jenny and Alex _______________ (meet) at the cinema nearby their
houses. At that time, Alex _______________ (want) to buy salted caramel vanilla ice
cream, but Jenny _______________ (not, want) it, so they _______________ (buy)
warm caramel popcorn and cheese tacos instead. They _______________ (have) a great
time together. The snacks _______________ (be) delicious and the film
_______________ (be) great!
Jenny and Alex _______________ (walk) home. They _______________ (talk)
about their plans for next month during the walk. Alex _______________ (suggest) to go
for a skydiving but he _______________ (admit) that he is afraid of height but he want
to challenge himself. Jenny immediately _______________ (agree) to Alex’s suggestion
and _______________ (swear) to save some money for that. Alex _______________
(smile) and _______________ (nod) his head and they _______________ (bid) goodbye
to each other.

Practice C: Fill in the blanks with the negative form (not) for Simple Past Tense.
1. He played handball.
He __________________________ handball.
2. Susan waited in the kitchen.
Susan ___________________________ in the kitchen.
3. I made the beds.
I ____________________________ the beds.
4. They cleaned the classroom.
They ______________________ the classroom.
5. She asked a lot of questions.
She ________________________ a lot of questions.
6. The friends got new computers.
The friends __________________________ new computers.
7. I was in London last weekend.
I __________________________ in London last weekend.
8. You built a house.
You _____________________ a house.
9. Christian bought a new guitar.
Christian ________________________ a new guitar.
10. We went shopping.
We _____________________________ shopping.
II. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Expresses an activity or activities that happen/s habitually.
Expresses an activity or activities that is/are true at the time of
speaking. Expresses a fact or general truth.
Time expression : always, sometimes, often, yearly,
everyday Examples : The building is tall.

They are partners.
The students go to school everyday.
She always eats her lunch at the cafeteria.
Heather does not play hockey. She plays
volleyball. The room is not big enough.
Practice A: Underline the correct answers.
1. She (boil, boils) water for tea.
2. The baby (cry, cries) every night.
3. Anna (wash, washes) her clothes in the morning.
4. A student (plan, plans) his work properly.
5. A child (try, tries) hard to please his parents.

6. My brother (polish, polishes) his shoes every day. 7. She
(wash, washes) the dishes and he (dry, dries) them. 8. He
(act, acts) in movies.
9. Kurt (call, calls) his parents every week.
10. Keith (believe, believes) in studying hard.

Practice B: Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs in the Simple Present Tense in the passage
below.
IT SNOWS IN CANADA!
It 1. _______________ (snow) in Canada during winter every year. Snow

2._______________ (be) cold and wet. Snow 3._______________ (cover) the roads and
4._______________ (make) driving difficult sometimes. Snowplows 5._______________ (clear)
the roads and sidewalks. People 6.________________ (shovel) the snow off their driveways and
sometimes they 7._______________ (use) some salt in order to melt the snow quickly. Snow
8._______________ (cause) problems at times!
However, snow 9._______________ (be) pretty. It 10.________________ (sparkle) and

11._______________ (glisten) when the sun 12._______________ (shine) on it. Some people
13._______________ (enjoy) playing in the snow. They 14._______________ (build) snowmen
or snow forts. Other than that, they 15._______________ (have) snowball fights with each
other. Besides, they 16._______________ (slide) down hills on sleds or toboggans. In addition,
they 17. _______________ (ski) down hills and mountains. Snow 18._______________ (be) fun
actually!
Some of British Columbia's mountains 19._______________ (get) far more snow than
anywhere else in Canada. The highest average annual snowfall recorded at a weather station
20._______________ (be) 1388 centimeters (45.5 feet) on Mount Fidelity. The station
21._______________ (sit) above the Trans-Canada Highway at 1890 meters (6201 feet)
elevation on the west side of Glacier National Park. This is also where snow
22._______________ (fall) most often in southern Canada, averaging 141 days a year.

Practice C: Fill in the blanks with the negative statement for Simple Present Tense.
1. He changes his uniform every day

He __________________________ his uniform every day.
1. She wakes up early.
She _____________________________ early.
2. He takes part in the parade every year.
He __________________________ part in the parade every year.
3. The organization raises a lot of money for charity.
The organization _____________________________ a lot of money for charity.
4. I am a big fan of that football team.
I _______________ a big fan of that football team.
5. Ricky and Paul spend most of their free time at the library.
Ricky and Paul ____________________________ most of their free time at the
library. 6. Kimiko comes from Japan.
Kimiko ______________________________ from Japan.
7. Jimmy loves to read romantic novel.
Jimmy ______________________________ to read romantic novel.
8. My elderly aunt forgets the route to the shopping malls.
My elderly aunt ___________________________ the route to the shopping malls.
9. Mr Miles speaks English fluently in his lecture.
Mr Miles ______________________________ English fluently in his lecture.
III. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
• Expresses an activity that will happen in the future.
• Time expression : in the future, tomorrow, soon, in two days time, next month,
Tonight
• Examples : My sister will further her studies in Australia next month.
The students are going to organize an English Language Week in a few

weeks’ time.
She will help me with my homework tonight.

I will not comment on this issue.
She is not going to drive alone to Ipoh tomorrow.
Practice A: Underline all the verbs in the Simple Future Tense in the story below.
Don usually gets up at 6.00 am. Tomorrow, he will get up about the same time. First, he
will go to bathroom and wash his hands and face. He will also bathe and brush his teeth.
Then he will dress for work. After that he will comb his hair. He never forgets to apply
hair cream. At 6.45 am he will join his family for breakfast. They always have breakfast
together. While they are having breakfast, they will read the newspapers. At 7.15 am he
will leave for the office. He will meet one of his colleagues at the traffic lights near his
home. Don usually gives him a ride to the office as he doesn’t drive. They usually arrive
at the office at a quarter to eight and they will clock in at eight o’clock.
Practice B: Fill in each blank with Simple Future Tense verb from the box.
fetch be return organize collect
strike further add send teach

1. Tomorrow, we ______________________ money for the trip to Singapore.
2. My uncle ___________________ from Jakarta next Saturday.
3. The clock ___________________ in a couple of minutes.
4. I __________________ her some roses on birthday.
5. Before he drinks the coffee, he ________________ some milk to it.
6. Mr Cook __________________ your suitcase from the car.
7. My parents _________________ at home tonight.
8. The lecturer ___________________ the students some new words.
9. Our class ___________________ a farewell party at the end of the semester. 10. Mark
____________________ his studies at the university if his SPM results are good.

Practice C: Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs in the Simple Future Tense in the passage
below.
Visiting Her Majesty
I have a dream. It is like a plan. If I am one of the royals in any country, I would want to
visit Queen of England and her royal family. First of all, I 1._______________(travel) to London
to visit the Queen of England next week. Being a clever fellow, I 2._______________ (disguise)
myself as a prince and walk into Buckingham Palace as if I owned it. After receiving directions
from the chambermaid, However, I 3._______________ (not, step) into the Queen's bedroom
and surprise Her Royal Highness like that but I 4._______________ (wait) outside of Her Royal
Highness’s bedroom.
Then, of course, I 5._______________ (tip) my hat, bow, and deliver the usual compliments.
After uncorking a bottle of champagne, we 6._______________ (exchange) pleasantries and talk
about our families for over an hour. I 7._______________ (show) her my photograph album and
my stamp collection, and she 8._______________ (show) me hers. After a thoroughly
entertaining visit, I 9._______________ (trade) addresses with Her Majesty and then kiss her
goodbye--on the fingertips of her white gloves, of course.
On the other hand, I 10._______________ (mark) my calendar next year to visit the
Duchess of Cambridge, Catherine Elizabeth Middleton or we know her as Kate Middleton. I
11._______________ (grab) that golden opportunity to meet the bubbly Prince George and
Princess Charlotte too. If the plan is on, I 12._______________ (visit) this royal family’s official
residence in Kensington Palace.

Practice D: Fill in the blanks with the negative statements for Simple Future Tense
1. I will water the plants this evening

I ______________________ the plants this evening.
2. They will come and visit us next week.
They _____________________ and visit us next week.
3. Aisha will buy us lunch this afternoon.
Aisha _______________________ us lunch this afternoon.
4. Norman will bake a cake for Jane’s birthday.
Norman ________________________ a cake for Jane’s birthday.
5. Joe and I will go for a picnic this weekend.
Joe and I _______________________ for a picnic this weekend.
6. We shall invite a famous speaker for next week event.
We __________________________ a famous speaker for next week
event. 7. Tony will telephone his friends tomorrow about the new class.
Tony ______________________ his friends tomorrow about the new
class. 8. Sam and Jeffry will join their friends to Kota Kinabalu next month.
Sam and Jeffry __________________________ their friends to Kota Kinabalu next
month.
9. Hannah will learn a new foreign language, Japanese this Saturday.
Hannah ________________________ a new foreign language, Japanese this
Saturday. 10. The company will build a new factory at the end of this year.
The company ____________________________ a new factory at the end of this year.
PROGRESSIVE TENSES OF VERBS
Progressive Tense definition: The progressive tense is a verb tense that indicates a
continuing action or an action in progress (base form of a verb + -ing)
WHAT IS THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE?

What are progressive verbs? The progressive verb tense, also called the continuous tense, is
an English verb tense used to describe continuing actions—actions that are in progress and
ongoing. It can be conjugated to be used in the past, present, or future.
I. PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
What is the past progressive tense? The past progressive expresses events that lasted for
duration of time in the past.
To form the past progressive:

∙ Subject + was/were + present participle (and “-ing” to end of the verb)
The past progressive is used to express:

∙ Duration
- I was reading.
∙ Interrupted Actions In Progress
- I was reading when he arrived.
∙ Actions Happening At The Same Time
- I was lying on the bed while I was reading.
∙ Polite Question
- He was wondering if you could assist him.
QUICK NOTE: The past progressive tense is used to describe actions that were in progress in
the past.
• Use the helping verb “was” before a verb in the past progressive tense when used to
describe (I, he, she, it).
• Use the helping verb “were” before a verb in past progressive tense to describe (we, you,
they).
• Add “ing” to the verb ending. = action [I / he / she / it] [was] [verb + “ing”] we / you / they
[were] [verb + “ing”]
Example: I was running.

Example: They were running.

• Add the word “not” between the helping verb (was / were) and the main verb to form the
negative.
Example: We were not running.
Practice A: Write the correct form of the verb in the spaces below.
1) We _____ ________ (to go) to the mall last night.
2) She _____ ________ (to talk) to the police officer last week.
3) I _____ ________ (to buy) a new bicycle when you called me.
4) John _____ ________ (to listen) to a CD an hour ago.
5) Margo, Juan, and Anita _____ not ________ (to ride) on the bus to work.
6) We _____ ________ (to try) to get five gold medals in the last Olympics.
7) My brother _____ ________ (to be) mean last night.
8) The four of us _____ ________ (to swim) in the lake yesterday.
9) My mom _____ ________ (to rock) the baby to sleep last night.
10) I _____ ________ (to sing) in my car this morning.
Practice B: Put the following sentences in Past Progressive Tense.
1) I watched a movie.
______________________________________________________________________
2) Sarah wears jeans.

______________________________________________________________________

II. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
What is the present progressive tense? The present progressive expresses actions that are
happening now or that are in progress.
To form the present progressive:
∙ Subject + am/is/are + present participle (and “-ing” to end of the verb)
The present progressive is used to express:
∙ Actions That Are Happening Now
- Maria is watching television.
∙ Actions That Are In Progress
- We are choreographing a dance.
The present progressive can also be used for future events.
∙ Subject + am/are + going + infinitive

∙ She is going to take a test tomorrow.
1) I (run) _________ _________ now.
2) I (talk) _________ _________ now.
3) You (get) __________ _________ hungry now.

4) You (eat) _________ _________ now.
5) We (plan) _________ _________ the vacation now.
6) They (play) _________ _________ the game now.
7) They (stop) _________ _________ the game now.

8) He (swim) _________ __________ in the pool now.
9) He (sleep) _________ _________ in the bed now.
10) She (shop) _________ _________ at the mall now.
11) She (eat) _________ _________ with her friends now.
Practice B: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of Present Progressive Tense. 1) Right now,
I (buy) ________ ________ groceries. I need eggs, milk, and bread. 2) We (eat) ________
________ dinner. It tastes good. Can you pass me the salt, please? 3) He (drink) ________
________ milk. It looks good. It (run) ________ ________ down his chin. He needs a napkin.
4) Billy (do) ________ ________ his homework now. We are going to watch a movie when he is
finished.
5) All of the children (dance) ________ ________ at the party. They (smile) ________
________. They (have) ________ ________ a good time.
6) Jenny (take) ________ _________ pictures of Roman Cathedrals.
7) My car (move) ________ ________ down the hill. I forgot to engage the parking break.
Somebody please help me!
8) Andrea and Alejandro (take) ________ ________ a walk. The fresh air feels great. 9) Dr.
Mason is busy. He (see) ________ ________ a patient right now. He will see you in twenty
minutes.
10) Mr. Henderson and I (talk) ________ ________ on the phone. He (tell) ________ ________
me about his children. They seem nice.

III. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
What is the future progressive tense? The future progressive usually expresses actions will be
happening (that subject will be in progress doing) at some point in the future. To form the
future progressive:
∙ Subject + will be + present participle (and “-ing” to end of the verb)
The future progressive is used to express:
∙ Future Actions In Progress
- I will be finishing college next year.
- They will be vacationing soon.
1) Professor Baker (teach) _______ _____ ________ American history next semester. 2) I
(clean) _____ _______ _____ _____ ________ the house while you are doing the laundry. 3)
The forecast says that it (rain) ______ _____ ________ all night.
4) Grandma (smile) _______ _____ ________ when she answers the door.
5) On Tuesday, the girls (take) _______ ________ _____ _____ ________ a taxi to the airport.
6) The plumber (connect) ______ _____ _________ the water pipes to the house tomorrow.
7) Brian (supervise) _______ _____ _________ the construction crew for a few days. 8) The
Fergusons (fishing) _______ _____ _______ while they are on vacation.

9) Stella (play) _____ _______ _____ _____ _________ the solo for the concerto.
10) Julia and Rick (look) _____ _______ _____ _____ _______ for a new house while they are in
Portland.

11) In order to earn a badge; the scouts (learn) _______ _____ _________ to tie knots this Thursday.
12) The pastry chef (bake)______ _______ _____ _____ _______ turnovers early tomorrow
morning.
PERFECT TENSES OF VERBS
I. PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one
event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first -
the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more
recent event:
Event A Event B
John had gone out when I arrived in the office.
Event A Event B
I had saved my document before the computer crashed. Event B Event
A
When they arrived we had already started cooking. Event B Event A
He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.
FORMING THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have
(had) + the past participle of the main verb.
SUBJECT HAD PAST PARTICIPLE
Affirmative
She had given
Negative
She hadn't asked.
Interrogative
Had they arrived?

SUBJECT HAD PAST PARTICIPLE
Interrogative Negative
Hadn't you finished?
TO DECIDE, PAST PERFECT

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I had decided I hadn't decided Had I decided? You had decided You hadn't decided
Had you decided? She had decided She hadn't decided Had she decided? We had
decided We hadn't decided Had we decided? They had decided They hadn't decided
Had they decided?

PAST PERFECT + JUST

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than
before now, e.g.
▪ The train had just leftwhen I arrived at the station.

▪ She had just left the room when the police arrived.
▪ I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
Practice A: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in Past Perfect
Tense. Then indicate whether the past participle is regular or irregular.
Note: This exercise offers practice in using negatives in the simple past perfect tense.
Example: Huan (not, want) had not wanted to study chemistry last semester. (regular /
irregular)
1) We (not, stand) _______ _______ _______ in the rain long before the gates were opened.
(regular / irregular)
2) Russ and Becca (not, have) ______ ______ ______much experience with building before they
started their deck. (regular / irregular)
3) The Wilsons (not, save)_______ _______ ______ enough money to pay their taxes before
the deadline arrived. (regular / irregular)
4) He and Carlos (not, work) _______ _______ _______ for six months, then the company
rehired them. (regular / irregular)
5) The batter (not, swing) _______ _______ _______ at any pitches before he was hit by the
ball. (regular / irregular)

6) Ivan (not, take) ______ ______ ______ a coat with him; now the temperature was dropping
fast. (regular / irregular)
7) Carl (not, sleep) _______ _______ _______long enough when his mother woke him up.
(regular /irregular)
8) The mechanic (not, fix) ______ ________ _______the engine yet when we called him last
Saturday. (regular / irregular)
9) Tyler (not, surf) _______ _______ _______ until he visited his brother in San Diego (regular /
irregular).
10) The city employees (not, expect) _______ _______ _______ to get a raise in last year's
budget. (regular / irregular)
II. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The perfect tenses describe actions that have already been completed or that began in the past
and are relevant to the present or that will have happened at a particular time in the future.
They are also referred to as the perfective aspect.
Or in other words, the present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the
past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested
in the result than in the action itself.
The examples are:
1. Positive: They have been to Paris.
2. Negative: You haven’t gone overseas.
3. Yes/No Questions: Have you been to London?

4. Wh-Questions: Why are we here?
5. Tag Questions: You haven’t been to Zurich, have you?
THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE:
▪ An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in
Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
▪ An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema
twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
▪ A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited
Portugal several times.
▪ An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have just
finished my work.
▪ An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his
reading is important)
Practice A: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in Present
Perfect Tense.
Note: To form the simple present perfect tense, has or have is used with a past participle (the word
that comes after "had") to describe an action that has happened in the past and may still be
happening.
The past participle is often regular, and therefore retains its simple past tense spelling, as “visited”
does here. Example: I / You / We / they (visit) have visited Argentina before.
Example: He / She / It (visit) has visited Argentina before.
1) I (visit) _______ ________ Australia before.

2) You (visit) _______ ________ Mexico before.
3) We (visit) _______ ________ Canada before.
4) They (visit) _______ ________ China before.
5) He (visit) _______ ________ Africa before
6) She (visit) _______ ________ India before.
7) It (visit) _______ ________ Europe before.
Practice B: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in Present
Perfect Tense.
Note: All of the past participles used will be regular.
Example: John (walk) has walked to school since first grade. He is in fifth grade now.
Example: The girls (finish) have finished cleaning their rooms. Now they can go shopping.
1) Our company (arrive) ______ ________. Please answer the door.
2) The ice on the sidewalk (melt) _______ ________. I think the sun is out today. 3) The
McMillans (prepare) _______ _________ a lot of food for the party. It looks delicious. 4)
Tony’s flight from New Jersey (land) _______ ________. We should see him any minute.
5) The bank officers (suggest) _______ _________ that the meeting be scheduled for Wednesday
morning. I will try to locate a conference room.
6) Sparky (taste) _______ ________ his new dog food, and he seems to like it. 7) The police
(arrest) _______ ________ two men for the robbery. It is time to question them. 8) The
medicine (cure) _______ ________ William’s illness. It seems miraculous.

III. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
The future perfect is made with the future simple of 'have' (will have) and the past
participle. For regular past participles add 'ed' to the verb ('play' becomes 'played'). Here's
the positive:
By six pm tonight:
∙ I will have finished this book.

∙ You will have studied the English tenses.
∙ She will have cooked dinner.
∙ He will have arrived.
∙ We will have met Julie.
∙ It will have stopped raining.
∙ They will have left Japan.
Here's the negative:
By next week,
∙ I will not have finished this book.
∙ You will not have studied the English tenses.
∙ She will not have cooked dinner.
∙ He will not have arrived.
∙ We will not have met Julie.
∙ It will not have stopped raining.
∙ They will not have left Japan.

The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we
are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be
completed some time later than now. It is most often used with a time expression.
EXAMPLES
▪ I will have been here for six months on June 23rd.

▪ By the time you read this I will have left.
▪ You will have finished your report by this time next week.
▪ Won't they have arrived by 5:00?
▪ Will you have eaten when I pick you up?
Practice A: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in Future Perfect
Tense.
Each summer for the past ten years, Sharon and David have taken their children, Eli, 17,
and Lydia, 15, on trips around the United States in their motor home. This summer will be
special. When Eli and Lydia return to school in the fall, the family (visit) _______ _______
________(1) all fifty states. Also, for the first time they (travel) _______ _______ ________(2)
to one of the fifty states by plane instead of in the motor home. They are going to Hawaii!
The family lives in Denver, Colorado. By next year, they (live) _______ _______
________(3) there for 14 years. On July 12, they will fly from Denver to Los Angeles to catch
their connecting flight to Hawaii. When they arrive in Los Angeles, they (spend) _______
_______ _______(4) two hours and twenty-three minutes in the air. After a layover, they will fly
to Honolulu. That leg of the trip will be longer. When it ends, it (take) _______ _______

_______(5) five hours and forty-five minutes. Yesterday, Eli asked, “Mom, How many miles
_______(6) we (cover) _______ _______(7) by the time we land in Hawaii?
Sharon answered, “About 3,401 miles.” “Wow!” said Eli. “That will be about 7,000 miles
round trip. We (go)_______ _______ _________(8) further than we did for the past four
summers put together.” “That’s true,” Sharon replied. “Also, we (stay) _______ _______
________(9) in a hotel for the first time instead of camping in the motor home. The hotel is a
high rise. It’s right on Waikiki Beach. You and your sister will love it.” “No doubt,” said Eli. “And
when it’s over, we (surf) _______ _______ ________(10) for the first time, too.
That will be the coolest thing to tell my friends.” We’re also going to visit Sea Life Park in
Waimanalo, near Honolulu.” “Are you sure that place isn’t for little kids?” Eli wondered. “Are
you kidding?” his mother answered. “I’m the one who wants to go there! If we don’t go, I (miss)
______ _______ ________(11) my chance to watch the sea lions.”

SENTENCES
SIMPLE
SENTENCES
COMPLEX COMPOUND

I. SIMPLE SENTENCES
A simple sentence consists of a subject (S) and a verb (V). However, this basic structure
can be expanded in several ways as given below.
Pattern Example
Subject – Verb (S-V) ∙ The kids laughed.

SV
∙ The lion roared.
SV
Subject – Verb – Object (S-V-O) ∙ The cat caught the rat.

SVO
∙ My father bought a car.
SVO
Subject – Verb – Complement (S-V-C) ∙ She is a lecturer.

SVC
∙ He seemed sad.
SVC
∙ The girl was happy in the class.
SVC
Subject – Verb – Expansion (S-V-E) ∙ The crowd danced happily.

*the expansion usually gives information on SVE
when, where, what, how, for how long
∙ Kim fell from the tree yesterday.
SVE

Practice A: Complete the following sentences.
1. The child __________________________________________________________.

2. ____________________________________________________ are hardworking.
3. We went __________________________________________________________.
4. Mrs. Ramsey _______________________________________________________.
5. Her friend is _______________________________________________________.
6. Hans _____________________________________________________________.
7. They play _________________________________________________________.
8. We will visit _______________________________________________________.
9. The team _________________________________________________________.
10. _____________________________________________________ every
weekend.

Practice B: Write 10 sentences using the words given below.

office drive food speaks beautiful smiled greedily songs Mrs Thomas are
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

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INTEGRATED ACADEMIC ENGLISH SKILLS AFE 2113

• Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb,

• Simple (Present, Past &

ARTICLE ADJECTI ADVERBS

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 2

∙ She received that mail yesterday.

∙ A postman mails letters.

You must familiarize yourself with the different parts of

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 3

SKILLS AFE 2113 1. NOUNS

Common ▪ Used for thing of the ▪ People (boy, doctor)

Countable ▪ Singular ▪ Person, child, textbook, box, lorry

Uncountable ▪ Or known as mass ▪ News, police, sheep, jeans, furniture

Abstract ▪ The name of ▪ Childhood, motherhood, life,

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 4

Write a Proper Noun beside each of the Common Nouns below:

a. friend: Jack b. city: New York

Write an Abstract Noun from each of the Adjectives below: a.

a. container: containers b. : sheep: sheep

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 5

Practice A: Underline the nouns in the following sentences.

1. My sister plays basketball every day.

2. All students have to take English.

3. Maria keeps all her clothes in the wardrobe.

4. She is a graduate from a local university.

5. People admire the beauty of her work.

6. The chairs were in the hall.

7. Mr. Goodwill replied the email promptly.

9. Experience is the best teacher.

10. Exercising immediately after eating is unwise.

Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate noun.

1. The __________________ watched the final game.

2. The __________________ stopped the bus.

3. The architect designed the ____________________.

4. The __________________ prepared the omelette.

5. The __________________ wants the ____________________ to type the letter as

6. The __________________ carefully examines the injured __________________.

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 6

7. ____________________ visited her __________________ during the semester break.

8. ____________________ cooks lunch for his ____________________ during the

9. Teaching is a ___________________ that brings great ____________________. 10.

The ______________________ explains all the _____________________ about the

Practice C: Underline all the nouns found in the following advertisement

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 7

Practice D: Fill in the blank with appropriate nouns.

A Picnic by the Sea

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 8

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN KONTEMPORARI ISLAM AL-FARABI| KPB KUALA LUMPUR 9

Demonstrative this, that, these, those

Interrogative who, whom, whose, which, what

Relative who, whom, whose, which, that

Reflexive myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,

Practice A: Underline the pronouns in the following sentences.

2. The car that we bought does not run well.

3. Has anyone seen my glasses? I’ve lost them.

4. Whose car can I borrow? You can borrow mine.

5. Is that your final answer?

6. She taught herself to play the piano.

7. All of his former girlfriends came uninvited to his wedding.

8. When I got to the shop, it was closed.

9. He will discuss about the project with his classmates.

Practice B: Fill in each blank with an appropriate pronoun.

5. The wants the __ to type the letter as

6. The carefully examines the injured .

7. __ visited her during the semester break.

8. cooks lunch for his during the

9. Teaching is a _ that brings great __. 10.

The __ explains all the _ about the

3. I bought the dress for ____. Don’t you like _?

7. _ have brought their lunch. Have you brought _