Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226

6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0

5ROHRIYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVLQVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQG
PDQDJHPHQWDWFRQVWUXFWLRQMREVLWHV
6DOPDQ$]KDUD 
a
McWhoter School of Building Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA

$EVWUDFW

:RUNSODFHVDIHW\LVVLJQLILFDQWWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\WKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOG'HVSLWHULJRURXVHIIRUWVRIVDIHW\SURIHVVLRQDOV
DQGVWURQJJRYHUQPHQWDOHQIRUFHPHQWRIVDIHW\ODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQVWKHUHKDVQRWEHHQDVLJQLILFDQWGHFOLQHLQIDWDOLWLHVLQMXULHV
DQGLOOQHVVHVLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\([WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKRQWKLVWRSLFKDVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHG\QDPLFQDWXUHRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
LQGXVWU\LVRQHRIWKHPDLQUHDVRQV(DFKFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWLVXQLTXHDQGLGHQWLI\LQJDOOSRVVLEOHKD]DUGVDQGVDIHW\ULVNVLV
DOZD\VFKDOOHQJLQJ,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKHUHKDVEHHQDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHXVHRIYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVLQGLIIHUHQWSKDVHV
RIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWOLIHF\FOH9LVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVVXFKDV%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ%,0'VLPXODWLRQV
DQG',PPHUVLYH9LUWXDO5HDOLW\(QYLURQPHQWVFDQUHVXOWLQLPSURYHGRFFXSDWLRQDOVDIHW\E\DOORZLQJDUFKLWHFWVHQJLQHHUVDQG
FRQWUDFWRUV WR YLVXDOO\ DVVHVV MREVLWH FRQGLWLRQV DQG UHFRJQL]H SRVVLEOH KD]DUGV EHIRUH WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURFHHGV 7KLV SDSHU
SUHVHQWV WKUHH FDVH VWXGLHV WKDW LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI DERYHPHQWLRQHG YLVXDOL]DWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRPPXQLFDWLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHVDIHW\SODQV7KHFDVHVWXGLHVUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHGWKDW''G\QDPLFWRROVDUH
PRUHHIIHFWLYHLQVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWDVFRPSDUHGWRWKH'VWDWLFGUDZLQJVEHFDXVHWKH\FORVHO\VLPXODWHWKHDFWXDO
MREVLWHFRQGLWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQWKHYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVDUHIRXQGWREHYHU\HIIHFWLYHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\HGXFDWLRQDQG
WUDLQLQJLQERWKIRUPDODQGLQIRUPDOVHWWLQJV
©‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
Keywords:&RQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\YLVXOL]DWLRQWHFKQROLRJLHV%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ'VLPXODWLRQV9LUWXDOUHDOLW\KHDGJHDUV

,QWURGXFWLRQDQGEDFNJURXQG

6DIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHLVRIYLWDOLPSRUWDQFHWKURXJKRXWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\>@7KHDFFLGHQWUDWHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
LVDPRQJWKHKLJKHVWLQFRPSDULVRQWRRWKHULQGXVWULHVDOORYHUWKHZRUOG>@$OWKRXJKGUDPDWLFLPSURYHPHQWVKDYH


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:VDOPDQ#DXEXUQHGX

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.329
216 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226

WDNHQSODFHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVDQGSURFHVVHVLQUHFHQWGHFDGHVWKHVDIHW\UHFRUGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\
FRQWLQXHV WR EH RQH RI WKH SRRUHVW >@ ,QDSSURSULDWH ZRUN SODQQLQJ DQG VXSHUYLVLRQ LQVXIILFLHQW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
EHWZHHQZRUNHUVDQGVXSHUYLVRUVDQGODFNRIVDIHW\WUDLQLQJDQGSUDFWLFHVDUHLGHQWLILHGDVNH\FRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUV
EHKLQGPRVWIDWDOLWLHVDQGLQMXULHV>@
6DIHW\SODQQLQJLVDQHVVHQWLDOSDUWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQSODQQLQJSURFHVVEXWLVW\SLFDOO\FDUULHGRXWWRDFHUWDLQ
H[WHQW VHSDUDWHO\ IURP RWKHU SURMHFW SODQQLQJ DQG FRQWURO WDVNV >@ 7UDGLWLRQDO VDIHW\ SODQQLQJ UHOLHV RQ PDQXDO
REVHUYDWLRQVJXWIHHOLQJVDQGH[SHULHQFHRIWKHVDIHW\SODQQHU$W\SLFDOVDIHW\SODQGHSLFWVZKDWVDIHW\PHDVXUHVDUH
QHFHVVDU\ZKHQZKHUHDQGZK\7KHOLQNEHWZHHQSODQQLQJIRUVDIHW\DQGZRUNWDVNH[HFXWLRQLVRIWHQZHDNIRU
H[DPSOHPDQ\FRQWUDFWRUVXVHWZRGLPHQVLRQDOGUDZLQJV'RUILHOGREVHUYDWLRQVWRLGHQWLI\KD]DUGV6LQFHWKHLU
DSSURDFKLVPDQXDODQGEDVHGRQH[SHULHQFHDQGJXWIHHOLQJVWKHREVHUYHGUHVXOWVFDQEHHUURUSURQHGXHWRVXEMHFWLYH
MXGJPHQWVRIWKHGHFLVLRQPDNHU>@
5HFHQWO\WKHUHKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUDEOHLQWHUHVWLQLPSURYLQJZRUNVLWHVDIHW\WKURXJKVDIHUGHVLJQDQGZRUNPHWKRG
VWDWHPHQWVXVLQJ%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ%,0>@$EXLOGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHODOORZVFRQVWUXFWRUVWR
YLVXDOO\ DVVHVV MREVLWH FRQGLWLRQV DQG UHFRJQL]H KD]DUGV >@ 7KH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI %,0 WHFKQRORJLHV FDQ UHVXOW LQ
LPSURYHGRFFXSDWLRQDOVDIHW\E\FRQQHFWLQJWKHVDIHW\LVVXHVPRUHFORVHO\WRFRQVWUXFWLRQSODQQLQJSURYLGLQJPRUH
LOOXVWUDWLYHVLWHOD\RXWDQGVDIHW\SODQVSURYLGLQJPHWKRGVIRUPDQDJLQJDQGYLVXDOL]LQJXSWRGDWHSODQVDQGVLWH
VWDWXVLQIRUPDWLRQDVZHOODVE\VXSSRUWLQJVDIHW\FRPPXQLFDWLRQLQYDULRXVVLWXDWLRQVVXFKDVLQIRUPLQJVLWHVWDII
DERXWPDNLQJVDIHW\DUUDQJHPHQWVLQUHVSRQVHWRDSDUWLFXODUULVNRUZDUQLQJDERXWYDULRXVULVNV>@7KHXVHRI%,0
DOVRHQFRXUDJHVRWKHUSURMHFWSDUWQHUVWRLQYROYHLQERWKULVNDVVHVVPHQWDQGSODQQLQJ>@
5DMHQGUDQDQG&ODUNH>@RXWOLQHGWKHIROORZLQJDUHDVZKHUH6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK6 +SURIHVVLRQDOVFDQXVH%,0
WHFKQRORJLHV'HVLJQIRUVDIHW\6DIHW\SODQQLQJMREKD]DUGDQDO\VLVDQGSUHWDVNSODQQLQJ:RUNHUVDIHW\
WUDLQLQJ$FFLGHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQG)DFLOLW\DQGPDLQWHQDQFHSKDVHVDIHW\)RUWKHVHWDVNV6 +SURIHVVLRQDOV
FDQ XVH ' UHQGHULQJV JHQHUDWHG IURP WKH %,0 PRGHOV DQG ZDONWKURXJKV DQLPDWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ ' SKDVLQJ
VLPXODWLRQVIRFXVHGRQWKHVDIHW\SURFHGXUHVFDQEHJHQHUDWHGWRVKRZKRZWHPSRUDU\VDIHW\HOHPHQWVDQGDUHDVRI
FRQFHUQVWUDQVLWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHGXUDWLRQRIDSURMHFW$E\SURGXFWRILQWHJUDWLQJVDIHW\ZLWK%,0LVVDIHW\UHODWHG
WUDLQLQJYLGHRVIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNHUV8VLQJD%,0PRGHOIRUVDIHW\WUDLQLQJFUHDWHVDYLVXDOWRROWKDWDOORZVRQ
VLWHODERUWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHDFWXDOSURMHFWFRQGLWLRQV,WFDQDOVRKHOSFURVVWKHFRPPRQODQJXDJHEDUULHUVDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWK IRUHLJQ ZRUNHUV EHFDXVH WUDLQLQJ LV GRQH WKURXJK YLVXDOL]DWLRQ >@ )UDQFRQHUL DQG 6LPPRQV LQGLFDWHG WKDW
DQLPDWHG VWLPXOXV ZLWK PRYLQJ DQG ORRPLQJ VWLPXOL FDSWXUHV WKH KXPDQ DWWHQWLRQVSDQ IRU D VLJQLILFDQWO\ ORQJHU
DPRXQWRIWLPHZKHQFRQWUDVWHGZLWKVWDWLFLPDJHU\>@
(DVWPDQ HW DO UHSRUWHG WZR H[DPSOHV RI WKH XVH RI %,0 LQ VDIHW\ SODQQLQJ DQG PDQDJHPHQW >@ ,Q WKH ILUVW
SURMHFWDWKHPHSDUNWKHSURMHFWWHDPPRGHOHGHQYHORSHVIRUWHVWLQJULGHVWRHQVXUHWKDWQRDFWLYLWLHVZHUHWDNLQJ
SODFHGXULQJWKHWHVWLQJSHULRGZLWKLQWKHWHVWHQYHORSH8VLQJ'VLPXODWLRQVWKH\LGHQWLILHGDFRQIOLFWDQGUHVROYHG
LWDKHDGRIWLPH2QDVHFRQGSURMHFWDVWHHOIUDPHEXLOGLQJLQ<DV,VODQGRI$EX'KDELPDVVLQJF\OLQGHUVZHUHXVHG
WRPRGHOWKHVSDFHVRFFXSLHGE\WKHDFWLYLWLHVRIWKHZHOGLQJFUHZV&ODVKGHWHFWLRQEHWZHHQF\OLQGHUVZDVWKHQXVHG
WRLGHQWLI\SRVVLEOHH[SRVXUHRIZRUNHUVWRGDQJHUVSRVHGE\RWKHUWHDPVIURPWLPHWRWLPH

1.1. Building information modeling for construction safety: scope and applications

7KHH[LVWLQJUHVHDUFKVWXGLHVRQWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRI%,0WHFKQRORJLHVIRUVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWFDQEH
GLYLGHGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJFDWHJRULHV'HVLJQIRUVDIHW\'HVLJQLQVSHFWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJ6DIHW\SODQQLQJ
 6DIHW\ WUDLQLQJ DQG  )DFLOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW DQG HPHUJHQF\ UHVSRQVHV >@ $ EULHI VXPPDU\ RI VRPH RI WKH
LPSRUWDQWVWXGLHVLVSUHVHQWHGEHORZ
.X DQG 0LOOV HYDOXDWHG SRWHQWLDO RI %,0 DV D GHVLJQIRUVDIHW\ 'I6 WRRO >@ 7KH\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW %,0 FDQ
IDFLOLWDWH HDUO\ FROODERUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ DUFKLWHFWVHQJLQHHUV DQG FRQVWXFWRUV YLD DXWRPDWHG FKHFNOLVWV RI UXOHEDVHG
VDIHW\LQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVFRGHVDQGUHJXODWRU\LQIRUPDWLRQ9LDDWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNWKH\HYDOXDWHGXVHIXOQHVV
RI %,0 DV D'I6 WRRO DQGSURYLGHGUHVHDUFKVXJJHVWLRQVIRUGHVLJQLQJIXWXUH %,0 WRROV IRU VDIHW\%DVHGRQ WKLV
FRQFHSW4LHWDOGHVLJQHGDSURWRW\SH&RQVWUXFWLRQ6DIHW\&KHFNLQJV\VWHP7KLVWRRODXWRPDWLFDOO\FKHFNVIRUIDOO
KD]DUGVLQD%,0PRGHODQGSURYLGHVGHVLJQDOWHUQDWLYHVWRWKHXVHUV>@
.LPDQG$KQXVHG%,0WHFKQRORJLHVIRUWHPSRUDU\IDFLOLWLHVSODQQLQJRIDEXLOGLQJSURMHFW>@7KH\PHQWLRQHG
WKDWWKHWHPSRUDU\IDFLOLWLHVSODQQLQJSURFHVVLVWHGLRXVDQGUHTXLUHVDORWRIDWWHQWLRQGXHWRWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV
 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226 217

)LUVWO\WHPSRUDU\IDFLOLWLHVDUHJHQHUDOO\QRWFOHDUO\GHOLQHDWHGRQWKHEXLOGLQJGUDZLQJVVHFRQGO\WKHLQVWDOODWLRQ
DQGGLVPDQWOLQJRIWKHVHIDFLOLWLHVLVRQHRIWKHKLJKULVNDFWLYLWLHVRQWKHMREVLWHVDQGWKLUGO\WKHGHVLJQHUVW\SLFDOO\
RYHUORRNVDIHW\FRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQWHPSRUDU\IDFLOLWLHVGHVLJQZKLFKUHVXOWVLQPDQ\VDIHW\KD]DUGV7KH\GHYHORSHGD
SURWRW\SH V\VWHP IRU GHVLJQLQJ DQG GHSLFWLQJ LQVWDOODWLRQ DQG GHLQVWDOODWLRQ RI VFDIIROGLQJ LQ KLJK ULVH EXLOGLQJ
SURMHFWV+XHWDOXVHGVXEEXLOGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHOVIRU'VWUXFWXUDOVDIHW\DQDO\VLVGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQ>@$
VXE%,0LVDVXEVHWRIPDLQ%,0PRGHODQGIRFXVHVRQDFHUWDLQSDUWSKDVHWUDGHRIWKHSURMHFW7KLVFRQFHSWLVXVHIXO
IRUFRPSOH[SURMHFWVZKHUHLWLVGLIILFXOWWRXVHDVLQJOH%,0PRGHOIRUYDULRXVDQDO\VHV7KHSURSRVHGDSSURDFKZDV
WHVWHGRQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH1DWLRQDO6WDGLXPRIWKH2O\PSLFV7KHDXWKRUVFODLPHGWKDWWKHLUVXJJHVWHG
DSSURDFK LV IHDVLEOH DQG UHVXOWHG LQ UHPDUNDEO\ UHGXFHG ZRUNORDG IRU VDIHW\ SODQQHUV 6DWWLQHQL DQG $]KDU >@
LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHPRYHPHQWRIZRUNHUVZHDULQJ5DGLR)UHTXHQF\,GHQWLILFDWLRQ5),'7DJVLQD%,0PRGHO7KH\
LQGLFDWHGWKDWWKLVPHWKRGRIPRQLWRULQJFDQEHXVHGWRLPSURYHWKHVDIHW\DQGSURGXFWLYLW\RIFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNHUV
RQDFRQVWUXFWLRQMREVLWH0RUHRYHUWKLVWHFKQLTXHFDQDOVREHXVHGWRWUDFNHTXLSPHQWDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOVRQ
DMREVLWHWKHUHE\DOORZLQJ6 +SURIHVVLRQDOVWRLGHQWLI\DQ\DVVRFLDWHGKD]DUGV
%DQVDOLQWHJUDWHGD%,0PRGHOZLWKD*HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP*,6IRUSUHGLFWLQJSODFHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV
ZKLFKKDYHSRWHQWLDOIRUDFFLGHQWV>@7KHSURWRW\SHV\VWHPZDVWHVWHGRQDUHDOOLIHSURMHFWLQ,QGLD+HFRQFOXGHG
WKDWWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIJHRVSDWLDOLQIRUPDWLRQLQD%,0PRGHOIDFLOLWDWHVVDIHW\SODQQHUVLQH[DPLQLQJZKDWDQGZKHUH
VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV DUH UHTXLUHG .LYLQLHPL HW DO >@ XVHG ' %,0 PRGHOV IRU PDQDJLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLQJ
FRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\SODQV7KH\GHPRQVWUDWHGXVHRI%,0IRUWKHIROORZLQJVDIHW\UHODWHGDFWLYLWLHV6LWHOD\RXW
DQGDQWLFUDQHFROODSVHSODQ:DOOGHPROLWLRQYLVXDOL]DWLRQ6DIHW\UDLOLQJPRGHOLQJ)RUPZRUNSODQZLWK
LQWHJUDWHGIDOOSURWHFWLRQDQG'HVLJQIRUVDIHW\PRGHOFKHFNLQJ7KH\IRXQGWKDW%,0EDVHGVDIHW\GHPRQVWUDWLRQV
DUHDQHIIHFWLYHWRROIRUGLVFXVVLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLQJVDIHW\UHODWHGLVVXHVDWWKHMREVLWHZLWKWKHSURMHFWWHDP.LP
VXJJHVWHGWKDWD%XLOGLQJ/LIH&\FOH0DQDJHPHQWPHFKDQLVPVKRXOGEHDSSOLHGIRUWKHKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\LVVXHV>@
+HGHPRQVWUDWHGWKLVFRQFHSWZLWKWKHKHOSRIVHYHUDOFDVHVWXGLHVZKHUH%,0WHFKQRORJLHVZHUHXVHGWRDGGUHVV
VDIHW\LVVXHVLQWKHGHVLJQFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGSRVWFRQVWUXFWLRQVWDJHV
=KRXHWDOLQYHVWLJDWHGDSSOLFDWLRQRI'YLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVIRUVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWLQPHWURFRQVWUXFWLRQ
>@7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKH'YLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVFDQEHHIIHFWLYHO\XVHGWRGHWHFWVDIHW\ULVNVEHIRUHDQG
GXULQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVDQGWKHQSURYLGHSUHYHQWLYHPHDVXUHV7KXVWLPHO\GHFLVLRQVFDQEHPDGHWRDYRLG
DFFLGHQWV6LMLHet al.DSSOLHGDXWRPDWHGVDIHW\UXOHFKHFNLQJWR%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOVDQGIRXQGLWYHU\XVHIXO
>@(QVKDVVLHWDOIRXQGWKDW³KD]DUGLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGPLQLPL]DWLRQ´DQG³VDIHW\WUDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQDUHWKH
PRVWLPSRUWDQWVDIHW\UHODWHGDSSOLFDWLRQVSURYLGHGE\%,0WRROVWRLPSURYHVDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ/DFN
RIXQLYHUVDOXVHRI%,0LQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVHFWRUDQGLQVXIILFLHQWWUDLQLQJDYDLODELOLW\DUHWKHKLJKHVWUDQNHGEDUULHUV
WRDGRSWLQJ%,0LQFRQVWUXFWLRQWRLPSURYHVDIHW\>@

5HVHDUFKDLPDQGVLJQLILFDQFH

7KHH[LVWLQJUHVHDUFKVWXGLHVKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHGWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVIRUVDIHW\SODQQLQJ
DQGPDQDJHPHQWKRZHYHUWKH\KDYHIROORZLQJOLPLWDWLRQV7KHHQGSURGXFWRIPDQ\VWXGLHVLVHLWKHUDFRQFHSWXDO
IUDPHZRUN RU D OLPLWHGIXQFWLRQDOLW\ SURWRW\SH V\VWHP IRU GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKH PDLQ FRQFHSW  0RVW SURWRW\SH
V\VWHPVZHUHWHVWHGRQK\SRWKHWLFDOVLPSOLILHG³VTXDUHIRUP´EXLOGLQJVZKLFKUHSUHVHQWDORZOHYHORIFRPSOH[LW\
DQG7KHSURWRW\SHV\VWHPVZHUHWHVWHGXVLQJ³ODERUDWRU\´VHWWLQJVZLWKHLWKHUQRRUYHU\OLPLWHGLQYROYHPHQWRI
6 + SURIHVVLRQDOV VLWH VXSHULQWHQGHQWV DQG FUDIW ZRUNHUV 7KLV SDSHU YLD WKUHH FDVH VWXGLHV GHPRQVWUDWHV KRZ
GHVLJQHUVHQJLQHHUVDQGFRQWUDFWRUVFDQXWLOL]HRQVLWH%,0DQGRWKHUDGYDQFHGYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVIRUVDIHW\
SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWLQUHDOOLIHSURMHFWV7KHSUHVHQWHGVWXG\LVXQLTXHEHFDXVHRI,WWHVWHGWKHDGYDQFHG
YLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV¶DSSOLFDWLRQVIRUVDIHW\LQUHDOOLIHFRPSOH[EXLOGLQJSURMHFWV,WXWLOL]HGRQO\WKRVHWRROV
WKDWDUHFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHDQGZHOOUHFRJQL]HGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\DQG,WH[KLELWVKRZGHVLJQHUV


218 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226

HQJLQHHUVDQGFRQWUDFWRUVFDQXVHWKHVHDGYDQFHGWHFKQRORJLHVWRIRUPDOO\DQGLQIRUPDOO\HGXFDWHDQGWUDLQWKHLU
ZRUNHUVZKLFKLQWXUQZRXOGKHOSWKHPWRPDLQWDLQKLJKVDIHW\VWDQGDUGVLQWKHLUSURMHFWV

5HVHDUFKGHVLJQ

&DVHVWXG\DSSURDFKLVXVHGLQWKLVSDSHUIRUGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV)HOORZVDQG/LX>@IRXQG&DVHVWXG\
DVDQHIIHFWLYHVWUDWHJ\WRUHVHDUFKDQH[SHULPHQWDOWKHRU\RUWRSLFXVLQJVHWSURFHGXUHVRIWHQFRPSULVLQJRIVHYHUDO
GLIIHUHQWFRPELQDWLRQVRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQVXFKDVLQWHUYLHZVDQGGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHZKHUHWKHHPSKDVLVLVWRZDUGV
LQYHVWLJDWLQJDSKHQRPHQRQZLWKLQDFRQWH[W&DVHVWXG\LVDQDSSURSULDWHUHVHDUFKWHFKQLTXHIRUDQLQGXVWU\OLNH
FRQVWUXFWLRQWKDWLVSURMHFWGULYHQDVZHOODVFRPSRVHGRIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGEXVLQHVVHV7KHUHDUH
PDQ\DGYDQWDJHVIRUXVLQJFDVHVWXG\WRFRQGXFWUHVHDUFK&DVHVWXGLHVXWLOL]HTXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDRU
ZKDWLVUHIHUUHGWRDVPL[HGPHWKRGVUHVHDUFK7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHGUDZQIURPDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI
VRXUFHVVXFKDVGRFXPHQWVDUFKLYDOUHFRUGVDQGLQWHUYLHZVWRQDPHDIHZ+HQFHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHFDVHVWXG\UHVHDUFK
DUHWHFKQLFDOO\VRXQGUHOLDEOHDQGKLJKO\YDOXDEOHWRERWKUHVHDUFKHUVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUV>@7KUHHFDVHVWXGLHVDUH
SUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHUWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHYDULRXVDGYDQFHGYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVDQGWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQVLQVDIHW\
SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQW7KHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGRORJ\DQGUHVXOWVRIHDFKFDVHVWXG\DUHUHSRUWHGVHSDUDWHO\LQWKH
IROORZLQJVHFWLRQV

0HWKRGRORJ\DQGPDLQILQGLQJV

4.1. Case study 1: Recreation and Wellness Center at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

7KHILUVWFDVHVWXG\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ%,0DQG'VLPXODWLRQ

WHFKQRORJLHVIRUVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWDWWKH5HFUHDWLRQDQG:HOOQHVV&HQWHUSURMHFWDWWKHFDPSXVRIWKH
$XEXUQ 8QLYHUVLW\ $8 ,Q WKLV SURMHFW IRXUGLPHQVLRQDO ' SKDVLQJ VLPXODWLRQV ' ZDONWKURXJKV DQG '
UHQGHULQJVZHUHXWLOL]HGIRULGHQWLI\LQJKD]DUGVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLQJVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWSODQWRWKHZRUNHUV7KHNH\
SURMHFWGHWDLOVDUHDVIROORZV&RVWPLOOLRQ6L]HIW'HOLYHU\V\VWHP&0DJHQF\6WDUW
GDWH2FWREHUDQG&RPSOHWLRQGDWH-XO\7KHH[WHULRUDQGLQWHULRUUHQGHULQJVRIWKHSURMHFWDUHVKRZQ
LQ)LJXUH


 

)LJ3URMHFWUHQGHULQJV&RXUWHV\RI5RELQVDQG0RUWRQ $UFKLWHFWXUH

%DVHGRQGLVFXVVLRQVZLWKWKHSURMHFWWHDPLWZDVGHFLGHGWRXVH%,0DQG'WHFKQRORJLHVWRDGGUHVVWKH³IDWDO
IRXU´ FRQVWUXFWLRQ IDWDOLWLHV DQG LQMXULHV QDPHO\  IDOOV  VWUXFN E\ REMHFWV  FDXJKW LQ%HWZHHQ DQG 
HOHFWURFXWLRQV,WZDVIXUWKHUGHFLGHGWRGHYHORSIROORZLQJILYHVDIHW\SODQVH[FDYDWLRQULVNPDQDJHPHQWSODQ
FUDQHPDQDJHPHQWSODQIDOOSURWHFWLRQSODQIRUOHDGLQJHGJHVIDOOSURWHFWLRQSODQIRUURRIHUVDQGDQ
HPHUJHQF\UHVSRQVHSODQ7KHIROORZLQJHQGSURGXFWVZHUHVKRUWOLVWHGWRGHYHORSWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGVDIHW\SODQV
'UHQGHULQJV':DONWKURXJKDQGIO\WKURXJKDQLPDWLRQV'SKDVLQJVLPXODWLRQVDQG1DUUDWHG
YLGHRVIRUZRUNHUVEDVHGRQDQLPDWLRQVDQGVLPXODWLRQV7KHIROORZLQJVRIWZDUHZHUHVHOHFWHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH
 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226 219

$XWRGHVN5HYLWŠIRUPRGHOLQJ*RRJOH6NHWFKXSŠIRUFUHDWLQJ'HTXLSPHQWFKDUDFWHUVDQGUHODWHGIDPLOLHV
6\QFKURŠIRU'SKDVLQJVLPXODWLRQV063URMHFWŠIRUVFKHGXOLQJDQG&DPWDVLDŠDQG060RYLH0DNHUŠIRU
SURGXFLQJYLGHRV7KHEDVH%,0PRGHOVRIWKHSURMHFWZHUHDFTXLUHGIURPWKHSURMHFWDUFKLWHFW7KHVHPRGHOVZHUH
XVHGIRUKD]DUGVLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRI%,0EDVHGVDIHW\SODQV7KHIORZFKDUWVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRXWOLQHV
WKHZRUNIORZ



)LJ7KHZRUNIORZIRUGHYHORSLQJ%,0EDVHGVDIHW\SODQVVLPXODWLRQVDQGYLGHRV>@

7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHH[FDYDWLRQULVNPDQDJHPHQWSODQZDVWRVDIHO\FRRUGLQDWHHDUWKZRUNRSHUDWLRQVDWWKHMREVLWH
7KHHDUWKZRUNSKDVHUHTXLUHGH[FDYDWLRQXSWRIWGHHSDQGWKHQLQVWDOODWLRQRIVKHHWSLOHVWRDYRLGFDYHLQV,QWKH
%,0PRGHOWKHUHVHDUFKHUVFUHDWHGVKHHWSLOLQJFRPSRQHQWVFRQVLVWLQJRIDVKHHWSLOHVHFWLRQDQGDEDVHUHVKRULQJ
VWDQGPDGHRIDVWHHOEHDPDQGDVROLGVWHHOWXEH7KHVKHHWSLOHVZHUHDUUD\HGDURXQGWKHLQGHQWHGGLWFKDQGWKHVWDQGV
ZHUHWKHQDUUD\HGEHKLQGWKHP7KHVLWHXWLOLW\ZRUNLQFOXGHGLQVWDOODWLRQRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHSLSHVIRUVHZDJH
7KHVHDFWLYLWLHVZHUHPRGHOHGXVLQJ'VLPXODWLRQVWRFRRUGLQDWHH[FDYDWLRQHTXLSPHQWRSHUDWLRQVDWWKHMREVLWH7KH
FUDQHPDQDJHPHQWSODQZDVSUHSDUHGWRLGHQWLI\VZLQJUDGLXVRIWKHFUDQHWRHQVXUHLWVVDIHGLVWDQFHIURPWKH
SRZHUOLQHVDQGQHDUE\WHPSRUDU\DQGSHUPDQHQWVWUXFWXUHVDQGLGHQWLI\ZKDWWUDGHFUHZZRXOGEHXWLOL]LQJFUDQH
DWDSDUWLFXODUGD\WLPH7KHIDOOSURWHFWLRQSODQIRUOHDGLQJHGJHVZDVSUHSDUHGDFFRUGLQJWR26+$VXESDUW0)DOO
SURWHFWLRQVWDQGDUGV7ZRW\SHVRIIDOOSURWHFWLRQUDLOLQJVZHUHPRGHOHG[ZRRGHQUDLOLQJVRQWKHVHFRQGOHYHO
FRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHWKDWZHUHEROWHGWRWKHFRQFUHWHVODEDQG´VWHHODLUFUDIWFDEOHUDLOLQJVRQWKHWKLUGDQGKLJKHU
OHYHOVRIWKHSURMHFWVWHHOVWUXFWXUH
$IWHUPRGHOLQJWKHIDOOSURWHFWLRQUDLOLQJFRPSRQHQWVWKHUDLOLQJVZHUHSODFHGRQWKHVWUXFWXUDO%,0PRGHO:KLOH
SUHIRUPLQJWKLVSURFHVVWKHUHVHDUFKHUVZHUHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\PXOWLSOHIDOOKD]DUGVWKURXJKWKH'YLHZWKDWZHUHQRW
HDVLO\LGHQWLILDEOHLQWKH'SODQYLHZVXFKDVQRW\HWFRQVWUXFWHGVWDLUZHOOVDQGVN\OLJKWV7KHPRGHOHGUDLOLQJVZHUH
WKHQVHJUHJDWHGE\]RQHVDQGOHYHOVDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJUDLOLQJVHFWLRQVZHUHH[SRUWHGWR6\QFKURŠIRUGHYHORSLQJ'
VLPXODWLRQV7KH'VLPXODWLRQVSURYLGHGFRPSOHWHGHWDLOVWRWKHJHQHUDODQGVXEFRQWUDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHORFDWLRQDQG
GDWH ZKHQ WKH UDLOLQJV ZHUH WR EH LQVWDOOHG RU UHPRYHG $QRWKHU IDOO SURWHFWLRQ SODQ ZDV SUHSDUHG IRU WKH URRILQJ
V\VWHP7KHHQWLUHURRILQJRSHUDWLRQZDVVLPXODWHGWRLGHQWLI\DQ\VDIHW\LVVXHV7KHVHVLPXODWLRQVZHUHXVHGWREULHI
URRIZRUNHUVDERXWZRUNFRQGLWLRQVDQGKD]DUGVRQDFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJURRIVWUXFWXUH
7KH %,0EDVHG HPHUJHQF\ UHVSRQVH SODQ FRQVLVWHG RI  VXESODQV QDPHO\ Construction crew entrance/exit;
construction equipment and deliveries routetemporary facilities and job trailer locationsemergency vehicle(s) route
DQG severe weather shelters WR RULHQW ZRUNHUV ZLWK WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ VLWH 7KUHH GLPHQVLRQDO ' ZDONWKURXJK
DQLPDWLRQV DQG UHQGHULQJVZHUHJHQHUDWHG IURP WKH %,0 PRGHOV WR FRPPXQLFDWH HPHUJHQF\ UHVSRQVH SODQ WR WKH
ZRUNHUV)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVVFUHHQVKRWVRIWKH%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOVDQG'VLPXODWLRQV0RUHGHWDLOVDERXW
WKLVFDVHVWXG\FDQEHIRXQGLQ>@DQG>@


220 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226

7KH'ZDONWKURXJKVDQGUHQGHULQJV'VLPXODWLRQVDQGDQLPDWLRQYLGHRVZHUHXVHGE\WKHJHQHUDOFRQWUDFWRU
WRFRPPXQLFDWHWKHVLWHVDIHW\SODQWRWKHVXEFRQWUDFWRUVDQGZRUNHUV%RWKLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOYDOLGDWLRQVZHUH
SHUIRUPHGWRYHULI\WKHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVDQGXVHIXOQHVVRIWKLVVWXG\

 


 


 

)LJ6FUHHQVKRWVRI%,0EDVHGVDIHW\SODQVIRU$8+HDOWK :HOOQHVV&HQWHUSURMHFW>@

7KHVLWHVXSHULQWHQGHQWVLWHPDQDJHUVDQGVLWHVDIHW\VWDIIZHUHLQWHUYLHZHGWRLGHQWLI\WKHEHQHILWVDQGDQ\SLWIDOOV
RI%,0EDVHGVDIHW\SODQV7KHLQWHUYLHZHHVGHVFULEHGWKUHHPDLQSHUFHLYHGEHQHILWVLPSURYHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
RIWKHVDIHW\SODQWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQSHUVRQQHOLPSURYHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQRIWKHSURMHFW¶VVDIHW\SODQWRWKH26+$
DQGWKHRZQHUDQGORJLVWLFDOGHWDLOVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\WDVNVEHLQJIXOO\DGGUHVVHGLQWKHSUHFRQVWUXFWLRQSKDVH
)ROORZLQJDUHWZRH[FHUSWVIURPWKHLQWHUYLHZV³«%,0WHFKQRORJ\FRXOGKDYHDYHU\VLJQLILFDQWDQGSRVLWLYH
LPSDFWRQWKHVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQW«WKH'DQLPDWLRQVSURYHGWREHYHU\KHOSIXOLQWKHVDIHW\SODQQLQJ
PHHWLQJVDQGGDLO\VDIHW\WDONV«´³««'VLPXODWLRQVDUHYHU\KHOSIXOWRIXOO\LQYROYHRZQHUVLQWKHVDIHW\
SURFHVVWKDWPD\QRWEHDVIOXHQWDWYLVXDOL]LQJVDIHW\SUDFWLFHVIURP'GUDZLQJVRUZULWWHQVDIHW\SODQV«´
7KHJURXSH[SUHVVHGVRPHFRQFHUQVRQWKHH[WUDFRVWWKDWPD\EHLQYROYHGLQGHYHORSLQJWKH%,0EDVHGVDIHW\
SODQV7KH\DOVRVXJJHVWHGDFORVHFROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH%,0PRGHOHUVDQGVLWH6 +VWDIIWRHQVXUH
DFFXUDF\RIWKHUHVXOWLQJPRGHOVDQGVLPXODWLRQV7KHVDPHJURXSZDVDOVRDVNHGWRFRPSOHWHDVKRUWTXHVWLRQQDLUH
LQDQHIIRUWWRFRPSDUHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI%,0EDVHGVDIHW\SODQQLQJWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOVDIHW\SODQQLQJ7KHVHUHVXOWV
LQGLFDWHWKDWWKH%,0EDVHGVDIHW\SODQQLQJLVmoderately-to-highlyHIIHFWLYHDQGDFFXUDWHLQLGHQWLI\LQJKD]DUGVDQG
FRPPXQLFDWLQJ VDIHW\ SODQ WR WKH ZRUNHUV 7KH VXUYH\ JURXS LQGLFDWHG %,0EDVHG DSSURDFK PRGHUDWHO\ EHWWHU LQ
LQFLGHQWVDQGDFFLGHQWVFRQWURODWWKHVLWHDVFRPSDUHGWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOVDIHW\SODQQLQJ

 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226 221

4.2. Case study 2: US Army Hospital, Fort Benning, Georgia

7KHVHFRQGFDVHVWXG\LVD0LOOLRQ6)86$UP\KRVSLWDOORFDWHGLQ)RUW%HQQLQJ*HRUJLDRQD
DFUHVLWH7KHSULPDU\IDFLOLWLHVLQFOXGHGERWKRXWSDWLHQWDQGLQSDWLHQWPHGLFDOIDFLOLWLHVZLWKDQFLOODU\VHUYLFHV7KH
*HQHUDO&RQWUDFWRU*&ZDV7XUQHU&RQVWUXFWLRQ&RPSDQ\6DIHW\SODQQLQJZDVQRWLQWKHRULJLQDOVFRSHIRU%,0
VHUYLFHV7KHVDIHW\SURIHVVLRQDODQGWKHVLWHVXSHULQWHQGHQWPDGHWKHGHFLVLRQWRWU\DQGXWLOL]H%,0LQWKHLUVDIHW\
SURJUDP IRU WKH IROORZLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV Identifying hazards and visualizing task with direct safety concerns;
Illustrating clearances; Crane safety, location of fire extinguishers, and several other hazardous areas.7KHGDWDIRU
WKLV FDVH VWXG\ ZDV FROOHFWHG YLD REVHUYDWLRQV DQG SHUVRQDO LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK WKH VLWH VDIHW\ VWDII 7KH IROORZLQJ
SDUDJUDSKVGHSLFWRXUPDLQILQGLQJV0RUHGHWDLOVDERXWWKLVFDVHVWXG\FDQEHIRXQGLQ>@
%HIRUHFRQVWUXFWLRQKDGEHJXQWKHVDIHW\SURIHVVLRQDODQGSURMHFWHQJLQHHUVZHUHDEOHWRXVHWKH%,0PRGHOWR
LGHQWLI\ FHUWDLQ VDIHW\ KD]DUGV WKDW ZRXOG DULVH RQ WKH VLWH 7KHVH LQFOXGHG RYHUKHDG REVWUXFWLRQV IDOOLQJ REMHFW
SHUVRQQHOSURWHFWLRQHQWUDQFHORFDWLRQVXQGHUJURXQGREVWUXFWLRQVDQGIDOO3URWHFWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKURXJK%,0WKH\
ZHUHDEOHWRYLVXDOL]HFHUWDLQWDVNVDQGGHFUHDVHWKHDPRXQWRIVDIHW\XQNQRZQVVXFKDVGHWHUPLQHGHTXLSPHQWDFFHVV
UHDFKDQGODQGLQJDUHDORFDWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHGHWHUPLQHGIRUNOLIWPDQRHXYULQJURXWHVJXDUGUDLOSRVLWLRQV
DQGZKHUHUHPRYDEOHVHFWLRQVZRXOGEHORFDWHGGHWHUPLQHGRYHUKHDGSHUVRQQHOSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVDQGLGHQWLILHG
IDOODUUHVWDQGUHVWUDLQWDQFKRUSRLQWV


 

)LJ6FUHHQVKRWVRI%,0PRGHOVXVHGLQPRUQLQJVDIHW\PHHWLQJV>@

2Q WKLV SURMHFW WKH *& XVHG %,0 WR LQFUHDVH FUDQH VDIHW\ LQ PXOWLSOH ZD\V )LUVW WKH\ IRXQG WKH H[DFW FUDQH
H[SHFWHGWREHRQVLWHDQGDGGLWWRWKHPRGHOVHH)LJXUH7KHQDQDQDO\VLVZDVGRQHRQWKHVZLQJUDGLXVKHLJKW
FOHDUDQFHVDQGSODFHPHQWRIWKHFUDQHWRVHHZKDWULVNDQGKD]DUGVFRXOGDULVHZKLOHWKHFUDQHLVLQXVH7KLVFDPHLQ
PDQ\RIWKHFRQILQHGVSDFHVZKHUHDFUDQHZDVQHHGHG$OVRLQRQHLQVWDQFHLWZDVUHDOL]HGWKDWWKHFUDQHZRXOGQRW
EH ELJ HQRXJK IRU WKDW SDUWLFXODU WDVN E\ PRGHOLQJ WKH VDPH FUDQH WKDW ZDV EHLQJ EURXJKW RQVLWH 7KH VDIHW\
SURIHVVLRQDOVZLWK*&DOVRFDPHXSZLWKXVLQJ%,0WRGHWHUPLQHWKHORFDWLRQVDQGQXPEHURIILUHH[WLQJXLVKHUVWKDW
ZRXOGEHQHHGHGWKURXJKRXWWKHSURMHFWVHH)LJXUH7KHVDIHW\SURIHVVLRQDODOVRKDGDPHHWLQJZLWKWKH%,0WHDP
DQGILJXUHGRXWKRZWRXWLOL]HWKH%,0PRGHOIRUWKHLUIDOOSURWHFWLRQSODQ7KH\GHWHUPLQHGDOOWKHVDIHW\UDLOVWKH\
ZRXOGQHHGZKHUHWKH\ZRXOGEHQHHGHGDQGDGGHGWKHPWRWKHPRGHO$OVRWKH\GHWHUPLQHGDQFKRUSRLQWVWKDW
ZRXOGEHQHHGHGDQGDGGHGWKHPWRWKHPRGHO
7KH*&DOVRXVHG%,0WRYLVXDOL]HDQGPRGHOFHUWDLQWDVNVLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHORJLVWLFVDQGVDIHW\IRUFRPSOH[
LVVXHV2QHJUHDWH[DPSOHZDVDQH[FDYDWLRQWKH\PRGHOHGLQ%,0IRUJDVWDQNV7KH\XVHG%,0WRPRGHOWKHVORSHV
DQGIRXQGWKDWLWZDVQRWSRVVLEOHWRNHHSWKHUHTXLUHGVORSHRQWKHH[FDYDWLRQLQWKHFXUUHQWSODFH,WZDVGHFLGHGWR
PRYHWKHWDQNVHOLPLQDWLQJKXQGUHGVRIKRXUVRIZRUNUHZRUNDQGSRVVLEOHXQVDIHFRQGLWLRQV7KH*&DOVRXVHGWKH
%,0PRGHOIRUWKHLUVXEFRQWUDFWRUVRULHQWDWLRQ:KHQDQHZVXEFRQWUDFWRUFRPHVRQVLWHWKH*&VDIHW\SURIHVVLRQDO
VLWVGRZQZLWKWKHLUVDIHW\JX\IRUHPDQRUZKRHYHUZDVLQFKDUJHRIVDIHW\DQGZDONVWKHPWKURXJKWKH%,0PRGHO
DWWKHFXUUHQWVWDJHRIWKHSURMHFW$WWKLVWLPHKHJRHVRYHUDQ\VDIHW\FRQFHUQVVDIHW\H[LWVRUDQ\WKLQJHOVHWKDW

222 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226

FRXOGEHVDIHW\UHODWHGWREULQJWKHFRQWUDFWRUXSWRVSHHGEHIRUHWKHLUSHRSOHHYHUZDONRQWKHVLWH


 
)LJ6FUHHQVKRWVRI%,0PRGHOVGHSLFWLQJFUDQHVDIHW\DQGILUHH[WLQJXLVKHUV¶SODFHPHQWSODQ>@

)LQGLQJVRIWKLVFDVHVWXG\VXJJHVWHGWKH%,0PRGHOVFRXOGEHXVHGWRKHOSZLWKVDIHW\WUDLQLQJVLWHOD\RXWKD]DUG
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FROODERUDWLRQ IDOO SUHYHQWLRQ FUDQH VDIHW\ DQG DFFLGHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7KHUH DUH
QXPHURXVZD\V%,0FDQEHXWLOL]HGWRLQFUHDVHWKHHIILFLHQF\RIVDIHW\SURJUDPVZLWKYHU\OLWWOHDGGHGHIIRUWDQG
PRQH\

4.3. Case study 3: Dudley Hall renovations, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

7KHWKLUGFDVHVWXG\LVDUHQRYDWLRQSURMHFWKHUHLQDIWHUFDOOHG'XGOH\+DOOUHQRYDWLRQRQWKHFDPSXVRI$XEXUQ

8QLYHUVLW\7KHSURMHFWVFRSHFRQVLVWHGRI0DMRUH[WHULRUUHQRYDWLRQVUHPRYDORIH[LVWLQJEULFNLQVWDOODWLRQRIULJLG
LQVXODWLRQDQGZDWHUSURRILQJWRWKH&08EORFNEDFNXSZDOOUHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXVO\UHPRYHGEULFN$OVR
VHYHUDOZDOOVZHUHUHSODFHGE\IORRUWRFHLOLQJVWRUHIURQWJOD]LQJ7KHEXLOGLQJKDGWRUHPDLQRSHQDQGIXQFWLRQDOIRU
VWXGHQWV DQG IDFXOW\ GXULQJ WKH UHQRYDWLRQ SURFHVV ZLWK OLPLWHG VWUHHW DFFHVV 3KRWRV WDNHQ GXULQJ UHQRYDWLRQ DUH
VKRZQLQ)LJXUH0RUHGHWDLOVDERXWWKLVFDVHVWXG\FDQEHIRXQGLQ>@


 
)LJ'XGOH\+DOOGXULQJUHQRYDWLRQ>@



 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226 223

,QWKLVSURMHFWWKHUHVHDUFKWHDPPRYHGRQHVWHSDKHDGDQGWHVWHGWKHYLUWXDOUHDOLW\KHDGVHWVLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK
%,0 WHFKQRORJ\ 7KH UDWLRQDOH EHKLQG WKLV GHFLVLRQ ZDVWKDW 9LUWXDO 5HDOLW\ 95 RU LPPHUVLYH HQYLURQPHQW FDQ
SURYLGHHQULFKLQJH[SHULHQFHWRXVHUVE\VLPXODWLQJUHDOZRUOGHQYLURQPHQWVWKDWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWKURXJKWUDGLWLRQDO
PHWKRGV9LUWXDOUHDOLW\FDQUHFUHDWHVHQVRU\H[SHULHQFHVZKLFKLQFOXGHYLUWXDOWDVWHVLJKWVPHOOVRXQGDQGWRXFK
>@ 3HRSOH JDLQ  SHUFHQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ YLVLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ V\VWHPV OLNH +0'V WKDW SURYLGH WKH YLVXDO
FRPSRQHQWRILPPHUVLRQKDYHEHHQZLGHO\XVHGWRGHYHORSYLUWXDOHQYLURQPHQWV95SURYLGHVRQHRIWKHEHVWWRROV
IRUDFFLGHQWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQWUDLQLQJDQGKD]DUGLGHQWLILFDWLRQE\LPPHUVLQJWKHWUDLQHHLQDQHQYLURQPHQWWKDWLVDV
UHDODVSRVVLEOH7KHXVHRIKLJKTXDOLW\WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOJUDSKLFVVRXQGDQGG\QDPLFVLPXODWLRQFRPELQHWRIRUP
D XQLTXHO\ HQJDJLQJ H[SHULHQFH >@ 7KLV UHVHDUFK VHHNHG DQVZHUV WR WKH IROORZLQJ NH\ TXHVWLRQV  $UH 95
KHDGVHWVIHDVLEOHIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGWUDLQLQJ'RHVWKH95KHDGVHWVSURYLGHVWKHVDPHH[SHULHQFH
DVWKHUHDOOLIHFRQVWUXFWLRQHQYLURQPHQWDQG:KDWDUHWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRI95KHDGVHWVVSHFLILFDOO\LQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
SUDFWLFH"
7KH95KHDGVHWXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\LVWKH2FXOXV5LIWŠ,WLVDOLJKWZHLJKWKHDGVHWWKDWDOORZVDXVHUWRVWHSLQWRWKH
95HQYLURQPHQWDQGEHLQJDEOHWR³ZDONWKURXJK´DQG³ORRN´LQDQ\GLUHFWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH



)LJ&RPSRQHQWVRI2FXOXV5LIW'.6RXUFHKWWSVZZZRFXOXVFRP

)RU WKLV FDVH VWXG\ D %,0 PRGHO RI WKH 'XGOH\ KDOO ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ $XWRGHVN 5HYLWŠ 7KH PRGHO GHSLFWHG
FRQVWUXFWLRQDQGUHQRYDWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJDWGLIIHUHQWSKDVHV&RQVWUXFWLRQHTXLSPHQWDFUDQHVFDIIROGLQJWRROV
YHKLFOHVGHEULVUHPRYDOMREVLWHWUDLOHUDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQIHQFLQJ±ZHUHDGGHGLQWKHPRGHOWRVLPXODWHWKHDFWLYH
MREVLWHHQYLURQPHQW7KLVPRGHOHGHQYLURQPHQWVHUYHGWKHEDVLVIRULQYHVWLJDWLRQRIFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\SODQQLQJ7KH
ZRUNIORZRIFRQYHUWLQJD%,0PRGHOLQWR95HQYLURQPHQWLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH8QLW\'ŠVRIWZDUHZDVXVHGIRU
FUHDWLQJ95HQYLURQPHQWDQGHYHQWXDOO\YLHZLQJLWYLD2FXOXV5LIWŠ


)LJ0RGHOLQJZRUNIORZIRUGHYHORSLQJD95HQYLURQPHQWIRUVDIHW\WUDLQLQJ)URHKOLFKDQG$]KDU

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKHVRIWZDUHFDSDEOHRISURGXFLQJ95H[SHULHQFHVDUHJHDUHGWRZDUGJDPHGHYHORSPHQW
7KHVWUXFWXUHDQGILOHW\SHVGLIIHUWKDQWKRVHWUDGLWLRQDOO\XVHGLQWKH$(&LQGXVWU\7KHIROORZLQJVRIWZDUHZHUH
VHOHFWHGIRUWKLVFDVHVWXG\D$XWRGHVN5HYLWŠIRUFUHDWLQJD%,0PRGHOE6NHWFK8SŠIRUHGLWLQJDQGH[SRUWLQJ
DOOWKHHTXLSPHQWFKDUDFWHUVDQGUHODWHGIDPLOLHVQHHGHGRQVLWHF$XWRGHVN'V0D[ŠIRUFOHDQLQJXSWKHPRGHO
G8QLW\'ŠIRUUHQGHULQJWKHPRGHODQGH&DPWDVLD5HFRUGHUŠDQGL0RYLHŠIRUSURGXFLQJWKHYLGHRV2FXOXV
5LIWKHDGVHWLVXVHGWRYLHZWKHPRGHOLQ95HQYLURQPHQW


224 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226


$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKH%,0PRGHORI'XGOH\+DOOZDVGHYHORSHGLQ$XWRGHVN5HYLWŠ&RQVWUXFWLRQHTXLSPHQW
FUDQHV WRROV YHKLFOHV DQG FKDUDFWHUV ZHUH LPSRUWHG IURP 6NHWFK8SŠ¶V ' :DUHKRXVH LQWR 5HYLWŠ 8VH RI WKHVH
SXEOLFDOO\DFFHVVLEOHPRGHOVHQKDQFHGWKHHQYLURQPHQWDVZHOODVDGGHGHIILFLHQF\WRWKHSURFHVV7KHSDUDPHWULF
QDWXUHRI5HYLWUHTXLUHGWKHGHYHORSHGPRGHOWREHVFUXEEHGRIXQQHFHVVDU\LQIRUPDWLRQWKXVUHGXFLQJWKHFRPSOH[LW\
DQGRYHUDOOILOHVL]H7KHIDFHVZHUHFRPELQHGE\PDWHULDOW\SHLQWROD\HUVWKLVSURYHGWREHDNH\VWHSIRUVXFFHVV
RQFHLPSRUWHGLQWR8QLW\'Š7KHILOHZDVWKHQH[SRUWHGDVDQ)%;ILOHW\SH1H[WWKH)%;ILOHZDVLPSRUWHGLQWR
8QLW\'ŠZKHUHWH[WXUHVPDWHULDOVOLJKWLQJDQGWUHHVZHUHDGGHG7KHIROORZLQJHQGSURGXFWVZHUHSURGXFHGLQWKLV
SKDVHD'VLWHSODQFDSWXUHGIURP8QLW\'ŠE'VLWHSODQF'VLWHSODQZLWKLPPHUVLYHHQYLURQPHQWIRU
2FXOXV5LIWŠDQGDGYLGHRRIWKHLPPHUVLYHHQYLURQPHQW











 


)LJ9LHZLQJ95HQYLURQPHQWWKURXJK2FXOXV5LIW±VKRZVZRUNHUVPRYHPHQWDQGVLWHDFFHVV)URHKOLFKDQG$]KDU

,QDGGLWLRQWRH[LVWLQJKD]DUGV¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQVHYHUDOVFHQDULRVZHUHFUHDWHGIRUZRUNHUV¶VDIHW\WUDLQLQJVXFKDV
8QVDIHXVHRIIRUNOLIWV,QDGHTXDWHIDOOSURWHFWLRQ(OHFWULFDOKD]DUGV)DOOLQJREMHFWVDQG7ULSSLQJ
KD]DUGV)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHHOHFWULFDOILUHKD]DUGVFHQDULR0RUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVHVDIHW\WUDLQLQJVFHQDULRV
FDQEHIRXQGLQ&RQJZHQ>@














)LJ(OHFWULFDOILUHKD]DUG&RQJZHQ

 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226 225

7KHSURMHFWWHDPPHPEHUVXVHG2FXOXV5LIWKHDGVHWWRYLHZWKHFUHDWHGVFHQDULRVDQGSURYLGHGWKHLUIHHGEDFN
7KH\FRQVLGHUHGµ6DIHW\7UDLQLQJ¶DVWKHEHVWFDQGLGDWHIRU95DSSOLFDWLRQV6RPHVSHFLILFFRPPHQWVZHUHDVIROORZ
³9HU\SURPLVLQJZD\WRDVVHVVSRWHQWLDOGDQJHUZLWKRXWEHLQJSXWLQWKHDFWXDOVLWXDWLRQ´³,WUHPLQGVPHRID
JDPH ,W¶V YHU\ LQWHUDFWLYH DQG HIIHFWLYH , WKLQN LW¶V DQ LQWHUDFWLYH LGHD IRU VDIHW\ WUDLQLQJ DQG WKH LPPHUVLYH
HQYLURQPHQWLVGHILQLWHO\XVHIXO´6RPHXVHUVFRPSODLQHGDERXWWKHPRWLRQVLFNQHVVZKLFKDIIHFWHGSDUWLFLSDQWVIRU
YDULRXV OHQJWKV RI WLPH 7KH PRWLRQ VLFNQHVV FRXOG EH GLUHFWO\ UHODWHG WR WKH DPRXQW RI WLPH VSHQW LQ WKH 95
HQYLURQPHQW3DUWLFLSDQWVVWDWHGWKDW³XVLQJWKH;ER[JDPHFRQWUROOHULQVWHDGRIWKHEXLOWLQKHDGWUDFNLQJHDVHGWKH
EOXUULQJDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHPRYHPHQW´&ROOHFWLYHIHHGEDFNIURPSDUWLFLSDQWVLQGLFDWHGWKHUHLVDVWURQJLQWHUHVWLQ
OHDUQLQJPRUHDERXW95KHDGVHWVLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKWKHEXLOWVFHQDULRVDQG
EHLQJ DEOH WR LGHQWLI\ NH\ DVSHFWV DV ZHOO DV FRQIOLFWV FRQILUPV 95 DV D YLDEOH RSWLRQ IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ VDIHW\
PDQDJHPHQW

&RQFOXVLRQVDQGWKH3DWK)RUZDUG

7KHVHFDVHVWXGLHVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDW%,0DQG95WHFKQRORJLHVFDQEHXVHGDVDQHZFROODERUDWLYHVDIHW\SODQQLQJ
PDQDJHPHQWDQGWUDLQLQJWRRO7KURXJK%,0PRGHOV'VLPXODWLRQVDQG95HQYLURQPHQWGHVLJQHUVHQJLQHHUVDQG
FRQVWUXFWRUV FDQ WDNH HIIHFWLYH SURWHFWLYH PHDVXUHV LQ WKH SURMHFW SODQQLQJ SKDVH WR HOLPLQDWH RU PLQLPL]H WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHKD]DUGV)RUH[DPSOHFRQWUDFWRUVFDQXVHWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVWRLGHQWLI\KD]DUGVDQGFRPPXQLFDWH
PLWLJDWLRQSODQVWRWKHZRUNHUV7KURXJK'VLPXODWLRQVDQGRU95LPPHUVLYHHQYLURQPHQWWKHVLWHVWDIIFDQYLVXDOO\
LGHQWLI\WKHVHTXHQFHRIDFWLYLWLHVDQGPDWHULDOVDQGHTXLSPHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVEHIRUHFRPPHQFLQJZRUN7KH\FDQ
GLVFXVVSRVVLEOHKD]DUGVDQGGHYHORSWKHLUVSHFLILFVDIHW\SODQV7KHVHYLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVFDQDOVREHXVHG
GXULQJDQDFFLGHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRUHFUHDWHHYHQWVHTXHQFHDQGWKHLQFLGHQWVFHQH,QWKHDEVHQFHRIDQH[LVWLQJ'
PRGHOODVHUVFDQQLQJWHFKQRORJ\FDQEHXVHGWRFDSWXUHSRLQWFORXGIRUGHYHORSLQJD'PRGHO,QIDFWWKH%XLOGLQJ
,QIRUPDWLRQ 0RGHOLQJ %,0 DORQJ ZLWK WKH ' +LJK 'HILQLWLRQ +' ODVHU VFDQQLQJ KDV UHFHQWO\ HPHUJHG DV D
SRZHUIXOQHZSODWIRUPIRUIDFLOLWDWLQJERWKHQJLQHHULQJDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWDWWKH
PDLQWHQDQFHUHWURILWWLQJVWDJHVRIDIDFLOLW\
7KHXWLOL]DWLRQRI%,0DQG95WHFKQRORJLHVIRUVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWSRVHVVHYHUDOFKDOOHQJHVVXFKDVDGGLWLRQDO
FRVWLQYROYHGIRUGHYHORSLQJHQKDQFLQJ%,0PRGHOVDQGRU95HQYLURQPHQWODFNRINQRZOHGJHRI6 +SHUVRQQHO
LQ XVLQJ WKHVH WRROV DQG WHFKQLFDO LVVXHV VXFK DV QRQDYDLODELOLW\ RI VDIHW\ HOHPHQWV DQG HTXLSPHQW LQ %,095
VRIWZDUHOLEUDU\/DVWEXWQRWOHDVWFKDOOHQJHLVKXPDQEHKDYLRUZKLFKFDQQRWEHFKDQJHGTXLFNO\,QWKDWUHVSHFWWKH
YLVXDOL]DWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D SDQDFHD IRU VROYLQJ DOO KHDOWK DQG VDIHW\ LVVXHV DW WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHV7KHVHWHFKQRORJLHVZLOOKHOSWRLPSURYHWKHVDIHW\VLWXDWLRQEXWWKHRYHUDOOLPSURYHPHQWPLJKWEH
YLVLEOH LQ VHYHUDO GHFDGHV :H VWURQJO\ EHOLHYH WKDW G\QDPLF '' WRROV DUH DOZD\V PRUH KHOSIXO LQ KD]DUGV
LGHQWLILFDWLRQWKDQ'VWDWLFGUDZLQJVEHFDXVHWKH\FORVHO\VLPXODWHWKHDFWXDOMREVLWHFRQGLWLRQV,QWKLVSDSHUZH
GHPRQVWUDWHGWKHXVHIXORI%,0DQG95WHFKQRORJLHVIRULGHQWLI\LQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLQJVLWHKD]DUGVWRWKHSURMHFW
WHDP7KH%,095EDVHGVDIHW\SODQQLQJLVSDUWLFXODUO\YHU\XVHIXOIRUDFDGHPLFEXLOGLQJVSURMHFWVWKDWDUHW\SLFDOO\
FRQVWUXFWHGRQDQDFWLYHFROOHJHFDPSXVHQYLURQPHQW7KH%,0DQG95PRGHOVDQGVLPXODWLRQVFDQKHOSXQLYHUVLW\
DGPLQLVWHUVWRHQVXUHVDIHW\RIWKHLUVWXGHQWVDQGVWDIIDQGSODQFDPSXVDFWLYLWLHVDFFRUGLQJO\,WLVKRSHGWKDWWKHVH
YLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVZLOOEHFRPHPRUHZLGHVSUHDGLQWKHFRPLQJPRQWKVDQG\HDUVWRKHOSNHHSZRUNHUVDQG
SURMHFWVVDIHZKLFKLVWKHRYHUDOOJRDO

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KHDXWKRUZRXOGOLNHWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHIROORZLQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVRI$XEXUQ8QLYHUVLW\
IRUFRQWULEXWLQJLQWKLVSDSHU0U$OH[%HKULQJHU0U'HK\UO0LGGOHWRQ0V&RQJZHQ.DQDQG0U0DUN)URHKOLFK

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ &KRXGKU\05)DQJ'DQG$KPHG606DIHW\PDQDJHPHQWLQFRQVWUXFWLRQEHVWSUDFWLFHVLQ+RQJ.RQJ-3URI,VVXHVLQ(QJ(GX
DQG3UDF
>@ :X + DQG )DQJ ' 6DIHW\ FXOWXUH LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURMHFWV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH &,% : ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0RGHOOLQJ DQG

226 Salman Azhar / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 215 – 226

%XLOGLQJ+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\6LQJDSRUH
>@ +XDQJ;DQG+LQ]H-2ZQHU¶VUROHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\-&RQVW(QJDQG0DQDJH
>@ /DSSDODLQHQ-0lNHOl73LLVSDQHQ35DQWDQHQ(6DXQL6&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIRFFXSDWLRQDODFFLGHQWVDWVKDUHGZRUNSODFHV1R)6
1RUGLF5HVHDUFK&RQIHUHQFHRQ6DIHW\7DPSHUH)LQODQG
>@ 6XOYDQNLYL.7HL]HU-.LYLQLHPL0(DVWPDQ&0=KDQJ6DQG.LP.)UDPHZRUNIRULQWHJUDWLQJVDIHW\LQWR%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ
0RGHOOLQJ3URFHHGLQJRIWKH&,%:,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ³0RGHOOLQJDQG%XLOGLQJ+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\´6LQJDSRUHSS

>@ $]KDU6DQG%HKULQJHU$D%,0EDVHGDSSURDFKIRUFRPPXQLFDWLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJDFRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHVDIHW\SODQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
WK$6&$QQXDO&RQIHUHQFH6DQ/XLV2ELVSR&$
>@ &KL6+DPSVRQ.DQG%LJJV+8VLQJ%,0IRUVPDUWHUDQGVDIHUVFDIIROGLQJDQGIRUPZRUNFRQVWUXFWLRQ$SUHOLPLQDU\PHWKRGRORJ\
3URFHHGLQJRIWKH&,%:,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ³0RGHOOLQJDQG%XLOGLQJ+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\´6HSWHPEHU6LQJDSRUH
SS
>@ $]KDU6³%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ%,0WUHQGVEHQHILWVULVNVDQGFKDOOHQJHVIRUWKH$(&LQGXVWU\-/HDGHUVKLSDQG0DQDJHPHQW
LQ(QJ
>@ $]KDU 6 %HKULQJHU $ 6DWWLQHQL $ DQG 0TVRRG 7 %,0 IRU IDFLOLWDWLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ VDIHW\ SODQQLQJ DQG PDQDJHPHQW DW MREVLWHV
3URFHHGLQJRIWKH&,%:,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ³0RGHOOLQJDQG%XLOGLQJ+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\´6HSWHPEHU6LQJDSRUH
SS
>@5DMHQGUDQ6DQG&ODUNH%%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJVDIHW\EHQHILWVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV3URIHVVLRQDO6DIHW\2FWREHUSS
>@)UDQFRQHUL6DQG6LPRQV'0RYLQJDQGORRPLQJVWLPXOLFDSWXUHDWWHQWLRQ7KH$WWHQWLRQ3HUFHSWLRQDQG3V\FKRSK\VLFV-

>@(DVWPDQ&7HLFKRO]36DFNV5DQG/LVWRQ.%,0+DQGERRN$JXLGHWR%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJIRURZQHUVPDQDJHUVGHVLJQHUV
HQJLQHHUVDQGFRQWUDFWRUVQGHG1<-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV
>@.X . DQG 0LOOV 7 5HVHDUFK QHHGV IRU %XLOGLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0RGHOLQJ IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ VDIHW\ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK $6& 1DWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFH$SULO$XEXUQ$ODEDPD86$
>@4L-,VVD55$+LQ]H-DQG2OELQD6,QWHJUDWLRQRIVDIHW\LQGHVLJQWKURXJKWKHXVHRI%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ3URFHHGLQJV
RIWKH$6&(,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RUNVKRSRQ&RPSXWLQJLQ&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ0LDPL)/
>@.LP+DQG$KQ+7HPSRUDU\IDFLOLW\SODQQLQJRIDFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWXVLQJ%,0%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
$6&(,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RUNVKRSRQ&RPSXWLQJLQ&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ0LDPL)/
>@+X = =KDQJ - DQG /X ; 'HYHORSPHQW RI D VXE EXLOGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ PRGHO IRU ' VWUXFWXUDO VDIHW\ DQDO\VLV GXULQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSXWLQJLQ&LYLODQG%XLOGLQJ(QJLQHHULQJ,&&&%(1RWWLQJKDP8.
>@6DWWLQHQL $ DQG $]KDU 6 7HFKQLTXHV IRU WUDFNLQJ 5),' WDJV LQ D %,0 PRGHO 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ
$XWRPDWLRQDQG5RERWLFVLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ%UDWLVODYD6ORYDNLD
>@%DQVDO9.$SSOLFDWLRQRIJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\SODQQLQJ,QWO-RI3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQWSS

>@.LYLQLHPL06XODQNLYL..lKN|QHQ.0lNHOl7 0HULYLUWD0%,0EDVHG6DIHW\0DQDJHPHQWDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQIRU%XLOGLQJ
&RQVWUXFWLRQ$UHSRUWSXEOLVKHGE\9777HFKQLFDO5HVHDUFK&HQWUHRI)LQODQG7DPSHUH)LQODQG
>@.LP,1HZZD\RILPSURYLQJVDIHW\E\DGRSWLQJ%,0EDVHGTXDOLW\FKHFNLQJSURFHVVLQWKH$(&LQGXVWU\3URFHHGLQJRIWKH&,%
:,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ³0RGHOOLQJDQG%XLOGLQJ+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\´6LQJDSRUHSS
>@=KRX<'LQJ/<DQG&KHQ/-$SSOLFDWLRQRI'YLVXDOL]DWLRQWHFKQRORJ\IRUVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWLQPHWURFRQVWUXFWLRQ-RI$XWRPDWLRQ
LQ&RQVWUXFWLRQSS
>@=KDQJ 6 7HL]HU - /HH -. (DVWPDQ &0 DQG 9HQXJRSDO 9 %XLOGLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0RGHOLQJ %,0 DQG VDIHW\ DXWRPDWLF VDIHW\
FKHFNLQJRIFRQVWUXFWLRQPRGHOVDQGVFKHGXOHVSS
>@(QVKDVVL$$\\DVK$DQG&KRXGKU\50%,0IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\LPSURYHPHQWLQ*D]DVWULSDZDUHQHVVDSSOLFDWLRQVDQG
EDUULHUV,QWO-RI&RQVW0DQDJHPHQW'2,
>@)HOORZV5)DQG/LX$005HVHDUFKPHWKRGVIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ:LOH\
>@0LGGOHWRQ'DQG$]KDU6&DVHVWXGLHVRQDSSOLFDWLRQVRI%,0IRUVDIHW\SODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQW3URFRIWKH,QWO&RQIRQ6DIHW\
&RQVWUXFWLRQ(QJDQG3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW,VVXHV&KDOOHQJHVDQG2SSRUWXQLWLHVLQ'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV´,VODPDEDG3DNLVWDQ$XJXVW

>@)URHKOLFK0$DQG$]KDU6,QYHVWLJDWLQJYLUWXDOUHDOLW\KHDGVHWDSSOLFDWLRQVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHQG$6&,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFH3URYR87
>@/XR=(G5RERWLFVDXWRPDWLRQDQGFRQWUROLQLQGXVWULDODQGVHUYLFHVHWWLQJV(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFH5HIHUHQFH+HUVKH\3$
>@.L]LO06-R\-:KDWFDQ9LUWXDO5HDOLW\GRIRU6DIHW\"3HDFKSLW3UHVV%HUNHOH\&$
>@&RQJZHQ.$SSOLFDWLRQVRI'YLUWXDOUHDOLW\KHDGVHWVIRUVDIHW\WUDLQLQJDQGMREVLWHRUJDQL]DWLRQ*UDGXDWHFDSVWRQH0F:KRUWHU6FKRRO
RI%XLOGLQJ6FLHQFH$XEXUQ8QLYHUVLW\$XEXUQ$ODEDPD86$