COURSE SYLLABUS

Course No. : ME 15
Descriptive Title : Fluid Machinery
Credit : 3 units
Term : 1st Semester S.Y. 2019 - 2020
Time Frame : 54 hrs.
Instructor :

COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course is a comprehensive study of the principles and theories in the proper operation,
selection and application of the most commonly used fluid machineries such as pumps, fans,
blowers, compressors and turbines.

COURSE CONTENT AND TIME FRAME

TIME
TOPICS
ALLOTMENT

1. INTRODUCTION
5 hrs
2. PUMPS 10 hrs

3. COMPRESSORS 10 hrs

MIDTERM EXAMINATION 2 hrs

3. FANS AND BLOWERS 6 hrs

4. TURBINES 10 hrs

5. APPLICATION OF FLUID MACHINERIES 9 hrs

FINAL EXAMINATION 2 hrs

TOTAL: 54 hrs

REFERENCES:
1. Centrifugal Pumps and Blowers by Austin H. Church
2. Turbomachinery Performance Analysis by R. I. Lewis
3. Fluid Mechanics and Machinery by C.P. Kothandaraman & R.
Rudramoorthy, 2nd edition
4. Pumps by Frank A. Cristy and F. A. Arnett
5. PSME Code

INTRODUCTION:
 The term “fluid machinery” is used to describe machines which cause a change of total
head of the fluid flowing through them by virtue of the dynamic effect they have upon the
fluid. When power is produced by a turbomachine, it is called a turbine and when power is
absorbed to raise pressure, it is called a pump.
There are several types of fluid machinery that are widely used across numerous
applications. Fluid machines are defined as devices used to convert energy within a fluid into
mechanical energy. They can also be used to turn mechanical energy over to fluid based
energy. Machines that use liquids to convert energy are called hydraulic machines. The most
common types of fluid machinery are turbines and pumps, compressors or fans, positive
displacement machines and rotodynamic machines. Each type of fluid machine can be
classified into one of two categories: energy conversion direction or principle of operation.
Turbines, pumps and fans are all fluid machines established on direction of energy conversion.
Positive displacement machines and rotodynamic machines are fluid machines classified on
principles of operation.
Turbines extract useful work from fluid energy; and pumps, blowers, and
turbocompressors add energy to fluids by means of a runner consisting of vanes rigidly
attached to a shaft. Since the only displacement of the vanes is in the tangential direction work
is done by the displacement of the tangential components of force on the runner. The radial
components of force on the runner have no displacement in a radial direction and hence can
done work.

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES

o A machine for converting mechanical energy into fluid flow is called a pump.
o " Turbines convert energy from fluids into rotating shaft energy.
o Compressors convert mechanical energy for the purpose of increasing a compressible fluid's
potential energy by increasing its pressure.
o A fan machine is used to increase a compressible fluid's kinetic energy.
o Positive displacement machines draw fluid at low pressures into a chamber. When the
chamber inlet is closed, the outlet opens, and the volume of the fluid is reduced and forced
out of its chamber. Positive displacement machines feature nearly zero fluid slippage during
the energy transfer process. They can generate high pressures in their compact design.
o Rotodynamic machines pass fluids through rotating components; in turbines, the rotating
component is called a rotor. Rotodynamic fluid machines provide smooth and continuous
action, but they can easily be damaged if discharge valves are abruptly closed.
o Radial flow fluid machine - the fluid enters the machine in the direction of its radius and leaves
it in the direction of the axis of the shaft.
o Axial flow fluid machine - the fluid enters the machine in the direction of the axis of the shaft
and leaves the machine in the same direction. Specific speed  is a quasi non-dimensional
number used to classify pump impellers as to their type and proportions. In Imperial units it is
defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at which a geometrically similar impeller would
operate if it were of such a size as to deliver one gallon per minute against one foot
of hydraulic head. In metric units flow may be in lit/s or m³/s and head in m, and care must be
taken to state the units used. Specific speed is used in engineering design where it is thought
of as an index used to predict desired pump or turbine characteristics; e.g., the general shape
of a pump's impeller. Often it is used to predict the type of pump or turbine required for a
 design flow rate and head. Once the desired specific speed is known, basic dimensions of the
unit's components can be easily calculated.
o Performance is defined as the ratio of the pump or turbine against a reference pump or
turbine, which divides the actual performance figure to provide a unitless figure of merit. The
resulting figure would more descriptively be called the "ideal-reference-device-specific
performance." This resulting unitless ratio may loosely be expressed as a "speed," only
because the performance of the reference ideal pump is linearly dependent on its speed, so
that the ratio of [device-performance to reference-device-performance] is also the increased
speed the reference device would need to turn, in order to produce the performance, instead
of its reference speed of "1 unit."

o Fluid power is energy transmitted and controlled by means of a pressurized fluid, either liquid
or gas. The term fluid power applies to both hydraulics and pneumatics. Hydraulics uses
pressurized liquid, for example, oil or water; pneumatics uses compressed air or other neutral
gases. Fluid power can be effectively combined with other technologies through the use of
sensors, transducers and microprocessors.

Fluid power applications

 Mobile: Here fluid power is used to transport, excavate and lift materials as well as
control or power mobile equipment. End use industries include construction,
agriculture, marine and the military. Applications include backhoes, graders, tractors,
truck brakes and suspensions, spreaders and highway maintenance vehicles.
 Industrial: Here fluid power is used to provide power transmission and motion control
for the machines of industry. End use industries range from plastics
 working to paper production. Applications include metalworking equipment, controllers,
automated manipulators, material handling and assembly equipment.
 Aerospace: Fluid power is used for both commercial and military aircraft, spacecraft and
related support equipment. Applications include landing gear, brakes, flight controls,
motor controls and cargo loading equipment.

Fluid power products

Fluid power products are sold as individual components or as systems for the original
equipment manufacturing, maintenance, repair and replacement markets.

A typical fluid power system includes the following components:

 Hydraulic pump or air compressor, which converts mechanical power to fluid power.
 Cylinder or motor, which converts fluid power to linear or rotary mechanical power.
 Valves, which control the direction, pressure and rate of flow.
 Filters, regulators and lubricators, which condition the fluid.
 Manifolds, hose, tube, fittings, couplings, etc., which conduct the fluid between
components.
 Sealing devices, which help contain the fluid.
 Accumulators and reservoirs, which store the fluid.
 Instruments such as pressure switches, gauges, flow meters, sensors and transducers,
which are used to help monitor the performance of a fluid power system.

o Efficiency is the ratio of the output power to the input power.

SPECIFIC SPEED OF FLUID MACHINES:
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

The specific speed of a turbine or a pump is the speed at which a geometrically similar
machine would need to run to produce unit output from unit input at maximum efficiency.
This speed has a typical value for each different design of machine and is a useful parameter
for selecting the optimum type for given performance requirements.
The specific speed NS is usually defined differently for a turbine and a pump. The
specific speed of a turbine (NST) is defined as the speed at which a similar turbine
would generate an output of a unit power under a unit head. The specific speed of a pump
(NSP) is defined as the speed at which a similar pump would deliver an output of a unit
discharge at a unit head.
PUMP
A machine used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer the liquid from one point to another point of higher energy level.

 Hydraulics – or hydrodynamics, is the mechanics of water or other liquid whether at rest or in motion.
 Hydrostatics – is the science of water at rest.
 Hydrokinetics – is the science of water in motion.
 Hydrodynamics – is a general term, and is generally associated with the science of the force exerted by water in
motion, such as driving a turbine connected to a generator.
 Atmospheric pressure – is due to the weight of the atmosphere on the earth.
 Vacuum – a perfect vacuum is a space entirely devoid of gas, liquids, or solids.
 Gauge pressure – is just the term implies the pressure on a gauge on open air, the gauge being connected to a closed
pipe.
 Bourdon gauge – consists essentially of a curved tube, fixed at the open end, with the other (closed) end free and
attached to a lever which is geared to the indicator needle.
 Manometer – is a gauge in a form of a glass U-tube one leg of which open to the atmosphere, or a straight tube one
end of which is open to the atmosphere.
 Pitot tube – is used to measure the pressure of water discharging from a nozzle or flowing in a pipe by having its open
end in the water and the other end connected to a gauge or manometer.
 Piezometer – is a device set in a pipe to enable a Bourdon gauge or a manometer attached to the piezometer to show
the net or normal pressure.
 Capacity – is the rate of flow of liquid measured per unit of time, usually gal/min (gpm) or liters per minute.
 Suction lift – exist when the total suction is below atmospheric pressure. It exists when the liquid is taken from an
open to atmospheric tank where the liquid level is below the centerline of the pump suction.
 Suction head – exists when the total suction head is above atmospheric pressure.
3 3
 Velocity head – is figured from the average velocity obtained by dividing the discharge in ft /s or m /s by the actual
2 2
area of the pipe cross section in ft or m .
 Total discharge head – is the reading of a pressure gage at the discharge of the pump, converted to feet of liquid and
referred to datum, plus velocity head at the point of gage attachment.
 Total head – is the measure of the energy increase per pound imparted to the liquid by the pump and is therefore the
algebraic difference between the total discharge head and the total suction lift exists.
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) – is the total suction head in feet or in meter of liquid absolute determined at the
suction flange and referred to datum, less the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet or meter absolute.
 Centrifugal pump – a pump in which the pressure is developed principally by the action of centrifugal force.
 End suction pump – a single suction pump having its suction nozzle on the opposite side of the casing from the stuffing box
and having the face of the suction nozzle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
 In Line Pump – a centrifugal pump whose drive unit is supported by the pump having its suction and discharge flanges on
approximately the same center.
 Horizontal Pump – a pump with the shaft normally in a horizontal position.
 Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump – a centrifugal pump with one or more impellers discharging into one or more bowls and a
vertical eductor or column pipe used to connect the bowls to the discharge head on which the pump driver is
mounted.
 Horizontal Split-Case Pump – a centrifugal pump characterized by a housing which is split parallel to the shaft.
 Booster Pump – is a pump that takes suction from a public service main or private use water system for the purpose of
increasing the effective water pressure.
 Submersible Pump – a vertical turbine pump with the pump and motor closed coupled and designed to be installed
underground, as in the case of a deepwell pump.
 Aquifer – an underground formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant
quantities of water.
 Aquifer Performance Analysis – a test designed to determine the amount of underground water available in a given
field and proper well spacing to avoid interference in that field.
  Wet Pit – a timber, concrete, or masonry enclosure having a screened inlet to keep partially filled with water by an
open body of water such as pond, lake or streams.
 Ground water – that water which is available from a well, driven into water-bearing subsurface strata (aquifer).
 Static Water Level – the level with respect to the pump of the body of water from which it takes suction when the
pump is not in operation.
 Pumping Water Level – the level, with respect to the pump of the body of water from which it takes suction when the
pump is in operation.
 Draw-down – the vertical difference between the pumping water level and the static water level.

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
1. Reciprocating pump – is a positive displacement unit wherein the pumping action is accomplished by the forward and
backward movement of a piston or plunger inside a cylinder usually provided with valves. It is low discharge, high
head, low-speed.
2. Centrifugal pump - is a machine which the pumping action is accomplished by imparting kinetic energy to the fluid by
a high speed revolving impeller with vanes and subsequently converting this kinetic energy into pressure energy
either by passing through a volute casing or through diffuser vanes. It is high discharge, low head, high speed.
3. Rotary pump – is a positive displacement pump consisting of a fixed casing containing gears, cams, screws, vanes
plungers or similar elements actuated by rotation of the drive shaft. It is low discharge, low head and used for pumping
viscous liquids.

4. Turbine pump – It is used for pumping water or condensate with high suction lift.

5. Deep well pump – is divided into plunger or reciprocating, turbine ejector-centrifugal types and air lifts.

6. Jet pump (Injector) – It used for pumping boiler feedwater and used as accessory of centrifugal pump.

BASIC PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 Impeller – It imparts velocity to the liquid resulting from centrifugal force as the impeller is rotated.
 Casing – gives direction to the flow from the impeller and converts this velocity energy into pressure energy.
 Shaft – transmit power from the driver to the impeller.
 Stuffing box – This is a means of throttling the leakage which would otherwise occur at the point of entry of the shaft
into the casing.
1. Packing – this is the most common means of throttling the leakage between the inside and outside of the
casing.
2. Gland – to position and adjust the packing pressure.
3. Seal gage – It is also called water-seal of lantern ring which provides passage to distribute the sealing medium
uniformly around the portion of the shaft that passes through the stuffing box.
4. Mechanical seal - provides a mechanical sealing arrangement that takes the place of the packing.
 Shaft Sleeve – It protects the shaft where it passes through the stuffing box.
 Wearing Rings – It keeps internal recirculation down to a minimum.
 Wearing Plates – with open type impellers or end clearance wearing fits, this perform the same purpose as wearing
rings to do with radial clearances.
 Bearings – accurately locate shaft and carry radial and trust loads.
 Frame – to mount unit rigidly and support bearings.
 Coupling – connects the pump to the driver.