IV.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

There are several types of sampling techniques for insects like light trap,
simple trap, direct sampling. The light traps consists of a lamp or flashlight as a
medium to attract insects. These traps are used to attract nocturnal insects. The first
step of the light trapping technique is to determine a location to catch the insects,
then tie a rope on two strong trees and hang a white cloth on the rope. Then attach
the cloth with a stake and stick it into the ground and hang the flashlight using the
wire, then wait for it to get dark. Then in the morning the collector just needs to
collect the stuck insects and put the insects that are caught in a specimen jar.
The simple trap technique is used to trap insects that walk above the ground.
The first step of the simple trap technique is digging the soil and then inserting the
glass into the ground as a trap (it must be parallel to the ground). After that, wait
until an insect is trapped.
The second one is using aerial / sweep / aquatic net. An aerial net is used to
collect flying or perched insects. Here are the steps for using aerial sweep. The
handle is firmly held with both hands. The opening of net is pointed and swung at
targets following a shallow figure eight pattern. The bag is gently fold to drape its
lower half over the rim to prevent escape. Insects is checked inside the bag. The bag
is held with one hand. The other hand is used to place the specimen jar or killing
bottle into the bag. Insects is chased into it. For a butterfly, simply reach inside the
bag to grab its thorax with fingers then remove it from the net. Don’t forget to place
it inside the triangular envelope. For wasp and bees, watch out for the sting. Wasp
and bees tend to stay upward. The net is held to make sure it faces downwards. It is
easy to chase bees if it’s at the topmost point of the net and it can be catched by using
specimen jar. A sweep net is used to collect insects from grass and thick vegetation.
Here are the steps for using sweep net. The collector moves back and forth while
sweeping to collect insects at random. Sweeping must be done in strong and quick
way to generate sufficient air flow and successfully sweep insects. Don’t sweep for
to long to avoid collecting too many insects in the bag which may damage specimens
or the bag. Finally, the net is swung forcibly several times in the air to let all insects
and plant material gathers at the bottom. The bottom of the bag is held and turned
inside out to quickly stuff everything inside the killing jar and the cover is fasten. An
aquatic net is used exclusively for collecting insects underwater or on the water
surface. Here are some steps for using aquatic net. The net is placed among the
waterside plants with he handle is faced up. The handle is held tightly with the
opening net is in the forward position then walked along the bank. The net is dragged
to sweep insects in the plants or the bag is extended down to the bottom of water and
walked along the bank to drag the net to collect benthic insects. After the specimens
are collected in the net, they’re all poured into a tray. Insects are picked out with
forceps or aspirator. Then they’re placed in the specimen jar.
The last is using aspirator. An aspirator collects tiny insects such as ants and
springtails through its suction action. When collecting insects using this equipment,
the free end of the flexible rubber tube is positioned in our mouth. The end of the J-
shaped glass tubing is moved close to the insect target and it is sharply inhale to pull
the insect into the vial. After collecting a certain number of specimens, the stopper is
opened and poured them out of the vial into the specimen jar.
Specimen collection is an important scientific asset that functioned as a
material for fauna diversity research both at the national and international levels.
Making preserved specimens is necessary for practical specimen observation
purposes without looking for new fresh materials. Collections are also presented in
the scientific or research focus of an organization such as a museum. Access to the
public needs to be provided because they do not have the special knowledge to
understand some of the specimens they do know. Management activities that can be
carried out are the process of preserving, maintaining, recording data, monitoring the
use of scientific specimens. Some benefits of making specimen collections are help
in identification or recognition of each species, help in describe of each species
character, help in study of descendant lineage, help in study of geographical
distribution pattern, help in know of their habitat, etc.
The specimen collection is divided into 3, namely wet collection, dry
collection, and skeleton collection. The first step is how to make a collection of wet
specimens. Animals such as fish, reptiles, crustaceans, mammals, and amphibians are
killed by anesthetizing using alcohol inside the killing bottle. After the animal dies
then fixation is carried out by injecting 10% formalin into the body (for crustaceans,
fixation is done with 70% alcohol), then to remove the odor of formaldehyde, the
specimen can be washed with water. The next fixation is done with spraying alcohol
70% on specimen’s outer body. The storage of wet specimen collections must be
labeled, and after 48 hours the alcohol in the specimen bottle must be replaced (for
crustaceans, animal storage must be tied with a glass object before placing it in the
specimen bottle. This is done to prevent damage to the body parts of the shrimp and
clarify the body parts or morphology).
Dry collection can be divided into insectarium and taxidermy. The method of
making a dry insectarium collection is the insects are caught with insect nets, then
put in the killing bottle with euthanizing substance. The euthanizing substance that is
commonly used is chloroform because it is cheap and easy to obtain. Then it is
removed from the killing bottle before it is stiffened and injected with alcohol, if it is
stiff, use a relaxation vessel (using direct hot water vapor or with sand). After that the
insect's wing (left) was opened one side and clamped with tracing paper and a needle.
The stiff insects are immediately placed on styrofoam in a storage container, then the
needles are removed (except for the thorax). The final step of specimen collection is
labeled. The method of making a specimen collection in taxidermy is the animal is
captured and killed by anesthetizing it according to the dose and body weight. Then
it is dissected from the front abdomen then external genitals until the chest. The
incision is covered with corn flour or cornstarch. After that, remove the internal
organs and all the meat and sprinkle the inner skin with borax. Then the wire
wrapped in cotton is inserted into the body to replace the bones, the cotton rolls are
made as big as a mammalian body then inserted into the body and the eyes are
replaced with false eyes. If the internal oral cavity has no special character, so the
oral cavity can be sewn, so that the cotton that is inserted later does not come out
through the mouth. Except for museum displays the mouths are not sutured (e.g.
mammals, as teeth are used for identification). The open abdomen is sewn. The final
step of the specimen is aerated or oven (not too high temperature).
The first step to make a skeleton collection is the specimens anesthetized with
chloroform. Then it is skinned by taking the muscles and other body organs using a scalpel
and tweezers. Parts of the skeleton that have been seen are documented. Then it is boiled
with boiling water for the specified time (maximum 15 minutes) and soaked in a liquid soap
solution that has been diluted for 1x24 hours (degreasing). After that, the muscles that are
still attached are lifted and removed again. Then soaked again in 10% hydrigen peroxide or
NaOCl solution until the bones experience bleaching and are dried in the oven or in the sun
(indirect light). After that, the skeleton is arranged according to its life position. The broken
bone is reconnected with glue (finishing). The final steps are labeled and saved. Besides that,
the skeleton specimen can also use insects (Dermestid beetles). This insect serves to eat the
remains of meat or muscles that are still attached to the animal's skeleton .
 V. CONCLUSION

Based on the objectives of this laboratory, it can be concluded that:

1. There are 2 types of research method, survey & experimental method. For
sampling techniques, there are 3 types of them which are random sampling,
purposive sampling, and stratified sampling. For taxonomic collections, there are
4 types of them which are insectarium, wet collection, skeleton collection and
taxidermy.
2. For animals that aimed for long term storage and display, the preservation
process can be done with taxidermy. For insects, the preservation process that
suit for them is insectarium.
 ATTACHMENT

Figure 1. The highlighted text of journal 1

Figure 2. The highlighted text of journal 2