Lesson 7

Integration by Trigonometric
Transformation
 Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

Some trigonometric integrals can not be evaluated directly from their given forms and
require transformation to the standard form by using appropriate trigonometric
identities. We shall classify the integrands of such trigonometric integrals as follows:
A. Product of Sine and Cosine
B. Product of Powers of Sine and Cosine
C. Product of Powers of Tangent and Secant
D. Product of Powers of Cotangent and Cosecant
 Product of Sine and Cosine

Consider evaluating the integral of product of sine and cosine of the following
forms:
∫ sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥 and 𝑢 ≠ 𝑣. The above integrals
can be evaluated with the aid of the following trigonometric formulas:
2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑣 + sin 𝑢 − 𝑣
2 cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = cos 𝑢 + 𝑣 + cos 𝑢 − 𝑣
2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = cos 𝑢 − 𝑣 − cos 𝑢 + 𝑣
Examples:

1. Evaluate ∫ cos 5𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
!
∫ cos 5𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫" cos 8𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
! !
= ∫ cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
" "
! ! ! !
= 3 sin 8𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
" # " "
! !
= !$
sin 8𝑥 + % sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2. Evaluate ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
!
∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫" sin 7𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
! !
= "
∫ sin 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + " ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
! ! !
= 3
" &
− cos 7𝑥 + "
−cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
! !
= − cos 7𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
!% "
 Powers of Sine and Cosine
Consider the integral of powers of sine or cosine or product of such powers of the form
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛' 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Procedure Relevant Identities
- Split off a factor of cos 𝑥.
n is odd - Apply the relevant identity. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝑥
- Make the substitution 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
- Split off a factor of sin 𝑥.
m is odd - Apply the relevant identity. 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥
- Make the substitution 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
"
- Use the relevant identities to reduce 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥
!
𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 "
1 the powers of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 !
3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛&2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛&2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛&2𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 "2𝑥 3 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛&2𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛" 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛&2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛*2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
! !
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢* 𝑑𝑢
&
" "
! +! ! +"#
= 3
" #
− " 3 !, + 𝐶
! # !
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛!,2𝑥 +𝐶
!$ ",
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛- 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛- 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛% 3𝑥 + 1 3 sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛" 3𝑥 + 1 " 3 sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 " 3𝑥 + 1 " 3 sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 " 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 % 3𝑥 + 1 3 sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 3𝑥 + 1 9 sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 # 3𝑥 + 1 9 sin 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

! .! " ! % 𝑑𝑢
= )
∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 2 3 )
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − )
∫ 𝑢
! " +$ ! +%
= − cos 𝑢 + 3 − 3 +𝐶
) ) ) ) -
! " !
= − ) cos 3𝑥 + 1 + * 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 3𝑥 + 1 − !- 𝑐𝑜𝑠 - 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 %𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 %𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 "𝑥 " 𝑑𝑥
!/012 "3 "
= ∫ "
𝑑𝑥
! " 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= %
∫ 1 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠
! !/012 %3
= %
∫ 1 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + "
𝑑𝑥
! ) !
= %
∫ "
+ 2 cos 2𝑥 + "
cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
) ! !
= #
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + " ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + # ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
) ! ! ! !
= #
𝑥 + " 3 " sin 2𝑥 + # 3 % sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
) ! !
= 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
# % )"
 Powers of Tangent and Secant
Consider the integral of powers of tangent or secant or product of such powers of the form
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛$ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 % 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Procedure Relevant Identities
- Split off a factor of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥.
n is even - Apply the relevant identity. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛! 𝑥 + 1
- Make the substitution 𝑢 = tan 𝑥
- Split off a factor of sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥.
m is odd - Apply the relevant identity. 𝑡𝑎𝑛! 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥 − 1
- Make the substitution 𝑢 = sec 𝑥
- Use the relevant identities to reduce the
𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
1 integrand to powers of sec 𝑥 alone. 𝑡𝑎𝑛! 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥 − 1
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
- Use the reduction formula for powers of sec 𝑥.
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛-𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 %𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛-𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 %𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛-𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 "𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 "𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛-𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛"𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 "𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛-𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 "𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛&𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 "𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢- 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢& 𝑑𝑢
+& +!
= $
+ # +C
45(& 3 45(! 3
= $
+ # +𝐶
7. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛)2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 &2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛)2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 &2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛"2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 $2𝑥 3 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 "2𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 $2𝑥 3 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 #2𝑥 3 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 $2𝑥 3 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
! # ! $ 𝑑𝑢
= "
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − "
∫ 𝑢
! +' ! +(
= 3 − 3 +𝐶
" * " &
! * 2𝑥 − ! 𝑠𝑒𝑐 & 2𝑥
= !#
𝑠𝑒𝑐 !%
+𝐶
 Powers of Cotangent and Cosecant

The technique involved in evaluating the integral of the form

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ' 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
is similar to that of the powers of tangent and secant. Use the identity
𝑐𝑠𝑐 "𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 "𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 "𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 "𝑥 − 1
Exercises

Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛"𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 "𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ sin 7𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛-2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠!-2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 % 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛-3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 -𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 &𝑥 𝑑𝑥