GSM-R Technology for CTCS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Khoirul Anwar, S.T., M.Eng.1,2,3

1Director, The University Center of Excellence for Advanced Intelligent Communications 


(AICOMS), Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia

2Vice-Chairman of Asia-Paci c Wireless Group (AWG), Bangkok, Thailand

3Chairman of Technical and Education Activities (TEA), Senior Member


IEEE Indonesia Section, 2020, 2021, 2022


E-mail: anwarkhoirul@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Presented at Webinar Direktorat Prasarana Perkeretaapian 2022


Jakarta (Virtual), 25 January 2022
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Following Sinusoidal Wave

2
PUI-PT AICOMS Transformation
Since 2016

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Achievement 5:
Starting to Learn Achievement 3
National & Bigger
Proect of UK LPDP
Internal Insinas LPDP, ASEAN IVO
Ristekdikti Ristekdikti Achievement 4: Dikbud, Ristekdikti
Established (700 Juta) Achievement 1 (2.5 M)
Transforming TIP Lab
LPDP LPDP, ASEAN IVO Industry, PUI-PT
Insinas Ristekdikti, PUI-PT (4M)
Ristekdikti Dikbud
(2.5 M) (4 M)
3
AICOMS Current 5 Top Products/Projects
(1) MCRBS 
 (2) Kereta Cepat 
 (3) Over-The-Horizon Comm. /Roket.
& 5G-MERDEKA (5G-FRMCS)
Mobile Cognitive 

Radio Base Station

image: © K. Anwar, Telkom University, 2020.

(4) Next Generation IoT (5) Quantum Coding and Security image: 

nature

image: © K. Anwar, IEEE APCC2021. 4

Research on Wireless Signalling for Railway System in Indonesia

?
2021 2022
2018

Kajian Signaling Kereta 


Cepat Indonesia
 Desain dan Uji Model (under
2020-2021
Telkom Univ - ITB Sistem Persinyalan submission)
Interference on Band 900 Kereta Cepat
MHz KCJB
 Indonesia 1

ITB-Telkom University Telkom University, BRIN
- PRN Project
5
Executive Summary
• GSM-R within ETSI/3GPP international standards with a
great success since 1994

• The UIC launched Future Railway Mobile

Communications Systems (FRMCS) as a project in 2014
as the successor of GSM-R.

• CTCS-3 is using GSM-R for signalling for speed 300-350

km/h, CTCS-4 is also using GSM-R with moving block.

• We have successfully demonstrated an algorithm to

mitigate the Doppler E ect signi cantly using Multi-
antenna Doppler Spread Compensator (MA-DSC).

• Improvement with SIMO is 3 dB better than MISO and 23

dB better than SISO.

• MIMO provides much better performances (not

presented here) under submission to IEEE Transaction.
6
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Introduction to Wireless Signalling
• In 1994, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
GSM standard was selected by International Union of Railways (UIC)
as the bearer for rst Digital Railway Radio Communication System.

• These speci cations were reinforced as GSM-R within ETSI/3GPP

international standards with a great success, not only in Europe where
more than 100,000 Km of railway tracks are daily operated through
GSM-R, but also worldwide.

• Nevertheless, on one side the needs of the railways are constantly

evolving, and on the other side the telecom standards evolution
remains dependent of the telecom industry evolution cycles, with an
end of support for GSM-R planned by 2030 onwards.

• The UIC launched Future Railway Mobile Communications Systems

(FRMCS) as a project in 2014 as the successor of GSM-R.

• The rst Global FRMCS Conference took place on 14-15 May 2019 in
Paris, UIC headquarters. 7
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A Review on Railway Signalling
• Railway signalling is a set of regulations and physical equipment used to direct the railway
traffic -in fixed rails- safely in order to keep trains from crashing.

• The railway signalling system plays an important role in safety issues because the weight
of the trains and hence their momentum makes the trains unstoppable within short
time.

• The sophisticated railway network needs an intelligent system to send the control
message a head of the train, which could be used to slow down the speed of the train
gradually.

• The most critical rule in terms of railway safety is to ensure that there are no two trains
occupying the same part on the rail track at the same time.

• The signalling system controls the trains movement on rails by dividing the tracks into
many sections protected by the signals.

• Only one train is allowed to occupy one section of the railway at any time, the length
of the section is determined by the railway Standards and Specifications foundation
8
Problem in Signalling
• Signalling system enables the railway operator to
increase the network capacity (number of trains on
the same line) without huge infrastructure investments.

• Nowadays, Railways are registering an increasing

number of interferences that reached in 2011 to 252
interference locations in Germany (compared to 58
locations in 2006) and 180 locations in other EU Circuit Switching
countries.

• GSM-R utilizes circuit switching technology that

limits the radio network capacity in contrast to
message switching or packet switching.

• Once the channel is dedicated between two nodes it

cannot be shared for other services.

• As a result, GSM-R can not offer an effective

solution for the future expansion either by supporting
more trains or providing supplementary services hence Packet Switching
new system is needed.
9
Results of Our Study in 2018

image: report to KCIC, 2018 10

Results of Our Study in 2018

image: report to KCIC, 2018 11

GMSK Characteristic (Simulasi)
Semakin kecil β
semakin buruk
kinerja BER
*"
!" = erfc (⋅
+,
QPSK (4G, 5G)
Scatter plot
1
1

0.9
Nilai beta makin kecil, 0.8

OOB PSD makin kecil juga

0.6
0.8

0.4
0.7
tapi BER makin buruk. 0.2

Quadrature
0.6 0

0.5 -0.2

-0.4
0.4
-0.6

0.3
-0.8

0.2 -1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
0.1 In-Phase
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

GMSK (2G, AIS) 5

Study on Technology in 2018 (1/2)

image: report to KCIC, 2018 13

Study on Technology in 2018 (2/2)

image: report to KCIC, 2018 14

Wireless Technologies for Railway Signalling
• The signalling system can be divided into two
main parts:

• Train Positioning which will allocate the

coordinates of any train at any given time,
and

• Movement Authorisation which acts like the

railway traffic lights.

• In the middle of 1990s The European

commission introduced European Railway
Traffic Management System ERTMS that
combines (a) the GSM-R system for
communication part and (b) The European Train
Control System (ETCS) as the control part.
image: Rispoli, “Breakthrough Satellite Technologies for Automated Rail Transport and Driver-less cars applications”, July 2017. 15
CTCS Principle and FRMCS

ETCS-3
ETCS-1
16
Wireless Technologies for Railway Signalling: FRMCS
• The signalling system can be divided into two main
parts:

• Train Positioning which will allocate the

coordinates of any train at any given time, and

• Movement Authorisation which acts like the

railway traffic lights.

• 5G FRMCS, LTE-R, WLAN, Bluetooth, IEEE

802.15.4 and ZigBee are alternatives to meet the
safety requirements set by European Train Control
System (ETCS) standards.

• FRMCS will be a major trigger for world wide

ranging digitalization of rail sector, since it enables
railway to optimize cost operations, improve service
quality of passengers, greater agility for freight.
image: UIC, FRMCS and 5G for Rail: Challenges, Achievements, and Opportunities, 2020 17
Video Introduction to FRMCS: 5G and 6G

18
Source: UIC
Standards of 5G for Railways

Please refer to these documents for the details of this course.


The students are also encouraged to active search on the Internet for the update of
FRMCS. 19
FRMCS in 3GPP Release 16 and 17
• In Release 16, 3GPP TS 22.289 "Mobile communication system for railways" will
outline the requirements for railway communication, beyond the 3GPP Future
Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) Phase 1-specs:

• 3GPP TS 22.280: "Mission Critical Services Common Requirements (MCCoRe)".

• 3GPP TS 22.179: "Mission Critical Push to Talk (MCPTT); Stage 1".

• 3GPP TS 22.281: "Mission Critical Video services ".

• 3GPP TS 22.282: "Mission Critical Data services “.

• Release 17:

20
FRMCS Systems (1/2)
• Train speed up to 500km/h and the integration of
rail frequency spectra for the use of 3GPP radio
technologies with a main focus on 5G New Radio
(NR).

• ETSI TC RT is also deeply involved in spectrum

issues related to FRMCS and radio performance
simulations in

• 900 MHz FDD and

• 1900 MHz TDD spectrum

• for both LTE and 5G NR.

• FRMCS demonstrator should be ready in 2023

and be in the rst national trials by the end of
2024. 21
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 FRMCS Systems (2/2)
• The UIC’s objective is to provide standards for the FRMCS system that allows
exibility for the implementers but still guarantees a system that is:

• future proof,

• cost e ective,

• t-for-purpose and

• interoperable among the networks

• FRMCS will need to have dedicated spectrum available for critical applications.

• The FRMCS frequencies will be included in the 3GPP standards. 3GPP Mission
Critical communication standards will be enhanced by railway requirements
which envisage the use of 5G and beyond and aim for commercial o -the-shelf
equipment.
22
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Decision on Band of FRMCS in Europe

• Frequency in EU has been decided to 874.4-880 MHz and


919.4-925 MHz

• 1900-1910 MHz.

• Migration from GSM-R to FRMCS 23

FRMCS Milestone ERTMS Level 1:

• FRMCS is a 5G-based technology to

support train radio voice and application
and signalling data.

• FRMCS also support ETCS level 3 (moving

block), ATO, virtual coupling, smart
maintenance, monitoring of trackside
component

• Under ETCS level 1 and 2, the authority for ERTMS Level 3:

movement is determined using xed blocks.

• However, in ETCS level 3, the train supplies

continuous and accurate positioning data
directly to the control centre rather than by
track based detection equipment

24
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FRMCS Standardization Planning Start of FRMCS European Trial

TSI TSI 5
2017 -18 2019 - 20 2021 -22 2023 - 24

URS v3.0 URS v4.0 URS v5.0

DELIVERABLES
FRMCS FRS, SRS, FISs
-Deliver and FRS based on the
URS 4.0 Q1 2019
global accepted URS
FRS 1.0 FRS 2.0
- Deliver a FRMCS SRS and FISs
coordinated with ETSI RT & FRS 1.0 Q2-3 2021
3GPP On-Board FIS anmd SRS
On Board FIS Q4 2020
SRS first elements
SRS 1.0 SRS 2.0
On Board SRS Q1 2020

SRS V1.0 Q3 2021

ETSI TC RT & 3GPP UIC Use Cases Specification
- Deliver complete set of use Final CEPT Rep A Q1 2020
cases to 3GPP UIC Use Cases for
UIC Use Cases for R17
R16
- Include all use cases in with Final CEPT Rep B Q3 2020
3GPP MCX
- Deliver a set of ETSI specifications 3GPP Normative work EC FRMCS Q2 2021
to cover FRMCS needs and R17 Stage 3 Spectrum
R16 Stage 3
interwork with GSM-R
freeze Freeze TBC Decision
- With UIC FWG and ATWG support
ETSI TR 103 459
Architecture
R16 Use Cases Q3 2018
ETSI TS on FRMCS System
including interwork with GSM-R
R17 Use Cases Q3 2019
Spectrum
Obtain spectrum for critical ETSI FRMCS TS Q2 2021
FM 56, PT1, SE7 ECC Spectrum activities
applications in 900, 1900 and/or
2300 MHz for migration period.
Secure 5 MHz in 900 MHz and CEPT Report A EC FRMCS Spectrum Decision TBC
access to 1900 MHz and/or 2300
CEPT Report B
MHz post migration
R16 Products R17 Products
available available FRMCS Available for National Trials
FRMCS Network Slice
• Overview of a
subset of required
innovations for the
Gigabit Train and
Digital Rail
Operations

• Use of 1900 MHz

(10 MHz) for Digital
Rail Operations
(FRMCS) as a
private network and
sharing of passive
infrastructure. The
900 MHz GSM-R
network is assumed
to be re-used as is,
at least during the
migration phase
26
 FRMCS Timeline
The UIC FRMCS planning
includes three steps:

• Deliver the rst stable

version of speci cations
and obtain frequencies

• Prepare and deliver the

FRMCS demonstrator,
based on the stable
speci cations and 3GPP
R16 products

• Prepare and deliver a

FRMCS European trial,
based on updated
speci cations and 3GPP
R17 products.

Image: UIC, Dec. 2020. 27

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The Effect on Channel with High Speed
v fc
fD = = v ⋅ • at 920 MHz, A 500 km/h train has 425.929 Hz Doppler shift.
λ c
1 2 1.5

Ts =
1000 1.5
1
1

0.5 0.5

0
0
-0.5

-1 -0.5

-1.5
-1
-2

-2.5 -1.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Speed 120 km/h Speed 500 km/h 28

The Effect on Channel with High Speed
v fc
fD = = v ⋅ • at 920 MHz, A 500 km/h train has 425.929 Hz Doppler shift.
λ c
1 1.5

Ts =
1000
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index t

Speed 120 km/h: red Speed 500 km/h: blue 29

 Doppler Effect of Train Moving Fast
The Doppler frequency for train moving
at 450 km/h, 900 MHz, is maximum at
fc 450 ⋅ 103 900 ⋅ 106
fD = v ⋅ =
c 60 * 60 3 ⋅ 108
3 6
450 ⋅ 10 900 ⋅ 10
= = 375 Hz
60 * 60 3 ⋅ 108

image: JUNIARTO, Dwi; ANWAR, Khoirul; ARSENO, Dharu. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH SPEED FLYING DEVICES WITH REPETITION

30
CODES. Journal of Measurements, Electronics, Communications, and Systems, [S.l.], apr. 2020. ISSN 2477-7986.
 Current Results: Under Review for Publications

Image: N. N. Amalia, K. Anwar, and N. M. Adriansyah, “Enhancing Performances of FRMCS for Indonesia High-Speed Railway using SIMO-
DSC”, submitted to Tektrika Journal, Nov. 2021 31
 Current Results: Under Review for Publications

Indonesia Railway Channel Model:

5G Modulation of CBPSK

Image: N. N. Amalia, K. Anwar, and N. M. Adriansyah, “Enhancing Performances of FRMCS for Indonesia High-Speed Railway using SIMO-
DSC”, submitted to Tektrika Journal, Nov. 2021 32
 Current Results: Under Review for Publications

Image: N. N. Amalia, K. Anwar, and N. M. Adriansyah, “PENINGKATAN KINERJA FRMCS UNTUK KERETA CEPAT INDONESIA DENGAN
SIMO-DSC”, submitted to Tektrika Journal, Nov. 2021 33