Name : Nurul Aida Nionsi

Class : English Education A

Nim : 200502502012
Subject : Syntax
Syntax is the part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of sentences. It
explains how words and phrases are arranged to form correct sentences. A sentence could
make no sense and still be correct from the syntax point of view as long as words are in their
appropriate spots and agree with each other. Here is a classic example by Noam Chomsky, a
linguist, that illustrates a case in which a sentence is correct but does not make sens.
 Parts of Speech
part of speech is a classification of words that are categorized from their roles and
functions in the sentence structure of the language. Part of speech is a classification of
words that are categorized through the role and function in a sentence of a
language.By knowing the part of speech one can know the function of the word in a
sentence.In addition, part of speech is the first step that you need to learn when
learning English, its use is to understand sentence forms in English.

There are eight parts of speech, namely: noun (noun), pronoun (pronoun), verb (verb),
adjective (adjective), adverb (adverb), preposition (preposition), conjunction
(connection), and exclamations (exclamations).

Types of Parts of Speech

noun
This part of speech serves to name a person, place, thing, or idea. Generally, nouns
are preceded by the particles a, an, and the.Nouns are words used to name or refer to
people, things, places, and ideas. In other words, it refers to both physical objects and
abstract concepts. Nouns can be exemplified by words like the one below.

Nouns can also be singular or plural and concrete or abstract. In a sentence, a noun
can function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or object
of a preposition.

The various parts of speech include countable and uncountable nouns, proper and
common nouns, abstract and concrete nouns, and collective nouns. Example:

 Countable noun (can be counted): Book, car, foot, mountain, tree.

 Uncountable noun (uncountable): English, happiness, meat, milk, snow.
 Common noun (general): Country, desert, physicist.
 Proper nouns (specific): Indonesia, Sahara, Albert Einstein
 Abstract noun (expressing ideas, concepts, feelings, circumstances, traits, or
characters): Idea, honesty, imagination, kindness, love.
 Concrete noun (in the form of material or tangible): Cheese, desk, man, sugar,
water.
 Collective noun (name of group or group): Class, deer, couple, furniture, staff.

Types and Examples of Nouns

A. Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Based on their form, nouns are divided into 2, namely:
1. concrete noun
Concrete nouns are nouns that can be observed by the five senses. So that it is
concrete or refers to an object directly as mentioned above. Example:
Books, erasers, bottles, flowers, chairs, classrooms, stars, moon, fire, wind, ...
2. abstract noun
Abstract nouns are nouns that are not observed by the five senses. In other words, this
noun is abstract or material concept only. These types of nouns are marked with the
suffixes: ace, age, ance, ancy, ion, sion, tion, dom, hood, ice, ism, ment, ness, ship,
ity, ty. Example:
Happiness, emergency, falsehood, freedom, communism, motivation, compassion,
ideas, love, passion, life, time, age,
B. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Based on whether or not they can be counted, nouns are grouped into 2, namely:
1. Countable Noun
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. The characteristics of this noun are:
 can be followed by a count of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on,
 can be followed by articles a and an in the singular,
 can be added to the suffix –s and –es in the plural.
Example:
House = a house, one house, three houses, …
Dictionary = a dictionary, one dictionary, four dictionaries, …
2. Uncountable Noun
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. The characteristics are the
opposite of a countable noun, namely:
 cannot be followed by a count of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on,
  cannot be followed by articles a and an (no singular form),
 cannot be added –s and –es (no plural form).
Example:
Milk = a milk, one milk, two milks, …
Cheese = a cheese, one cheese, two cheese, …
Uncountable nouns actually make it possible to count. But what counts is not the
substance or substance, but the amount or container. Therefore this noun is also called
"mass noun". Example:

Milk = a glass of milk, two glasses of milk, …

Cheese = a block of cheese, two blocks of cheese,
3. Mixed Noun
Mixed nouns are nouns that can be countable and uncoutable, depending on the
conditions or context in which they are used. Example:
I saw a hair on the floor.
(In this sentence, hair can be counted, indicated by the article a in front of it.)
She curled her hair.
(Hair when it is in the head cannot be counted because it is not customary to count.
C. Common and Proper Nouns
The division of nouns into common and proper nouns refers to whether a noun is a
name (specific) or not (general).
1. Common Noun
Common nouns are nouns that refer to things that are still common. So that the
writing does not use capital letters, unless it starts a sentence or title. Example:
Person, city, country, month, restaurant, park, hall, phone, …
2. proper noun
Proper nouns are hyponyms of common nouns. So the reference is more specific than
common nouns. This type of noun is usually recognized in the form of the name of a
thing (person, thing, place, etc.). And generally writing requires capital letters, unless
lowercase has been specified as part of the name. Example:
John, Semarang, Indonesia, July, Bernand Steak House, Greenwich Park, iPhone, …
D. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are nouns that indicate the existence of a combination, be it people,
places, or things. Example:
- Army
- Audience
- Class
- Club committee
- Congress
- Crowd
- family government
- group
- jury
- organization pair
- public
- staff
- team
Collective nouns can be pluralized. Notice the example below.
A pair of sandals
Two pairs of sandals
Noun Function
Broadly speaking, the functions of nouns in English are as follows:
1. Subject
Life is wonderful.
2. Object
The author has published his new book.
3. Object of preposition (object of preposition)
We are going to fly to Jakarta tomorrow.
4. Subjective complement
He's John.
5. Objective complement (object description)
Mr. and Mrs. Smith named their baby Peter.
6. Modifier of noun phrase
World War
7. Head of noun phrase (core noun phrase)
English test
Pronoun
Pronouns are used to replace nouns. Parts of speech is useful to avoid the repetition of
the use of nouns. a pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.
Pronouns therefore take the positions of nouns in sentences is a word that takes the
place of or refers to a noun Pronoun is The part of speech that substitutes for nouns or
noun phrases and designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or
understood from the context

Functions of pronouns
In English grammar (Grammar) pronouns have the following functions:

1. Noun phrase Head (as the main noun phrase/noun phrase)

2. Subject (as Subject in a sentence)
3. Complement the subject (as a complement to the sentence)
4. Direct object (as direct object)
5. Object complement (as a complement to the object in a sentence)
6. Indirect object (As indirect object)
7. Prepositional complement (as a complement to prepositions/prepositions)
8. Appositive ( As a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun) used to describe or explain
other people's nouns or pronouns.)

The types include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative

pronouns, relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, reflexive pronouns, intensive
pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns. Example:

 Personal pronouns: I, you, we, they, she, he, it.

 Demonstrative pronouns: This, that, these, those.
 Interrogative pronouns: Who, what, which, whom, whose.
 Relative pronouns: Who, which, whom, whose, that.
 Indefinite pronoun: Another, anything, everything, none, someone.
 Reflexive pronouns and intensive pronouns: Myself, yourself, ourselves,
themselves, herself.
 Reciprocal pronoun: Each other, one another.
Personal pronouns those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except
you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number
Reflexive pronouns those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to
which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves
Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within a
sentence
Possessive pronouns - those designating possession or ownership
Relative pronouns – those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to
introduce an adjective (relative) clause
Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize
their antecedents
The Rules Of Pronoun
  Subject pronouns are always used to start sentences. example. I do it every
day.
 Subject pronouns can also be used to change the subject's name. example. It
was she who decided we should go to Hawaii.
 Indefinite pronouns do not have antecedents (words that precede them). They
are able to stand alone. example. No one likes the sound of fingernails on a
chalkboard.
 Object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects and prepositional
objects. including object pronouns you, me, him, her, us, them, and it.
example. David talked to her about the mistake.
 Possessive pronouns already show ownership. then there is no need to use
apostrophes. sample. The paint washed its whiskers.
Verbs
Verbs are used to indicate the action of the subject, indicate events, or
circumstances.Verb is a word that describes an action, action, condition or experience
of something. In Indonesian, verbs are often called verbs because the verb shows the
activity of the subject in the sentence. Verb is the most important part and always
appears in every sentence. This English verb is also a bit unique. If you think that a
verb should be an action, you are very wrong. Verbs in English can describe a
condition. Example:
She plays in the backyard with her sister. (action)
He feels empty. (condition)
Verb I (Present)
The first form of the verb is called Verb 1 (V1) or present. This verb is the original
form of the verb (infinitive) which is usually used in simple present tense sentences.
This verb form is the same as the original verb form, but always ends in -s, -es, -ies
for the third person singular subject (he, she, it) in the simple present tense. Example:
- Sleep – sleeps
- Watch – watches
- Go – goes
- Cry – cries
- Study – studies
Verb II (Past)
The second form of the verb is called Verb 2 (V2) or past. This verb is usually used in
simple past tense sentences. When do you use the 2nd verb? When an action or action
taken is past or past.
While the change of letters in the verb is called an irregular verb.
Examples of regular verbs:
Achievements
- Call – called
- Clean – cleaned
- Enjoy – enjoyed
- Phone – Phoned
- Talk – Talked
Examples of irregular verbs:
- Begin – begin
- Eat – Ate
- Speak – spoke
- Take – took
- Find – found
- Leave – left
Verb III (Past Participle)
Actually, the second and third verbs can be said to be similar. In fact, many verbs
have the exact same word with both forms. The third form of the verb is used for the
perfect tense and passive voice sentences. Similar to verb II, verb III is also divided
into regular verbs and irregular verbs. Come on, check out an example below!
Examples of regular verbs:
- Study – studied – studied
- Work – worked – worked
- Walk – walked – walked
- Phone – phoned – phoned
- Prank – pranked – pranked
Examples of irregular verbs:
- Go – went – gone
- Drink – drank – drunk
- Write – wrote – written
- Eat – ate – eaten
- Speak – spoke – spoken
- Take – took – taken
Verb -ing
In the use of verbs ending in -ing, the grammar used is the continuous tense alias that
is currently ongoing. In its use, this verb form is preceded by the auxiliary verb be (is,
am, are, was, were). Example:
- Walk – walking
- Sing – singing
- Talk – talk
- Write – write
- Play – playing
- Run – running
- Smoke – smoking
- Take – take
- Wait – wait
The kinds of verbs include: transitive & intransitive verbs, regular & irregular verbs,
action & stative verbs, finite & non-finite verbs, linking verbs, and causative verbs.
Example:
 Transitive verbs: Ask, buy, hit, make, show.
 Intransitive verbs: arrive, come, go, smile, wait.
 Regular verbs: Accept, bake, decide, live, walk.
 Irregular verbs: Bear, choose, feel, send, write.
 Action Verbs: Eat, grow, jump, run, work.
 Stative verbs: Adore, deserve, forgive, impress, sound.
 Finite verbs: Transitive and intransitive verbs, action and stative verbs, linking
verbs, and auxiliary verbs.
 Non-finite verbs: Present participle, past participle, infinitive, bare infinitive.
 Linking verbs: Act, be, look, seem, taste.
 Causative verbs: Get, have, lead, let, make.
Adjective (adjective)
Adjective is a word used to describe or modify a noun or pronoun. Usually comes
before a noun or pronoun. adjective is a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to
or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it
Kinds of Adjectives in English
1. Qualitative Adjective
Qualitative adjectives are used to describe the quality of the noun being described.
Example:
- she is a nice girl
- my student is diligent
- they are interesting
- this food is enough for us
2. Quantitative Adjective
Is a form of adjective or adjective related to quantity or amount.
Example:
- some fruits that I like there is in a refrigerator
- there are some friends in your house
- she needs more sugar in her tea
- This coffee is enough for me
- Give me more explanation
3. Numeric Adjective
Used to express the number but numeric adjectives use numbers such as one, two and
so on.
Example:
- there are ten students in this class
- there is just one man in this room
- I need five friends in this tame
- there are twenty people in my party
- I need two bestfriends in my life
4. Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjective is a form of adjective in English that states about ownership in
English.
Example :
- that is my husband
- this is my wife
- Is he your best friend?
- Are they your bestfriend?
- she is her mom
5. Interrogative Adjective
Interrogative adjectives are used to modify a word in English.
Example :
- whose is he?
- what is your name?
- which are your hobbies?
- what is your hobby?
- where is your address?
6.Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate something.
Example :
- That is my house
- those are my best friends
- this is my favorite food
- that is my favorite song
- these are my family
However, it can also be located after linking verbs related to the senses (seem, taste).
For a noun or pronoun, there can be more than one adjective.
Example: Old, young, bad, fat, thick, big, small, pretty, and etc.

Prepositions (prepositions)
Is a part of speech that is placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase that
modifies other words in a sentence. A preposition is a word that is combined with a
noun or pronoun, forming a phrase (phrase) that describes a verb, noun, or adjective.
Preposition is one of the 8 parts of speech in English.
Types of Prepositions
English recognizes at least 5 types of prepositions that have different functions and
uses.
The five types of prepositions include the prepositions of time, place, direction,
instrument, and manner. Check out the detailed explanation below.
1. Preposition of time
- This type of preposition is used to describe time. Examples of the most common
prepositions of time include in, on and at.
- The preposition In has the most general nature and is commonly used to describe
the year or month and certain times of the day such as in the morning and in the
evening.
- The preposition On is more specific than In. On can be used to describe the day of
the week such as on Monday and on Sunday.
- The preposition At is the most specific type of preposition and is commonly used
to describe the time of day such as at 10 am or at 9 o'clock.
2. Preposition of place
- This preposition is used to describe a place. Examples are in, on and at.
- The preposition In is the broadest and is usually used for non-specific places such
as countries and cities. In is also used to describe something that is on the inside.
- The preposition On is used for a narrower place than in. This preposition is also
used to describe an object that is attached to the top of another object.
- The preposition At describes more specific places such as at school and at the
office.
3. Preposition of direction
This type of preposition serves to show direction or explain movement. The most
common examples of prepositions of direction include away from, to, toward, and
into.
4. Preposition of instrument
This preposition is used to show the relationship between the actor and the tool used
to do something.
Examples of prepositions of instrument are by, with, using, and with the help of.
5. Preposition of manner
This preposition is used to show how to do something. Examples that are often used
are with, without, by, and like.
Therefore, prepositions are always part of a prepositional phrase. Prepositions almost
always function as adjectives or adverbs.
Prepositions in English are divided into several types, including:
 Preposition of time (after, before, during, since, until)
 Preposition of place (above, at, in, on, under)
 Preposition of movement (inside, into, off, toward(s), up)
 Preposition of manner (by, in, like, on, with(out))
 Preposition of purpose (for)
 Preposition of quantity/measure (for, by)

Conjunction (connection)
Parts of speech that function to connect words, phrases, or clauses and also to show
the relationship between the preceding sentence elements. Conjunctions are words
that are used to connect equivalent language units (words with words, phrases with
phrases, clauses with clauses, sentences with sentences, and so on)
Types Conjunction
A. Compound Conjunctions
Compound conjunctions are conjunctions that connect things that are equivalent, for
example subject to subject, verb to verb, object to object, adverb to adverb, adjective
to adjective, etc.
B. Complex Conjunctions
A complex conjunction is a conjunction that connects the main clause (main clause)
and the subordinate clause (sub clause). The meeting of these two types of clauses
will form a sentence. The members of complex conjunctions include conjunctions
other than compound conjunctions, such as: when, while, which, what, when, where,
that, after, before, till, until, because, although, if, etc.

There are several types of conjunctions, namely:

 Coordinate conjunctions (connecting two similar grammatical constructions):
And, but, nor, or, yet
 Correlative conjunctions (used in pairs): Between ... and, either ... or, from ... to,
not ... rather than, if ... then.
 Subordinating conjunctions (forming adverbial clauses): After, because, before,
although, when.
 Conjunctive adverbs (connect logically two successive independent clauses):
Finally, besides, then, hence
Interjection (interjection)
Interjection is a word used to express different levels of emotion.
Grammatically, it is usually seen as a part that is not related to the main sentence.
Example:
 "Unfortunately, he failed."
 "Oi! Look at me!
Function of Words
In English grammar, a function word is a word that expresses a grammatical or
structural relationship with other words in a sentence.
Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions,
grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class
words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the
group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might
have affixes.Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar because
it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech. In
the open class of words, i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, new words may be
added readily, such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of
foreign words.Each function word either: gives grammatical information about other
words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words; or gives
information about the speaker's mental model as to what is being said.Grammatical
words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words.
Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language.
For example, in some of the Khoisan languages, most content words begin with
clicks, but very few function words do.[4] In English, very few words other than
function words begin with the voiced th [ð][citation needed]. English function words
may have fewer than three letters; e.g., 'I', 'an', 'in', while non-function words usually
have three or more (e.g., 'eye', 'Ann', 'inn').
The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words with
English examples. They are all uninflected in English unless marked otherwise:
- articles — the and a. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the
case of the declension of the following noun.
- pronouns — he :: him, she :: her, etc. — inflected in English
- adpositions — in, under, towards, before, of, for, etc.
- conjunctions — and and but
- subordinating conjunctions — if, then, well, however, thus, etc.
- auxiliary verbs — would, could, should, etc. — inflected in English
- particles — up, on, down
- interjections — oh, ah, eh, sometimes called "filled pauses"
- expletives — take the place of sentences, among other functions.
- pro-sentences — yes, no, okay, etc.
In contrast to a content word, a function word has little or no meaningful content.
Nonetheless, as Ammon Shea points out, "the fact that a word does not have a readily
identifiable meaning does not mean that it serves no purpose."
Function words are also known as:
 structure words
 grammatical words
 grammatical functors
 grammatical morphemes
 function morphemes
 form words
 empty words
According to James Pennebaker, "function words account for less than one-tenth of 1
percent of your vocabulary but make up almost 60 percent of the words you use.
Function words include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary
verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words. Content words are words with specific
meanings, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and main verbs (those without helping
verbs.) In the sentence, "The sly brown fox jumped gracefully over the lazy dog and
cat," the content words are:
 fox, dog, and cat (nouns)
 sly, brown, and lazy (adjectives)
 gracefully (adverb)
 jumped (main verb)

Function words include:

 the (determiner)
 over (preposition)
 and (conjunction)
Even though the function words don't have concrete meanings, sentences would make
a lot less sense without them.
Determiners
Determiners are words such as articles (the, a), possessive pronouns (their, your),
quantifiers (much), demonstratives (that, those), and numbers. They function as
adjectives to modify nouns and go in front of a noun to show the reader whether the
noun is specific or general, such as in "that coat" (specific) vs. "a coat" (general).
Determine the word or group of words that are placed in front of the noun to limit the
meaning of the noun.Determinants are important to introduce or provide context for
nouns.
 Articles: a, an, the
 Demonstratives: that, this, those, these
 Possessive pronouns: my, your, their, our, ours, whose, his, hers, its, which
 Quantifiers: some, both, most, many, a few, a lot of, any, much, a little, enough,
several, none, all
Types
There are several types of determiners that you can use in a sentence according to,
what are they?
Specific Determiner
Used to talk about general things and the listener or reader does not know very well
what we are referring to. Common determiners include:
 Definite article: the
o Can you read the book for me, please?
o I don't think I can pass the driving test.

 Possessives: me, your, her, his, its, our, their, whose

o Your dress is spectacular.
o Whose pen is this I'm using?

 Demonstratives: that, this, those, these

o I want to take these cute ornaments home.
o That puppy is sick.

 Interrogatives (Questions): which

o Which key do I need to open the lock?
o Which one of you is my twin brother?
General Determiner
Used to talk about general things and the listener or reader does not know very well
what we are referring to. Common determiners include:
 Indefinite article: a, an, any, another, other, what, whatever
o Would you like another slice of pizza?
o I believe any kid can do what you just did.

 Quantifiers (Size): all, few, many, some

o Many people think she's the villain in the story.
o Just remember to drink some. Stay hydrated.
Use of Determiner
Determiners differ in their use for countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
 General determiner + singular countable noun
- A, an (indefinite article): a book, an apple
- Another (difference word): another men
- Any, no (quantifier): any report, no journey
- Each, every, neither (distributive): each pair, every student, neither spoon (nor
fork)

 General determiner + plural countable noun

- All, both (distributive): all books, several minutes
 - Some, any, no, many, few, several (quantifier): some people, any new books,
no jobs, many clothes, few activities
- Other (difference word): other tasks
- Enough, more, most: enough dollars, more tips, most batteries
 Determiner + uncountable noun
- All (distributive): all furniture
- Some, any, no, little, less, much (quantifier): some paper, any time, no money,
little information, less sugar, much coffee
- More, most, enough: more advice, most cheese, enough money
Auxiliaries
Auxiliary verbs are words that help the main verb in a sentence. The function of. the verb is
to complete the main verb and clarify the meaning of the sentence. In a sentence, the
auxiliary-verb position is before the main verb. Meanwhile, the main verb is the main
verb.There are two kinds of auxiliary verbs, namely primary auxiliary-verb and modal
auxiliary-verb. Primary includes be, do, and have. Meanwhile, the types of capital consist of
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.
Types :
Primary Auxiliary Verb
Primary auxiliary verb is the main auxiliary verb that serves to give character to tenses (forms
of time), but does not give additional meaning to the main verb or even to the sentence itself.
1. Be
Be consists of am, is, are, was, were, be, being, and been, which are used to describe
adjectives, nouns, and present participles. The use of be and been in a sentence is
usually with other auxiliary verbs, both primary and modal.
Primary auxiliary verb example:
- He is handsome like his father and grandpa.
(dia tampan seperti ayah dan kakeknya.)
- We were friends in elementary school.
(kita berteman disekolah dasar)
2. Do
Do includes do, does, did, and done. Do can be used to compose commands and short
answers.
Example sentences using "do":
I do need you to help me with my job.
(saya membutuhkanmu untuk membantu pekerjaan saya)
She does tell me about her daily activity.
 (dia memberi tahu saya tentang aktivitas sehari-harinya)

3. Have
Included in have are have, has, and had. All three have different usage methods,
namely have for present and future perfect tense, has for present perfect tense, and
had for past perfect tense.
Here's an example sentence:
I have eaten my lunch.
(saya sudah memakan makan siang saya)
Uncle has gone to his office.
(paman sudah pergi kekantornya)
Modal Auxiliary
Modal auxiliary is an additional verb that is used to express the possibility, desire, to the need
to do a job (verb).When a main verb is preceded by a modal auxiliary, usually the main verb
has not yet occurred.Auxiliary modals are divided into three types, namely core modals,
semi-modals, and verbial modals (verbs that resemble modals).
Can
Can is an auxiliary modal used to indicate the ability to do something. In addition to showing
ability (potential), can can also be used to offer oneself.In the negative form, can denotes
inability/impossibility. While in the interrogative form, can can be used to ask ability/ask for
help.
Example:
- I can help you to repair this if you like
- She can sing all day long if she’s allowed to
Could
Could is a modal auxiliary which has a similar function to can. However, in its use could
seem more formal and polite.In addition, could can also be used to express the ability to do
something, but not sure.In the negative form, could means "not possible". While in
interrogative form, could is useful for asking for help.
Example:
- I could take you to your house, don’t think about it too much
- I’ll call my friends, maybe they could help you to lift that up

May
May is used to express possibility, ask/give permission, and ask for something.In informal
English, the word "may" is most often used in interrogative sentences. While may in negative
sentences is usually used to prohibit.
Example:
- You may not go out when there’s a blizzard, it’s dangerous
- May I go to the bathroom now, Madam?
Might
The definition of the auxiliary modal might is almost the same as may, namely modals that
show possibility. However, might cannot be used to ask/give permission, or ask for
prayer.The biggest difference between may and might lies in the use of might in past tense
sentences. May cannot be used in the past tense, while might can be used.
Example:
- I might come before 9 o’clock
- She might’ve gone when you arrive there
Will
Will is used to describe something that will be done in the future. In the negative form, will is
used to describe impossibility. While in the form of interrogative will is used to ask for
something.
Examples:
- I'm not feeling well, so I will go to sleep earlier today
- Don't worry, I will buy you some gifts from there
Would
Just like the relationship can and could, will and would also have the same meaning and use.
The difference between the two lies in the level of formality. Compared to will, the word
would is considered much more polite.Apart from formality, would can also be used to
express something that might be done in the future.So when someone says "I would", there is
a possibility that he is still not sure of his decision.
Examples:
- You would feel better if you drink chocolate
- Would you tell me the truth, all the truth that has been hidden all this time?
Shall
Shall is an alternative word for “will”, which was often used by native British before will
became famous.Today shall still be used frequently, but its meaning has shifted. The meaning
of the word shall in modern English, combines the meanings of will and must at once.For
example in the word "I shall go now", it means the speaker will go now, because he has to.In
addition to meaning will and should, shall also mean "should".
Examples:
 - I shall go to work now, see you later
- You shall not be angry with your little brother
Should
Should is actually the past form of shall, but in its application the meaning of this auxiliary
modal is slightly different.Just like shall, should can also mean "should". However, should
tends to be used for suggestions/criticisms. In addition, should can also be used to express
regret for not doing something.
Examples:
- I should've done my homework earlier
- Reza look so pale, I think he should go to the hospital right now
Must
Must is an auxiliary modal which is used to express necessity. In addition, must can also be
used to show confidence in an opinion.
Examples:
- We must arrive at school at least 5 minutes before the bell rings
- You must understand this, Erica, there's no way I would betray our love!
Intensifers
Intensifier is the kind of adverb to give force or emphasis
Types of Intensifiers and Examples:
1. EMPHASIZER (Pemberi penekanan)
- My mother really likes you (ibuku sungguh suka kepadamu)
- They simply fooled me (mereka benar-benar membodohi ku)
2. AMPLIFIER (Penguat)
- They absolutely agree with my opinion (mereka sangat setuju dengan
pendapatku)
- I totally support you in this competition (aku sungguh mendukung mu di
kompetisi ini)
3. DOWN-TONER (Perendah)
- I almost finish to do this task (aku hampir selesai mengerjakan tugas ini)
- My mother almost arrive from the airport (ibuku hampir sampai dari bandara)
Is a part of speech that is placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase that
modifies other words in a sentence. A preposition is a word that is combined with a
noun or pronoun, forming a phrase (phrase) that describes a verb, noun, or adjective.
Preposition is one of the 8 parts of speech in English.
Prepositions
Is a part of speech that is placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase that
modifies other words in a sentence. A preposition is a word that is combined with a
noun or pronoun, forming a phrase (phrase) that describes a verb, noun, or adjective.
Preposition is one of the 8 parts of speech in English
Types of Prepositions
English recognizes at least 5 types of prepositions that have different functions and
uses.
The five types of prepositions include the prepositions of time, place, direction,
instrument, and manner. Check out the detailed explanation below.
1. Preposition of time
- This type of preposition is used to describe time. Examples of the most common
prepositions of time include in, on and at.
- The preposition In has the most general nature and is commonly used to describe
the year or month and certain times of the day such as in the morning and in the
evening.
- The preposition On is more specific than In. On can be used to describe the day of
the week such as on Monday and on Sunday.
- The preposition At is the most specific type of preposition and is commonly used
to describe the time of day such as at 10 am or at 9 o'clock.
2. Preposition of place
- This preposition is used to describe a place. Examples are in, on and at.
- The preposition In is the broadest and is usually used for non-specific places such
as countries and cities. In is also used to describe something that is on the inside.
- The preposition On is used for a narrower place than in. This preposition is also
used to describe an object that is attached to the top of another object.
- The preposition At describes more specific places such as at school and at the
office.
3. Preposition of direction
This type of preposition serves to show direction or explain movement. The most
common examples of prepositions of direction include away from, to, toward, and
into.
4. Preposition of instrument
This preposition is used to show the relationship between the actor and the tool used
to do something.
Examples of prepositions of instrument are by, with, using, and with the help of.
5. Preposition of manner
This preposition is used to show how to do something. Examples that are often used
are with, without, by, and like.
Therefore, prepositions are always part of a prepositional phrase. Prepositions almost
always function as adjectives or adverbs.
 Prepositions in English are divided into several types, including:
 Preposition of time (after, before, during, since, until)
 Preposition of place (above, at, in, on, under)
 Preposition of movement (inside, into, off, toward(s), up)
 Preposition of manner (by, in, like, on, with(out))
 Preposition of purpose (for)
 Preposition of quantity/measure (for, by)
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that connect equivalent clauses or multilevel clauses. Conjunction is
a word that can be used to connect a phrase with other phrases in a sentence.
 Conjunction Function
Conjunction is used to connect a word to a word, a phrase to a phrase, a clause to a clause, or
a sentence to another sentence in a paragraph.
Question Words
Question word is a word to ask a question. The questions asked form a non-clause or an
adjactive clause.
The following is a question word or question word as well as its meaning and use:
Who (who)
The question word Who is used to ask someone or point to someone.
Where (where)
Where means where, is used to refer to a place or location.
When (when)
English from when is When. When is used to refer to a time or event.