1

DESIGN AND INTALLATION OF

GRAVITATIONAL VORTEX TURBINE SITIO
MAHUCDAM, CAPAYAHAN, TUBOD, SDN
Andrei O. Bucio, Marc Vincent A. Uy2, Ryan R. Bacalso3
Surigao State College of Technology, Philippines
abucio1@ssct.edu.ph, rbacalso@ssct.edu.ph & muy@ssct.edu.ph

Abstract--Basic guidelines for the preparation of a technical work for an IEEE Power & Energy Society Transactions/Journal
Publication are presented. This document is itself an example of the desired layout (inclusive of this abstract) and can be used as a
template. It contains information regarding desktop publishing format, type sizes, and typefaces. Style rules are provided that
explains how to handle equations, units, figures, tables, abbreviations, and acronyms. Sections are also devoted to the preparation of
acknowledgments, references, and authors' biographies. The abstract is limited to 150–200 words and cannot contain equations,
figures, tables, or references. It should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance.
Index Terms--The author shall provide up to 5 keywords (in alphabetical order) to help identify the major topics of the paper. The
thesaurus of IEEE indexing keywords should be referenced prior to selecting the keywords to ensure that the words selected are
acceptable. The thesaurus is posted at https://www.ieee.org/publications/services/thesaurus-access-page.html.

I. INTRODUCTION
Electricity is already considered as the lifeblood of a modern
society. Electricity facilitates technological advancement and
underpins a wide range of products and services that
enhance our quality of life and stimulate economic
productivity. Thus, demand for power is positively and highly
correlated with population and economic growth (Clemente,
J. (n.d.). “The Need And Value Of More Electricity”. Forbes.
Retrieved June 22, 2021,). The population of the world is in
billions today, and it is increasing every day. This puts a huge
strain on energy resources. Our lifestyle consumes a lot of
electricity, and to make it available to all will be quite difficult
in the coming years, unless new methods of electricity
generation are developed (Jagyasi, D. (2017, August 27).
“Ecofriendly and unique ways for electricity generation”.
Green Diary - a Comprehensive Guide to Sustainable Hacks,
Green Tips, and Eco Suggestions). The need for an eco-
friendly sources of electrical energy has become a major
worldwide issue due to the effects of climate change and
environmental pollution from traditional fossil fuel usage.
Additionally, rural areas in many developing countries are still
facing the insufficiency distribution of electricity. According to
the International Energy Agency (2015) and Kaygusuz (2012),
there are 1.2 billion people around the world that lack access
to electricity, some 85% of them in rural areas. Based on
current trends, 1.2 billion people or 15% of the world’s
population will still lack access in 2030 (Jones, 2010).
Residential customers had the highest consumption at 26.792
million gWh last year, followed by industrial customers at
25.573 million gWh and commercial at 22.767 million gWh.
(“Increasing Philippine Demand Straining Power
Supply.” Manila Standard). As studies shown the need of
electricity has grown 5.2% per year that is why the
government is pursuing to build more power plant to
accommodate the demands.
The Philippine Government has stated that it envisions the
Philippines being energy self-sufficient, utilizing a
combination of fossil fuels and renewable energy as
solutions. About 43 GW of additional capacity will be required
by 2040, and the country is clearly behind schedule in
developing solutions. The current energy mix is composed of
coal (47%), natural gas (22%), renewable energy (hydro,
geothermal, wind, solar) (24%), and oil-based (6.2%) with
current energy capacity at 23GW. While the country
indicated interest in clean energy, this clearly will not come at
the expense of development, and no penalties or incentives
are in place for utilizing different types of energy sources. The
current grid also cannot accommodate any additional input.
That is why Many researchers (Satarkar et al., 2020; Rahman
et al., 2017; Otutuama, 2020) stated that the concept of
micro hydropower system is promising technology in
renewable energy. Micro hydro power systems are capable of
generating electricity up to a capacity of 100 kW. In China,
the estimated micro hydropower capacity was about 500 MW
at the end of 2008 (Nelson, 2011). Dhakal et al. (2017) stated
that the micro hydro is in most cases “run-of-river”, with no
dam or water storage, and is one of the most cost-effective
and environmentally benign energy technologies to be
considered for rural electrification. The expansion of
productive use of electricity is essential for economic viability
of rural electrification (Nair, 2016). Rural electrification alone
has had less negative impact on industrial and agriculture
sector but has provided a cost-effective way in providing end
uses for the improvement of the lives of rural communities.
By building Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant in Sitio
Mahucdam at Brgy. Capayahan, Tubod, Surigao Del Norte will
not only deal with the shortage of power supply to the
community but it will also help the tourism and
agricultureand raise the morale of Tuboranons. Sitio

Mahucdam is widely considered the center of tourism in
Tubod, Surigao del Norte. For the past 3 years the mayor of
this municipality Mayor Richelle Romarate, MSCE and the
SB’s are focused on improving sitio Mahucdam. Furthermore,
the municipality of Tubod is advocating eco-tourism and for
that reason, building GWVPP in Sitio Mahucdam is not only
convenient but also cost effective. Aside from being cost
effective installing GWVPP can help maximize the abundance
of water in the Municipality of Tubod. Considering the fact
that the planet produces water on a continuous basis which
makes Hydropower renewable which is more efficient and
safe unlike using coal or diesel to produce electricity.
Review of Related Literature
Zotlöterer (2013) has developed Gravitational Water
Vortex Power Plant as a method of initiating and extracting
electric energy from water. It is a low-head power plant that
makes use of the kinetic energy inherent in an artificially
induced vortex (Otutuama, 2020). Gravitational Water Vortex
Power Plant consists of a canal, basin structure, and turbine. In
the process, the water through the canal is tangentially fed into
the round basin structure to form powerful water vortex. The
kinetic energy of the water vortex is converted to electric
energy through the turbine runner situated in the center of
water vortex. An exit hole is made at the bottom of the basin
thorough which the water vortex discharges (Mulligan and
Hull, 2010).
There are more than 50 Gravitational Water Vortex Power
Plant have already been installed in Europe since 2007 with
more are under construction. However there are currently few
installations in other parts of the world (Zotlöterer, 2013;
Wasserwribe, (2021); KourisPower Ltd, 2021). Yaakob et al.
(2014) stated that Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant has
greatest potential at low head sites compared to other
hydroelectric generation technologies. Moreover, unlike
conventional reaction or impulse turbines, Gravitational Water
Vortex Power Plant has a potential for maintaining high
efficiencies.
There have been a number of research studies on the
Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant that focuses on the
optimization of the design of basin structure for the formation
of the water vortex. It has several further claimed advantages,
such as increasing the heat of evaporation so water can reduce
the temperature itself at rising temperatures in summer,
homogenously disseminating contaminants in the water, and
also oxygen concentration can be improved through the
creation of vortex dissolved (Zotlöterer, 2013). For rural areas,
it is indeed an advantageous alternative way of generating
electric energy that is cost-effective, more efficient, and
environmental friendly. In rural, remote, and hilly areas such
as in Sitio Mahucdam at Brgy. Capayahan, Tubod, Surigao
Del Norte the electric energy characterized by inadequate,
poor and unreliable supply of energy services, and people
living have low income. Therefore, this study describes a
numerical and experimental study on gravitational water
vortex power plant to provide a design and an optimized water
2
vortex turbine system using data available from survey in the
river of Sitio Mahucdam at Brgy. Capayahan, Tubod, Surigao
Del Norte.
Dhakal 2020 stated that this technology has been lately
developed in comparison to other micro hydro power
technologies. However, numerous researches have already
been done on this technology. We can find numerous research
on GWVPP based on Nepal, where other micro hydro power
technology has been successfully commercialized since a half
century ago. But in Dhakal 2016 published paper, it
implemented a 1.6 kW pilot project in a river stream to initiate
the research based on site implementation.
This research from Sedai, Ashish & Yadav, Bharosh &
Kumal, Binod & Khatiwada, Aamod & Dhakal, Rabin. (2020)
is focused on the development of GWVPP in context of Nepal
and detect the possible installation sites. Another research of
him suggested that existing reservoir sites, existing irrigation
canal sites, and existing weir structure sites are three different
possible sites having existing water infrastructure for site
implementation of gravitational water vortex power plant.
Another research conducted by AK Jha et. al. performs a
technical and economic assessment of installing 1kW size
GWVPP in an irrigation canal in Nepal. This research
concludes that the majority of site installation cost accounts
for civil cost and pilot installation cost, which is quite high.
But still, it opened the door for other real future installations.
The design of conical basin geometry in the current study was
based on a simple scroll type vortex drop shaft with a flat
bottom that ensures subcritical approach flow condition. Flow
is directed to the conical chamber through the tangential inlet
of width 1 and discharges vertically through the orifice of
conical shape. It is assumed that the flow was axially
symmetric around the orifice center, the energy head E was
constant throughout the flow field, the pressure p inside the air
core was atmospheric, the flow was fully hydrostatic and
irrotational so that the tangential velocity distribution.
Sedai, Ashish & Yadav, Bharosh & Kumal, Binod &
Khatiwada, Aamod & Dhakal, Rabin. (2020) also used a scale
down model following geometric, kinetic and dynamic
similarity is prepared in the Design Lab of Kathmandu
University by 3d printing and testing procedure is facilitated
by the preparation of small water reservoir in Vortex Energy
Solution Pvt. Ltd. for testing in reduced discharge.

The prototype which is a reference for model is obtained
from Vortex Energy Solution design team. The prototype is to
be installed in 12 kW project at Johannesburg South Africa.
The dimensional similarity in model and prototype is
expressed in the following table:
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to study the
flow on the turbine. A CFD process mainly takes place in
three distinct steps. First, the boundary conditions are
specified by preprocessing step, which is followed by the
solver step. Solver step is responsible for portraying the
convergence criteria. Finally, the post processing step takes
place in which the obtained outcomes are analyzed. We
assumed the water vortex as steady, axisymmetric, and
incompressible flow.
Velocity streamlines and contour is studied in 1:20 scale
down model of GWVPP, dimensions are available in table 1.
The velocity at inlet position was observed as 0.02m/s and due
to cylindrical structure of basin, vortex is generated which
results in increase in velocity at runner position to 0.07m/s.
With the increase in velocity at the runner position, runner
was observed with 200rpm of rotations. With this flow
simulation study, it was observed that velocity at runner
position increases by 3 to 5 times than that at the inlet
position. There are numerous computational studies done on
Nepal on the conical basin structure. The inlet velocity and
velocity at the runner position is compared in the table below.
Moreover, the scale of those as per the proposed installation
prototype at Johannesburg is also calculated.
They conclude that computational and experimental study
of a 12-kW turbine through the scale down model of 1:20
scale. This technology has shown high performance operation
with a head as low as 1 m. Such hydropower systems are very
promising for application in developing countries like Nepal,
in particular in the regions where there are strong rivers that
flow year-round. We demonstrated different performance of
the turbine at various scaling. Compared to existing low-head
hydropower technologies, the GWVPP system is still
immature and further research is required to optimize the
installation but this study using scale down model will help us
to understand the real site performance up to certain extend.
R.Dhakal in 2020 and colleagues did their research on
“Computational and Experimental Investigation of Runner for
Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant” and came to
3
conclusion that curved blade profile is the most efficient
profile, with a peak efficiency of 82%, compared to 46% for
the straight blade runner. Research on “Comparison of
cylindrical and conical basins with optimum position of
runner: Gravitational water vortex power plant” by Sagar
Dhakal and colleagues concludes that output power and
efficiency is maximum in conical basin compared to that of
cylindrical basin for all similar inlet and outlet condition. In
another research on “Technical and Economic Prospects for
the Site Implementation of a Gravitational Water Vortex
Power Plant in Nepal” asserted that vortex system can be
easily installed in existing water infrastructure, with the pilot
project costing $2725/kW, less than the average cost of micro
and Pico hydropower installations reported [5]. Another
research based on “Inlet and Outlet Geometrical Condition for
Optimal Installation of Gravitational Water Vortex Power
Plant with Conical Basin Structure.” by R.Dhakal and
colleagues concluded that the basin having d/D ratio between
20% to 25% is efficient for power production.
Since one of our objectives was to test the rig at three
different turbine positions, small cone angle was taken so as to
increase the conical basin height. From another research on
Inlet and Outlet geometrical condition for optimal installation
of conical basin, the CFD analysis showed that the basins
having d/D ratio in the range of 20 % to 25 % gives maximum
output power, so the inlet diameter (D) of basin was assumed
and designed the outlet diameter as 25% of the inlet diameter.
From the KECConference2019 on the study of runner
blade profile, it was concluded curved blade profile to be the
most efficient profile, with a peak efficiency of 82%,
compared to 46% for the straight blade runner. Therefore,
curved blade profile was chosen over straight blade profile. A
curved blade profile runner of diameter 200 mm was designed.
The reason behind choosing a small diameter turbine was to fit
the runner at different position of tapering cross section
conical basin. For the blades a flat plate of 90 mm*80 mm*2
mm was transformed into a curved plate having an arc radius
of 60mm. Six such blades was fabricated and was then spaced
equally on the circumference of a 25 mm diameter hollow
mild steel pipe by welding.
Firstly, the fluid domain (geometry) for the flow simulation
without runner was created with CAD software using Solid
works 2016. Then the domain was imported into the ANSYS
R15.0 in the CFX solver for the computational analysis.
Various meshes were created starting from minimum of 2195
to maximum of 26710 numbers of nodes through refinement
by changing the mesh element sizes. Finally the mesh having
148403 nodes was used for the simulation whose minimum
size was default (2.6479e-4 m) and maximum size of 11e-3 m.
The solver preference was CFX. The analysis type was made
transient where simulation was run for 30 seconds with time
steps 0.5 second and having the convergence criteria of
residual target 1e-4. The minimum and maximum coefficient
of loops for convergence control was 1 and 5 respectively.
The working fluids were taken as air and water at 25oC. The
reference pressure of 1 atm and buoyancy reference density of
1.12 kg/m3, surface tension coefficient 0.072 N/m and the
domain was of stationary type. The fluid model was of
standard homogeneous model with turbulence model of k-

Epsilon which gives great analysis in fully developed flow and
having scalable wall function. The simulation was run with
no-slip conditions at the wall; bulk mass flow rate of 6.2 kg/s
normal to both inlet and outlet boundary. The upper surface of
water channel was subjected to the atmosphere and the whole
domain was assumed to be filled with water.
As for the results according to KECConference2019, the
water velocities was measured at three different positions in
the conical basin. Minimum velocity striking the runner blade
was found at 44 cm from the inlet surface level which
gradually increased towards core of the vortex.
The objective of the researchers was to test the setup for a
free flow. Since motor was used to pump the water, the results
would have to include pump pressure as well. So a drop tank
of dimensions 1ft * 1ft * 1ft was used and was attached to the
rectangular channel to nullify the pressure of pump. During
the first phase of testing, there were complications in forming
of water vortex. It was due lower cone angle and larger cone
height. Due to this the high velocity was reached at outlet
which made outlet discharge greater than the inlet flow rate.
So two pressure valves was used at the outlet to maintain inlet
and outlet flow rate as equal, which is important for the
formation of water vortex. The experiment (test) was done
with the runner at those three positions decided from the
above analysis 4.1 which gave the result as torque and speed
(RPM). The speed was measured by tachometer which is
available in the TTL whereas torque was measured using
Rope Brake Dynamometer method. The torque produced was
calculated by using the simple mathematical relation of rope
brake dynamometer method i.e. Torque (T) = r(W1-W2)
Where W1 and W2 is load applied at end of the rope and the
spring balance reading respectively and r is the radius of the
brake drum (pulley) used which was found to be 29.25 mm.
Various meshes were created for stationary and rotating
domains and refinements were made by changing the mesh
element sizes. Finally, the mesh having 131864, 133404 and
205139 nodes was used for the simulation of conical basin
with runner position 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. The
4
minimum size was default (2.6479e-4 m) and maximum size
was 13e-3 m for stationary domain and 5e-3 m for rotating
domain of 1st and 2nd runner position simulation respectively
whereas the minimum size was default (2.6479e-4 m) and
maximum size was 10e-3 m for stationary domain and rotating
domain of 3rd runner position simulation. The solver
preference was CFX. The analysis type was made transient
where simulation was run for 30 seconds with time steps 0.5
second and having the convergence criteria of residual target
1e-4. The minimum and maximum coefficient of loops for
convergence control was 1 and 5 respectively. The working
fluids were taken as air and water at 25oC. The reference
pressure of 1 atm and buoyancy reference density of 1.12
kg/m3, surface tension of efficient 0.072 N/m and the domain
was of stationary type. The fluid model was of standard
homogeneous model with turbulence model of k- Epsilon
which gives great analysis in fully developed flow and having
scalable wall function. The interface model between the
stationary and rotating domain was general connection with
frozen rotor and specified pitch angle of 360o. The simulation
was run with no-slip conditions at the wall; bulk mass flow
rate of 6.2 kg/s normal to both inlet and outlet boundary. The
upper surface of water channel was subjected to the
atmosphere and the whole domain was assumed to be filled
with water. The black arrows normal to the inlet channel and
the outlet shows the bulk mass flow rate normal to the
boundary whereas the blue double head arrow shows the
channel is open to the atmosphere.
 5

They conclude that the Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine

can be a promising cheap and effective solution to compliment

recent strives for renewable energy technologies. The
experimental and numerical study on it showed that the
efficiency increased as the runner was shifted down the axis of
the shaft. It showed maximum RPM when the runner was
84cm, for the given prototype, from top of basin. Although
there are larger deviations between results of computational
and experimental analysis, both agreed to a point that the
runner efficiency goes on increasing while moving towards
the bottom of the vortex.

Conceptual Framework

Objectives
T Due to the issue of global warming, environmental
pollution, climbing prices for oil and shortage of electricity
around the world that it has become apparent to have an
alternative clean energy to overcome present and future
challenges. With that being said, designing a GWVPP to
address the current situation.

Thus, it seeks to answer these specific problems;

1. To determine the how much power output that the river

can produce.
2. To analyze the volumetric, hydraulic and mechanical
efficiency of the designed vortex.
3. To determine the requirements to operate a micro-hydro
plant(vortex) in sitio mahucdam.
4. To perform hydraulic analysis of the water system and
the water vortex turbine.

II. METHODS
Research Design
The researchers use quantitative data analysis method.
Which researchers used a descriptive analysis in order to find
the mean of the flow rate of the river. The three (3) cross
sectional areas being used in the float method will be also
used to calculate the average volume of the river. The method
will be use is floating method which is convenient and easy to
use. The researchers used a floating device which floats along
the current and measured in a Area 1 = 5 m by 3.5 m, Area 2
= 5 m by 4 m, Area 5 m by 4 m. This process forms a sort of
square and this is considered our test area. A dead weight was
attached to the rope and dipped into different parts of the
marked out section and the average of the different depths
calculated to determine the depth of the river at the site.
Multiplying the average depth by the measured out width gave
the cross-sectional area at that site. The average of the area
gotten from different sections of the site is multiplied by the
length of the site to determine the volume of the section. The
float which in this case was a tennis ball was placed at one end
of the twine and then allowed to flow along with the river. The
time taken for the ball to get to the other end of the twine was
measured using a stopwatch. This is done a number of times
and the average is calculated. The volume is divided by the
average time to determine the flow rate. This procedure was
repeated at three different sites and the average of the different
flow rates was calculated in order to estimate the flow rate of
the river. To collect the inclination rate of and the topographic
map we took the geo tagging of the area then used Google
earth pro and ArcGIS.
Project Design
The researchers of the study collected the required
data to compute for The flowrate, Elevation and the
topographic map of Sitio Mahucdam, Baranggay Capayahan,
Tubod,SDN through measuring the cross-sectional area of the
site and getting the bearing of the sight to get the elevation and
topographic maps through ArcGIS, Geocam and google earth
pro.
Project Development
Researchers provide the data and formulas needed in
finding the Avg flowrate(Q) of the Mahucdam river. To get the
Flowrate the researchers computed the average volume of the
three sites that was randomly picked. The result of the average
flowrate and to find the specified inclination rate which is 2%
through google earth pro to determine if the river has the
required components to power the gravitational turbine vortex
and produce reliable and sustainable source of electricity.
Project Evaluation
Absorption test, compressive test and tensile test are
needed to determine the capacity or performance of the bricks
that are going to be produced by the researchers. To ensure
that the results are legitimate and can be used as results, the
researchers are going to apply ASTM C67 to all tests.
6
ASTM C67 Testing for Brick and Structural Clay Tiles.
ASTM C67 covers procedures for testing brick and structural
clay tile, including modulus of rupture and compressive
strength. Full-size bricks, tiles, or solid masonry units can be
used as test specimens.
ASTM C67 tests include tests for:
• Modulus of rupture
• Compressive strength
• Absorption
• Saturation coefficient
• Effect of freezing and thawing
• Florescence
• Initial rate of absorption and determination of weight
• Measurements for size, warpage, length change, and
void area
Testing procedure. When testing with ASTM C67, choose
specimens that are representative of the entire unit and free of
dirt, mud, mortar, or other foreign materials unassociated with
the manufacturing process. Next, prepare your specimens
according to the standard. For measuring the modulus of
rupture, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and
absorption determination for bricks, at least ten individual
bricks shall be selected for lots of 1,000,000 or less. For the
weight determination and for compressive strength and
absorption tests of structural clay tiles, at least five tiles should
be tested from each lot of 250 tons (226.8 Mg) or fraction
thereof.
For the flexural test or modulus of rupture, apply a load in
the direction of the depth of the unit using a testing machine.
The rate of loading should not exceed 2,000 lbf (8,896
N)/min. For the compressive strength test, test your brick
specimens flatwise. Apply the load up to one half of the
expected maximum load, at any convenient rate, after which,
adjust the controls of the machine so that the remaining load is
applied at a uniform rate.
An electromechanical universal testing machine can be used
for testing for flexural and compressive strength. By means of
our testing expertise and modular product design, we will help
find the testing solution that is right for you. Give one of our
application engineers a call today for help with creating the
best budget and testing plan according to ASTM C67
Instruments
The researchers will conduct the study using the
ASTM C67 so that the results will be reliable. The following
equipment that are necessary to proceed with this evaluation
such as;
 Mixer
 Brick molds
 Weighing scale
 Water Absorption Materials
 Oven
 ASTM Procedures & DPWH blue book (if
necessary)
After gathering all the necessary data from the test it will then
be inputted to the EXCEL MICROSOFT to generate graphs to
get the comparison of the performance of each bricks.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following is an example of an acknowledgment.
(Please note that financial support should be acknowledged in
the unnumbered footnote on the title page.)
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of I.
X. Austan, A. H. Burgmeyer, C. J. Essel, and S. H. Gold for
their work on the original version of this document.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Gromicko, N., & Shepard, K. (n.d.). The History of Concrete.
InterNACHI®. Retrieved November 21, 2021,
https://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm.
[2] Portland Cement Association. (2011, June 30). Carbon Footprint.
Skokie, Illinois. Retrieved November 21, 2021,
https://www.cement.org/docs/default-source/th-paving-pdfs/sustainability/
carbon-foot-print.pdf.
[3] Lehne, J., & Preston, F. (2018, June 16). Making Concrete Change:
Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete. Chatham House, the Royal
Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2018/06/making-concrete-change-innovation-
low-carbon-cement-and-concrete.
[4] Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020, May 11). Philippines: CO2 Country
Profile. Our World in Data. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from
https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/philippines.
[5] Rodgers, L. (2018, December 17). Climate Change: The Massive CO2
Emitter you may not know about. BBC News. Retrieved November 22, 2021,
from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46455844.
[6] University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. (2020). Air Quality
and Climate Change. Air Quality and Climate Change | UCAR Center for
Science Education. Retrieved November 24, 2021,
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/air-quality-and-climate-
change.
[7] World Wildlife Fund. (2021, June 30). Plastic waste and climate change
- what's the connection? [web log]. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from
https://www.wwf.org.au/news/blogs/plastic-waste-and-climate-change-whats-
the-connection#gs.h8gus5.
[8] Ritchie, H. (2021, May 1). Where does the plastic in our oceans come
from? Our World in Data. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from
https://ourworldindata.org/ocean-plastics?
7
fbclid=IwAR3W_8BnJcBHROnPYj-N77Ie3HADyujFwdP3UmL8fiQT-
iGxcsJmFZCEc4Y.
[9] Villegas, V. M. M. (2021, June 27). Senate bill filed to phase out single-
use plastic, styrofoam products. BusinessWorld Online. Retrieved November
25, 2021, from https://www.bworldonline.com/senate-bill-filed-to-phase-out-
single-use-plastic-styrofoam-products/.
[10] Vila, A. C. (2021, January 3). As victims of typhoon-prone
Philippines’ worst floods in 50 years clean up and rebuild, its
disaster-risk. . . South China Morning Post.
https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3115979/victims-typhoon-
prone-philippines-worst-floods-50-years-clean-and-rebuild
[11] Hu, M., Zhang, X., Siu, Y., Li, Y., Tanaka, K., Yang, H., & Xu, Y.
(2018). Flood Mitigation by Permeable Pavements in Chinese
Sponge City Construction. Water, 10(2), 172.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020172
[12] Markuna, S., & Bhatt, D. (2020). A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
FOR URBAN FLOOD MITIGATION USING PERMEABLE
PAVEMENT SYSTEMS: A REVIEW. International Journal of
Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 5(3), 255–260.
https://doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i03.040
[13] Hart, K. (2021, November 4). Recycled Plastic Lumber in the
Philippines [web log]. Retrieved November 26, 2021, from
http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/recycled-plastic-lumber-in-the-
philippines/.
[14] The Philippine Star. (2021, November 27). Holcim Rolls Out Green
from Cement. PhilStar Global. Retrieved November 27, 2021, from
https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/11/28/2144253/holcim-rolls-out-
green-cement.
from [15] LITEBLOCK. (2021, February 16). LiteBlock - Technical.
LITEBLOCK. Retrieved November 27, 2021, from
https://www.liteblock.ph/technical/.
[16] ACI Committee 213R-14. Guide for structural lightweight-aggregate
concrete. Report by ACI Committee 213. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice,
2014, p. 35. https://cecollection2.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/213r-14-guide-
for-structural-lightweight-aggregate-concrete.pdf
[17] Vakhshouri, B., & Nejadi, S. (2017). Review on the mixture design and
mechanical properties of the lightweight concrete containing expanded
polystyrene beads. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 19(1), 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2017.1353330
[18] Swamy Nadh , V., & Muthumani , K. (2017, March 13). Critical review
on Structural Light Weight Concrete. Academia.edu. Retrieved November 29,
2021, from
https://www.academia.edu/31839429/CRITICAL_REVIEW_ON_STRUCTU
from RAL_LIGHT_WEIGHT_CONCRETE.
[19] Bomhard, H. (1980). Lightweight concrete structures, potentialities,
limits and realities. International Journal of Cement Composites and
Lightweight Concrete, 2(4), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-
5075(80)90037-8
[20] Ali, Y. A., Fahmy, E. H., AbouZeid, M. N., Shaheen, Y. B., & Mooty,
M. N. A. (2020). Use of expanded polystyrene in developing solid brick
masonry units. Construction and Building Materials, 242, 118109.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118109
[21] Chen, B., & Fang, C. (2011). Mechanical properties of EPS lightweight
concrete. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction
Materials, 164(4), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1680/coma.900059