Raja 2016

Chemical Engineering Communications
ISSN: 0098-6445 (Print) 1563-5201 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcec20
Reviews on Corrosion Inhibitors – A Short View
Pandian Bothi Raja, Mohammad Ismail, Seyedmojtaba Ghoreishiamiri,

Jahangir Mirza, Mokthar Che Ismail, Saeid Kakooei & Afidah Abdul Rahim
To cite this article: Pandian Bothi Raja, Mohammad Ismail, Seyedmojtaba Ghoreishiamiri,
Jahangir Mirza, Mokthar Che Ismail, Saeid Kakooei & Afidah Abdul Rahim (2016): Reviews
on Corrosion Inhibitors – A Short View, Chemical Engineering Communications, DOI:
10.1080/00986445.2016.1172485
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2016.1172485
Accepted author version posted online: 18

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Download by: [Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi] Date: 23 April 2016, At: 16:04
Reviews on corrosion inhibitors – A short view
Pandian Bothi Raja1,2, Mohammad Ismail1 , Seyedmojtaba Ghoreishiamiri1, Jahangir

Mirza1, Mokthar Che Ismail2, Saeid Kakooei2, Afidah Abdul Rahim3
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia, 2Centre for Corrosion Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia, 3School of Chemical Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Corresponding author, Tel: +6075531503, Fax: +6075566157. Email:

mohammad@utm.my
Downloaded by [Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi] at 16:05 23 April 2016
Abstract
A range of numerous corrosion inhibitors viz., organic molecules with hetero atoms and π
– electron clouds, inorganic salts and plant excerpts likewise their corresponding
phytoconstituents were reported with success for metals in different corrosive media.
Various literature reviews related to corrosion inhibitors have been reported by many
authors based on their application, classification and inhibition mechanism. A short view
of all these reviews is summarized in this manuscript. Various aspects of corrosion
inhibitors as well as their recent trends and advancement are also discussed.
KEYWORDS: Corrosion; Corrosion inhibitor; Metals; Metal dissolution; Mechanism;
Review
INTRODUCTION
Metal corrosion is a costly material science problem which originated from the day of
metals discovery. Corrosion is defined as the gradual degradation of metals / materials
properties caused by the chemical reaction and or the electrochemical reaction with its
1
surrounding atmosphere (Kelly et al. 2003). Physical metal decay is classified as galling,
wear and erosion. Rather, Fontana (1986) descript that corrosion is a reverse process of
extractive metallurgy; which happens because the basic metal forms are
thermodynamically less stable as compared with their corresponding ores. Actuation that
routes the metals undergo corrosion could be the natural consequences of their temporary
subsistence in metallic state. In order to attain this metallic form from their origin state
(ores), system requires a mandatory energy feed which has been reverted later by means
of corrosion progress (Roberge, 2007).
When the metal unites with its surroundings, corrosion is the main cause by which metals
decay. In general, metals degrade when they are in contact with moisture / water (H 2O),
bases (NaOH, CaCO3, NaHCO3, etc.,), acids (HCl, H2 SO4, HNO3, etc.,), salts (NaCl),
liquid chemicals, aggressive metal polishes and gases (formaldehyde, ammonia and
sulfur containing gases). Non-metals like plastics surface’s may crack or swell, granite
gets erode, wood may cleave or decompose and Portland cement may leach away, while
the mean for “corrosion” is currently limited to chemical thrust over metals.
Significance of corrosion studies is divided as following three categories,
Economics - economical aspects including direct / indirect losses
Safety - improved safety of operating instruments / equipments
Conservation of materials / metal resources
2
Corrosion may cause failures in pressure basins, boiler tanks, aggressive, harmful
chemical containers, blades of turbines / motors, aero-plane parts, bridges, and
automotive routing devices. Nuclear power plants need serious concern about safety
during equipment construction and nuclear waste disposal. Corrosion loss is not only
limited with metals, while also influence in water, energy, and manual efforts employed
during manufacture and devise the metal frames.

Proper corrosion prevention regulations enable to abstain various severe damages,
includes loss of economy, water resources, ecological pollution and lack of human
values. Thus, material engineers and corrosion scientists aim to reduce the corrosive
impact on pipelines, reservoirs, ships, machinery components, coastal constructive,
bridges and other structural materials which consequently reduce the economic losses,
enhance industrial safety as well as the material conservation.
In industries, usage of corrosion inhibitors is an effective remedy among other several
corrosion protection measures viz., protective coatings, cathodic protection, selection of
materials and anodic protection (Bregman, 1963; Eldredge & Warner, 1948; Putilova et
al. 1966; Ranney, 1976). Any corrosion retarding process can be considered as corrosion
inhibition, which may be attained through adding chemical compounds. Corrosion
inhibitors are any chemical additives / substances that once added in low quantity with
aggressive / corrosive environment either decrease or forestall the corrosion progress
between metal surface and media (Riggs, 1973; Papavinasam, 2000).
3
Corrosion inhibitors act in two steps: the transfer of inhibitor molecules over metal’s
surface followed by interaction of inhibitor’s functional groups with metallic surface.
Important parameters considered for inhibitors are,
Solubility of inhibitor in corrosive medium
Compatibility of inhibitor in corroding system
Stability of inhibitor by varying pH and temperature
Inhibitor cost
Environmental friendliness
Corrosion inhibition efficiency
Normally, corrosion rate is higher at acidic environment in which hydrogen gas liberated
through cathodic reaction. Hydrogen ejected from the metallic surface either reunite and
leave as gas or enter into metal producing the hydrogen – activated deterioration of the
metal (Sanatkumara et al. 2012). Corrosion inhibitor plays a vital role to reduce hydrogen
evolution by adsorption phenomenon that subsequently inhibit corrosion and protect
metal surface (Sanatkumarb et al. 2012).
The effectiveness of inhibitors depends on,
Solution corrosives
Concentration
Temperature
pH
Dissolved salts
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There has been a large increase in number of research work over the investigation of
novel corrosion inhibitors.
Thus, a number of chemicals including inorganic complexes, organic molecules, natural
products and rare earth elements were successfully identified as corrosion preventing
agents for wide vary of metals in different corrosive environments (aqueous / non-
aqueous, dry media and molten substances). All these inhibitors were found to be
effective and unique in their activity depending on the metals, medium and
environmental conditions.
Since, numerous reports on corrosion inhibitors exist; many authors have reviewed them
recently. A short view and collection of all these reviews enable the corrosion engineers
and material scientists to easy access the early literature, its content and recent updates.
Thus, an effort has been made to summarize different reviews of corrosion inhibitors
reported by several authors. A synopsis is presented here.
Corrosion Inhibitors - Reviews
In general, literature reviews enable the readers to get an overview of a particular topic.
Likewise, corrosion inhibitors reviews have been evaluated to present a comprehensive
report. Table 1 summarizes the reviews reported by several authors while a short view of
all those reviews is discussed in subsequent section.
5
All these reviews were summarized based on ascending order of publication year which
enlighten many aspects of corrosion inhibitors research and the key outcomes are,
Outline the main arguments in research articles
Assessment of current state on corrosion inhibitor research
Determination of methodologies in early studies
Detection of future research directions on corrosion inhibitors
Identification of experts and research groups

Identification of research gap and area of controversy - different mode of action
(anodic, cathodic, mixed), different mechanism proposal for similar compounds and
corrosive environment
The first journal review on corrosion inhibitors was reported by Hackerman, during 1948.
His review quoted any substance injected into the system that interferes with the
dissolution of metal will be considered as inhibitor regardless of the mechanism by which
it operates. This manuscript narrates various factors of corrosion inhibitors under
following headings and subheadings.
Inhibition by effect on the corrosive medium
Inhibition by effect on the metal – inorganic chemicals
 Treatments for cadmium, zinc and aluminum
 Phosphates and silicates
 Other cations investigated
Inhibition by effect on the metal – organic substances
 Compounds having Oxygen
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 Compounds having Nitrogen
 Compounds having Sulfur
 Colloids
 Miscellaneous inhibitors
Consideration of factors
 Types of corrosion
 Nature of corrosion products

 Chemistry of system
 Effect of temperature
 Sodium chromate
 Excessive consumption of inhibitors
Theories of inhibition
 Adsorption
 Strength of adsorption bond
 Orientation pattern of molecules
 Metal structure and adherence
This review mainly focuses to cite the use of number of corrosion inhibitors and its
theory / mode of action through adsorption. Interestingly, the reviewers (M. G. Fontana,
H. G. Mc Donald and J. T. Waber) comments and author’s (Hackerman) response also
included in the manuscript.
7
Stern (1958) reviewed the mechanism of passivating - type inhibitors and defined that all
passivating – type inhibitors are oxidizing agents while not all oxidizing agents are
corrosion inhibitors. This review also quoted that a passivating - type inhibitor functions
via generating a local - action current that polarizes (anodic region) the metal into the
passive potential zone and thereby provides the means for obtaining a noble mixed
potential which is independent of whether passivity is caused primarily by oxide or
adsorbed films. This review includes major discussion on,

Mechanism of passivating inhibitor
Nature of passivating inhibitor
Effect of concentration of passivating inhibitor
Effect of critical anodic current
Quantity of passivator associated with the surface
The review concluded that passivity is favored by high values of redox potential,
exchange current and limiting diffusion current. Further, the following major factors
determine the passivity existence;
reversible potential of redox system
electrochemical parameters for inhibitor’s reduction over metallic surface
critical anodic current and metal’s flade potential
Evans (1971) review discussed the possible mechanisms for corrosion inhibition,
passivity and their importance in resistance alloys in details. Furthermore, the formation
8
and maintenance of protective films over the metal surface were also pointed out. Evans’s
review included major topics such as:
corrosion inhibition exclusive of anodic current density
specific effect of anion
use of polarization curves
metal passivity induced through immense current density
cathodic effect of inhibitors

root of oxygen in oxide film
resistance alloys
This review concluded that formation and presence of protective films played a major
role in producing passivity.
Impure iron (corroded product) features a serious negative impact on the potency of Zn -
galvanic anodes because of inert layer accumulation. However, similar mechanism has a
positive side as formation of shielding layer over Cu - Zn alloys in saline media. Pearson
(1972) has reviewed these beneficial effects of iron with detailed mechanisms. His
review focused mainly on the role - played by iron corrosion product as inhibitor over
corrosion of marine condenser pipes / tubes which were made of Cu-Ni alloy or brass.
Pearson concluded that, although the corrosion inhibition mechanism is based on the root
cause of rust products (either by condenser material or through cooling water); in each
cases, the iron found to be embedded over rust layer formed on the metallic surfaces.
9
This may subsequently depress the layer’s potency; hence it may not be more active as
cathode to the clean metallic surface and so that not subsidize the local electrochemical
corrosion cells.
Leidheiser (1980) reviewed the potency of corrosion inhibition and the passivity of
metallic cations (Zn, Ni, Ti, Pd, Co and Ag). His review also included proposed
mechanisms under the following eleven headings.

involvement on cathodic reaction
alternative substitute reaction for anodic reaction
reduction of rust inducing matters
cations as factors in regulate the pH of media
catalysis the polymer progression
influence the electrochemical (cathodic) reaction
modification in surface morphology of rust / metallic surface
alteration of shielding effect of oxide over metal bodies
production of non - soluble defensive layer on metallic bodies surface
production of intermetallic complexes
adsorption of metal atoms and cations
Sanyal (1981), the former Director of Materials Defense Research Laboratory
(Materials), Kanpur, India has written a 72 pages review on “organic compounds as
corrosion inhibitors in different media”. His review classified the organic inhibitors,
based on their applications on different corrosive media viz., neutral medium (H 2O,
10
NaCl), acidic medium (HCl, HBr, H 2 S, H 2SO4 , HClO4, HNO 3, H3 PO4), alkaline medium
(NaOH, KOH), organic medium (glycerin, alcohol, ethylene glycol), petroleum products
(oil well, CO2 / H2 S on pipelines, crude oil tanks) and volatile corrosion inhibitors for
atmospheric corrosion. Report includes the range of organic compounds for metal
protection viz., iron, steel (include mild steel, carbon steel and stainless steel), Cu, Zn, Al
and Ni.
Sanyal (1981) chronicled the early literature and various aspects of organic corrosion
inhibitors applications. The probable mechanism involved during corrosion inhibition
progress has also been explained on the basis of,
molecular structural activity relationship
adsorption phenomenon
overvoltage
insoluble film formation
The review also extends the discussion of various factors affecting the performance of
corrosion inhibitors, which included,
effect of temperature
effect of inhibitor concentrations
fluid velocity
metal cations
metal
electrolytes
11
pH
Sanyal’s review was a milestone in corrosion inhibitor’s research and plays a vital role in
all later reviews.
Atmospheric corrosion of metals like aqueous corrosion happens as a result of unique and
collective role with moisture, oxygen and numerous atmospheric polluting gases / ions.
Since, the open atmosphere has no bounds of available oxygen, humidity majorly
controls the atmospheric corrosion. Usage of vapor phase inhibitors (VPI) is an effective
and convenient means for metal protection; this method was mainly developed for ferrous
metals in tropical climate. Singh & Banerjee (1984) have reviewed the applications of
VPI’s for different metals (Fe, Fe alloys, Cu, Cu alloys, Ag and Al). His review also
covers the sections on,
evaluation methods for VPI
mechanism of VPI protection
methods of using VPI
measurement of vapour pressure of VPI
Schmitt (1984) has reviewed the application of corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals
protection in acid media (which includes inorganic acids viz., HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,
H3PO4, HF and organic acids viz., acetic acid, citric acid and glycolic acid). They were
employed for scale removal, acid cleaning / pickling and oil / gas well acidizing. It was
concluded that the selection of ideal inhibitor for a typical environment would be
12
troublesome, since inhibitor’s potency relies on several aspects. Hence, thorough
knowledge on property profile of each inhibitor is highly important. Furthermore,
corrosion inhibition results in one scheme, which may not be transmitted with different
corrosion scheme till complete further analysis. Hence, evaluation of corrosion inhibitor
potency must be investigated under similar settings to real surroundings of applicability.
Molybdate anion is one of the earliest effective corrosion inhibitors and its behavior was
first attributed during 1939. Vukasovich (1986) reviewed molybdate’s corrosion
inhibition potency which summarized its basics and practical studies on molybdate
protection efficacy along with industrial applications. This review also encapsulates
molybdate’s chemical / physical characteristics and emphasized environmental factors
related with their usage as corrosion inhibitor. This review also provided a mechanism of
molybdate’s inhibition under the following headings,
molybdate
film formers synergism effect with molybdate
molybdate’s influence in anodic pits
Calcium nitrite is considered an effective corrosion inhibitor against reinforced steel
corrosion over concrete caused by chloride attack. Berke & Rosenberg (1989) reviewed
calcium nitrate’s corrosion inhibition from the data generated by W. R. Grace & Co, U.
S. Federal Highway Administration. Historical perspective of corrosion inhibition by
chemical substances / compounds was reviewed by Hackerman (1990). His review
combines the molecular structure and nature of the bonding surface with corrosion
13
inhibition potential of organic molecules. Furthermore, geometry and molecular
structures has also been included in the discussion.
Microorganisms on the metal surface lead to microbiologically influenced corrosion
(MIC) which affects various construction elements over seawater to earth, airplane
materials and drains. MIC involves electrochemical basis, which forces researchers to
make many attempts to use electrochemical evaluation. Mansfeld & Little (1991)
systematically reviewed the advantage / effective utility of electrochemical methods for
MIC evaluation. His report covers the literature of MIC from 1970, which incorporates
assessment of redox potential, corrosion potential, resistance polarization,
electrochemical noise, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization.
All the above techniques were discussed in great details along with practical measures,
benefits and drawbacks for MIC screening.
Since, possible cause of toxicity and cancer – causing threat of using few organic /
inorganic corrosion inhibitors, researchers made considerable efforts to develop
environmentally acceptable inhibitors. During 1992, Aeronautical Research Laboratory
(ARL) groups in Australia found that few soluble REM (rare earth metals – Ce, Pr and Y)
salts are effective corrosion inhibitors for steel, aluminium alloys and zinc. Hinton (1992)
from ARL reviewed the experimental studies in REM used as corrosion inhibitors along
with their mechanisms involved. He concluded from the lab studies and field trials that
REM salts can be developed / used as an effective commercial corrosion inhibitors for
industrial operations.
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Romangoli & Vetere (1995) have reviewed the zinc phosphate as non-pollutant corrosion
inhibitive pigment for various metals in corrosive media. Their review article contains
discussion on,
advantages and disadvantages of zinc phosphate anticorrosive pigment
elaboration process of zinc phosphate
modified zinc phosphate
mixing of zinc phosphate with other pigments

formulations performance
zinc phosphate anticorrosive action mechanism
other phosphate as inhibitive pigments
Corrosion inhibitors of aluminium metal corrosion over various aqueous environments
were well reviewed by Jayalakshmi & Muralidharan during 1997. This review narrates
typical thermodynamics involved in Al – H 2O system and classified the aluminium
corrosion inhibitors based on the corrosive media as follows;
water
acid medium
neutral medium
alkaline medium
miscellaneous medium
Major conclusions of this review are,
15
corrosion inhibitors protection failed at higher concentrations in all corrosive
media (neutral, acid and alkaline)
corrosion inhibition mechanism is a complex process while in-depth studies
would be helpful for better understanding
Computer usage in corrosion inhibition research was reviewed by Banerjee and Vasanth
(1997). This interesting review was well narrated by the following headings and sub -
headings,
Computer modeling
 Predicting mechanism of corrosion inhibition
 Simulating inhibitor application in an industrial environment
 Determination of adsorption mechanisms
Real time monitoring of corrosion rate
Statistical process control
Expert systems
The review concluded that, though many software available for corrosion monitoring, it
is needed for a second generation engineering expert systems which can incorporate
features like hypertext and neural networks.
Usage of chromates as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium alloy protection is a serious
threat to the environment which compelled researchers to find the remedy. Lanthanide
compounds were successfully identified as one of the best replacements for chromates by
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many researchers. Bethencourt et al. (1998) have reviewed the lanthanide complexes as
possible corrosion inhibitors for the protection of aluminium metals / alloys which
included the topics on,
corrosion inhibition by chromates
ecological alternative to chromates
lanthanide salts as corrosion inhibitors
lanthanides as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium alloy

mechanism of inhibition
lanthanide embedded conversion coatings over aluminium metals / alloys
Their review concluded that lanthanide compounds have a high potential for corrosion
inhibition, as well as they fulfill the basic requirements for effective eco – friendly
corrosion inhibitor blends: less toxic with durable protecting capability. While, results of
present literature show numerous restrictions which limits lanthanide compounds
applications in industries. Deeper investigation is required to improve the viable usage on
industries.
Hansson et al. (1998) have reviewed the various possible corrosion inhibition/passivation
mechanisms concerned with the inhibitors in a concrete environment. Their review
concluded that application of synthetic corrosion inhibitor formulations is a simple
implementable remedy for irresistible corrosion issues for reinforcement steel embedded
concrete. Corrosion inhibitor supplements act in concrete as not only to inhibit / lag the
corrosion progress and also minimize any critical threat over concrete properties viz.,
17
workability, setting time, strength, durability and air – void content. Besides, concrete
corrosion inhibitors should stay active / effective throughout the desired lifetime of
concrete structures. Thus, it is quite critical to derive an exhaustive corrosion inhibition
mechanism and admixtures effect over concrete in prediction of internal / external
aspects, which can influence inhibitors potency.
High temperature corrosion is a persisting issue over heavy fuel oil industrial operations
(high temperature gas generators / turbines and steam reservoirs). It usually triggered
through trace amounts of substances viz., vandaium, sulphur and sodium. Residual oil
combustion produces the accumulation of mineral ashes over metals / alloys surface that
inflict rust and fouling. This produces a vital compound through chemical reactions
among sodium sulfates (Na 2SO4 ) and vanadium petoxides (V2O 5) over gas turbines and
steam reservoirs. Compounds comprising of Manganese are found to prevent oil ash
corrosion effectively. Inclusion of Manganese substance undergoes chemical reaction
with sodium and hence reduces sodium – vanadium reaction that generates aggressive
sodium vanadate. Tiwary & Prakash (1998) reviewed the magnesium oxide’s influence to
inhibit high temperature corrosion.
Quarishi and Rawat (2001) have reviewed the macrocyclic compounds (porphyrin and
pthalocyanin) as corrosion inhibitors. Literature review was classified based on the
experimental techniques viz.,
gravimetric analysis
tafel polarization
18
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
hydrogen permeation method
auger electron spectroscopic (AES) studies
Azoles (imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole), the heterocyclic group of
compounds can serve as potent corrosion inhibitor that provide efficient protection for
metals (Fe, Al and Cu) in various corrosive media. Kusnetzov (2004) reviewed several
physiochemical aspects of azole’s corrosion inhibition potential in metal protection. The
composition and key mechanisms of ultrathin (Nano sized) protective layers formed over
the metals surface by azole group (Fig. 1) inhibitors were also discussed in this review.
Ponmariappan et al. (2004) have reviewed the corrosion inhibition potential of bacterial
biofilm. The review includes major discussion on,
types of bacteria involved in corrosion control process
 aerobic bacteria
 heterotrophic bacteria
 methanotrophic bacteria
 phosphate solubilizing microorganisms
mechanism of corrosion inhibition
 protective layer formation over metal / alloy surface
 fatty acids
 amino acids
 vivianite coating
19
 corrosion inhibition by neutralization of the corrosive substances
 corrosion inhibition by decreasing the medium corrosiveness
effect of inhibitive species on ennoblement
effect of inhibitive species on cathodic protection
This review concluded that corrosion inhibition by microorganisms has many advantages
viz., pollution free, easier to develop, minimum maintenance cost and cheaper than other
classical methods of corrosion control.
Corrosion inhibitor developments for managing corrosion within wet oil and gas
production pipelines and production equipment are well documented throughout the
NACE literature. Gregg & Ramachandran (2004) reviewed the improvement and
analyzed the offshore oil and gas manufacturing units. This review article provides
literature summary, which is classified under the following sections.
assessment of corrosion inhibitor development and screening pertaining to
offshore 'shallow water' production systems
summary of developments and testing related to offshore 'deep water' production
systems
Volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) / Vapor phase inhibitors / Volatile rust inhibitors are
substances injected in a sealed atmosphere which can target towards the corrosion spot by
evaporation. Typically, VCI may be a compound or mixture that is vaporized slowly at
room temperature. The vaporized gas is absorbed in a metallic surface chemically /
20
physically which may form a protective layer and prevent metal corrosion. Various
prospects of VCI were well reviewed by Bastidas et al., (2005). This review includes
literature as well as a narration of the various factors influencing VCI’s performance and
corrosion inhibition mechanism under the following headings.
Transporting of inhibitor to the metallic surface
Vapor pressure
Effect of pH
Formation and destruction of adsorbed films
Raja & Sethuraman’s (2008) review gave an intense version of green compounds (natural
products) that are applicable as potent rust inhibitors. This review discussed,
Function of inhibitors over the metal surface
Criteria for choosing inhibitors
Literature of natural corrosion inhibitors
Applications and limitations of natural corrosion inhibitors
The review concluded that natural substances rise as impressive rust inhibitors in nearby
future owing to their advantages as easy accessibility, eco – friendly, biodegradable in
earth and non - toxicant; the era of green corrosion inhibitors has already begun. Authors,
namely Buchweishaija, (2009); Sangeetha et al. (2011); Kesavan et al. (2012); Rani &
Basu, (2012); Acharya et al. (2013); Patni et al. (2013); Sangeetha et al. (2015), further
reviewed the literature and various aspects of green corrosion inhibitors effectively.
21
Quantum chemical calculations, theoretical predictions of corrosion inhibition potential
and molecular modeling for organic compounds were reported in many research articles.
Gece [39] had given an immense review over this topic and narrates on following
sections.
Quantum chemical parameters
 Atomic charges
 Molecular orbital energies

 Dipole moment
 Energy
Semi empirical techniques
 Modified Neglect of Differential Overlap (MNDO)
 Austin Model 1 (AM1)
 Parameterized Model Number - 3 (PM3)
His review classified the literature of corrosion inhibitors studied using semi empirical
method and ab initio and density functional theory (DFT method). Gece concluded that
quantum chemical calculations are powerful tool for the prediction of corrosion inhibition
potential while immense care must be taken in planning these studies.
Antonijevic & Petrovic (2008) reviewed the literature dealing with electrochemical
decay of copper metal and their application as rust inhibitors. Their review included a
short discussion of inorganic copper corrosion inhibitors and an elaborate discussion and
literature review of organic corrosion inhibitors. The influence of organic corrosion
22
inhibitors for steel corrosion in acidic environment has been well reviewed by El
Maksoud in 2008. He mentioned the following sections,
The effect of organic inhibitor’s structure on their inhibiting properties
Zero charge potential
The synergistic effect
Further, he classified the organic inhibitors based on their applications in corrosive

media.
Mineral acids (hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid)
Organic acids (oxalic acid, formic acid and tartaric acid)
Reviews concluded that organic substances / additives comprising N, S, O and P in the
conjugated system were found as efficient rust inhibitors. Their inhibition mechanism
involved adsorption viz., physisorption/chemisorption.
Various physiochemical aspects were involved during metal protection by azoles as
corrosion inhibitors; which was well reviewed by Kuznetsov & Kazansky (2008). This
review contains the literature of corrosion inhibitors which including N – based
heterocyclic compounds and azoles. Further, various azole compounds viz., Imidazoles,
Triazoles and Tetrazoles were also classified based on their application as corrosion
inhibitors.
The review concluded that,
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azoles can be considered as a promising rust inhibitor for metals (including Fe, Cu
and Al) protection against different corrosion media
azoles produce a polymeric complex with copper’s metal cation which results in
the formation of nano coating and inhibits corrosion
corrosion inhibition potential of substituted azoles is determined not only by
electronic effects of substituent but also by hydrophobicity.

Polymers can be efficient corrosion inhibitors because they have potent hetero functional
groups that produce inhibitor (polymer) – metal ions complexes; which can occupy
immense zone over metallic surface and shield it from the corrosive media.
Umoren (2009) reviewed the polymers usage as metal corrosion inhibitors in different
corrosive environment. His report emphasized on the literature of polymer rust inhibition
based on their applications for different metals viz., mild steel, aluminium, iron, copper
and other metals. Highlight of his review is that water soluble polymers are effective
corrosion inhibitors for aqueous media. The review also concluded that corrosion
inhibition potential of polymers based on,
nature of the corrosive environment
characteristics of metal surface and zero potential
Structure of the inhibitor including adsorption active center, adsorption
mechanism, molecular dimension, charge density, development of inhibitor – metal
complexes and inhibitor’s projection area towards metal surface
24
Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete have been reviewed by Soylev & Richardson
(2008) which emphasized on most commonly used concrete corrosion inhibitors viz.,
aminoalcohols (AMA), calcium nitrites and sodium mono fluorophosphates (MFP). This
review includes the discussion on mode of application and classification of concrete
corrosion inhibitors. Further, this review extends the discussion on various aspects of
AMA, MFP and calcium nitrite when they are applied as concrete corrosion inhibitors.
Narration was made on the following headings,

basic mechanism of corrosion protection
effectiveness of inhibitors in chloride / carbonate contaminated concrete
inhibitors penetrability into the concrete
effect on concrete (fresh / hardened) properties
 fresh concrete (air content / density, workability, hydration / setting time)
 mechanical properties (tensile / compressive strength, steel concrete bond,
modulus of elasticity)
 durability (shrinkage, penetrability & resistance, freeze – thaw resistance,
carbonation death, abrasion resistance, other organic)
field trials
The review concluded that more research is needed on factors influence the protection
efficacy of migrating rust inhibitors. The info concerning corrosion inhibitors “long –
term” progress over real environment is much restricted.
Allam et al. (2009) have reviewed benzotriazole (BTAH) influences over copper metal /
25
alloys protection in different corrosive environment. The review discussed in depth of
BTAH’s literature as corrosion inhibitors along with the following sections,
Structural chemistry of BTAH and mode of corrosion inhibition
Inhibiting effects of BTAH, its derivatives and blends
Adverse effects of BTAH
The review summarized two possible mechanisms involved during copper corrosion
inhibition by BTAH (Fig. 2) and its derivatives. The review concluded that BTAH
supremely inhibits corrosion for copper metals / alloys in cleaner atmosphere while the
presence of pollutants such as sulfide ions remarkably affects the performance of BTAH
for copper protection.
The corrosion inhibition effect of BTAH on copper protection was later reviewed by
Fingsar & Milosev (2010). This review summarizes the significant research on BTAH’s
corrosion inhibition for copper metals protection with vast discussion on molecular
structure of BTAH. Corrosion inhibition mechanism of BTAH has been amply reviewed
along with literature examples. This review paper contains following sections,
Innovative studies on BTAH’s inhibition for copper corrosion protection
Surface structure / its composition on BTAH treated copper
Inhibition mechanism of BTAH
Inhibitory effectiveness of BTAH
Synergistic and acceleration effects
Derivatives of BTAH
26
Important conclusions of this review are,
BTAH can be considered as the leading rust inhibitors for copper metals / alloys
corrosion under both stationary and dynamic conditions
BTAH performs through mixed mode corrosion inhibition, while it primly
controls the anodic dissolution.
BTAH is highly active at upper pH limit.

BTAH derivatives with substituted functional groups on benzene ring actively inhibit Cu
corrosion instead of substitution over triazole moiety.
Precise mode / mechanism of BTAH’s copper metal protection yet pending for
explication.
Microorganisms have the ability to alter the electrochemical environments significantly
by forming biofilms over the interface of electrolytic solution / metallic surface.
Electrochemical alterations may vary as either induction or acceleration of metal
corrosion to corrosion protection. Bio corrosion / microbial influenced corrosion
inhibition are seldom related in either single mode of mechanism or one class of
microorganisms. Either of the following two common mechanisms or their combined
mechanisms may progress for microbial influenced corrosion protection:
Neutralize the existing active corrosion species within the surroundings
Formation of protection layer / strengthening existing protective layer over
metallic surface
27
Videla & Herrera (2009) have reviewed the microbial corrosion inhibition and its
mechanism under different practical cases. They classified the mechanism under the
following headings,
Microbial inhibition through neutralization of potent corrosive substances
Microbial inhibition through formation / stabilization of protection layer over
metallic surface
This review concluded that, electrochemical reactions lead both bio corrosion and
microbial influenced rust protection; hence electrochemical methods may successfully be
employed for their measurements. Microbial species participation in corrosion protection
leads to many effects, which are lacking in the abiotic conditions while it does not alter
the electrochemical basis of the system. It should be highlighted that sometimes
bacteria’s protective behavior may turn as corrosive nature over the microbial groups
placed inside the biofilms.
Surfactants (surface active agents) are extensively employed as commercial corrosion
inhibitors and huge numbers of applications can be found at petroleum industries. This
may because surfactants have incredible potential to effect the nature of metal surfaces
and solution interfaces. The surfactants role as corrosion inhibitors in the petroleum field
was reviewed by Migahed & Al – Sabagh (2009). This review discusses how the
corrosion problems occur in petroleum industry as follows:
Acidizing oil and gas wells
Drilling fluids
28
Pipelines (different soil, dissolved oxygen, dissimilar metals, microbial corrosion)
Scale removal treatment using acids
Refinery units
Oil storage tanks
The review also includes the general characteristics of surfactants, their application as
rust inhibitors and corrosion protection mechanism. The review concluded that inhibition
effect of surfactants,
based on the surfactant molecules adsorption capacity over the reactive sites of
the metal surface
rises along with sum of carbon atoms in aliphatic hydrocarbon chain.
varies with CMC (critical micelle concentration) properties.
Later, Malik et al. (2011) reviewed the corrosion inhibition ability of surfactants. This
review covers the literature as well as classification of surfactants (anionic, cationic,
nonionic and zwitterionic), micelles, micellar structure and properties, critical micelle
concentration (CMC), corrosion of materials (surface corrosion, filiform corrosion,
fretting corrosion, inner granular corrosion) and corrosion inhibition mechanism. They
concluded that surfactant molecules have high affinity to adsorb over the interfaces and
forms micelles. This is the reason behind the usage of surfactants over various interfacial
systems. The surfactants possess high potential to resolve corrosion issues over metal
surface, which consequently provides material protection and saves the economy aspects.
29
Saji (2010) reviewed the patents on corrosion inhibitors, which were reported in 2008 -
2009. His review classified the literature of patents on corrosion inhibitors based on their
following applications.
Corrosion inhibitor in cooling water systems
Corrosion inhibition in oil and gas field
Corrosion inhibitors in paints and coatings
Acid corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion inhibitors in lubricants, hydraulic and metal working fluids
Vapor phase corrosion inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors in electronic industry
Concrete corrosion inhibitors
Other applications
The main conclusions drawn were:
conventional inorganic inhibitors continue to be a major component in many
patented inhibitor combinations
few patents explored nano technology for better inhibition
novel packaging products are patented based on vapor corrosion inhibitors
Later, Saji (2014) reviewed the recent patents on contemporary developments in
corrosion inhibitors on similar sections and came up with similar conclusions.
The usage of inorganic / organic corrosion inhibitors were identified as toxic to both
30
humans and environment. Extensive research and development have been carried out to
discover a new class of corrosion inhibitors. Drugs were introduced as corrosion
inhibitors to solve the toxicity issues. Many drugs were reported as effective corrosion
inhibitors since it contained ideal molecular elements viz., five – six membered aromatic
structures, benzene substitutions, heterocycles (pyridines, furans, thiophenes, imidazoles,
isoxazoles) that were well reviewed by Gece (2011). His review outlined the literature on
drugs usage as corrosion inhibitors for different metals / alloys and classified them based
on their clinical usage. This review narrated various drugs as corrosion inhibitors under
the following headings and subheadings.
Rust inhibitors of class - β – lactam antibiotics
 The penicillins
 Natural penicilins
 Penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillins
 Aminopenicillins
 Extended spectrum penicillins
 Classified (first, second, third, fourth and fifth) generations of cephalosporins
Corrosion inhibitors of various classifications viz., quinolones, tetracyclines,
macrolides, lincosamides, sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, amphenicols, antifungal
drugs, anthelmintics, muscle relaxants, antiviral drugs, opioid analgesics, histamines,
antipsychotic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, amoebicidal drugs
The review concluded that drugs are preferred for corrosion inhibition application is
mainly because most of them are environment friendly substances. Corrosion inhibition
31
efficacy of drugs based on their molecular skeleton, functional groups and their attraction
towards metallic surface. Furthermore, it is pointed out that precise corrosion inhibition
mechaism by various drugs have yet to be clarified.
Addition of inhibitors in concrete structures reduces the corrosion of steel reinforcement
and also improves its quality and integrity. Abdulrahman et al. (2011) reviewed the
corrosion inhibitors used in concrete structures along with the mechanism of action. The
review classified the concrete corrosion inhibitors as,
Inorganic inhibitors
Organic inhibitors
Sealers and barrier inhibitors
Green corrosion inhibitors
Following main conclusions were drawn from this review.
Protection of epoxy coated reinforcement concrete is a big question because of its
failure record under localized corrosion and high level of chloride attack
Usage of stainless steel reinforcement concrete is very effective although it isn’t
cost effective
Amines, alkano amines, amino acids, mono, poly carboxylates, amino – alcohol
based inhibitors, BTAH, organic heterocycles and green products could be successfully
employed as effective inhibitor for concrete protection.
32
The corrosion inhibition effect of organic hetero compound viz., pyrimidine (Fig. 3) was
reviewed by Loto et al. (2010) along with environmental friendly corrosion inhibitor.
Their review narrates the synthesis of pyrimidine, mechanism of inhibition and the
literature of pyrimidine as corrosion inhibitors. This review concluded that pyrimidine
compounds can be used as effective corrosion inhibitors, and are also considered as
environmental friendly formulations due to their low toxicity. Thus, usage of Cr (VI)
complexes (inorganic corrosion inhibitor) can be replaced with pyrimidine derivatives. It

shows a high inhibition potential in mild acid medium and acted through mixed mode of
corrosion inhibition mechanism. Presence of hetero atoms S, N and O, π – electrons of
aromatic moiety, alkyl chain length, molecular mass and functional group substitution
may increase the corrosion inhibition potential of pyrimidine.
Loto et al. during 2012, reviewed the corrosion protection ability of thiourea (Fig. 4a) and
thiazole (Fig. 4b) compounds. Similar to their earlier review, this article also includes the
synthesis of thiourea and derivatives, thiadiazole and derivatives. Their applications on
corrosion inhibition for various metal protections have been discussed along with
literature. This review concluded that thiourea and thiadiazole derivatives showed
corrosion inhibition effect as similar to Cr (VI) based inhibitors; in particular they are
very effective versus both uniform (general attack) corrosion and pitting (extremely
localized attack) corrosion of ferrous metals over liquid media. Further, these substances
acted by mixed corrosion inhibition mechanism through covering active spots in the
metallic alloys.
33
Phosphonic acid is an effective chelating agent which had been widely used as corrosion
inhibitors along with Zinc metal ion (Zn2+). Kavipriya et al. (2012) reviewed the
application of phosphonic acid as corrosion inhibitors. The review highlights the
phosphonic acid properties and its corrosion protection ability for different metals / alloys
in various corrosive atmosphere. Further, this review concluded that phosphonic acid
inhibits / prevents metallic corrosion by means of adsorption, which obeys Temkin and
Langmuir adsorption isotherms. They were also classified as anodic / mixed mode
inhibitors.
Saeid et al. (2012) were well reviewed the mechanism involved during microbiologically
influenced corrosion (MIC). This manuscript narrates various mechanism proposed for
sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and classified the mechanism of MIC under following
headings,
cathodic depolarization by hydrogenise
iron sulfides mechanism
a volatile phosphorous compound
anodic depolarization
Fe – Binding exopolmers
sulfide and hydrogen – induced stress corrosion cracking
sulfide
three stages mechanism
biocatalytic cathodic sulfate reduction
34
They conclude that MIC proceeds through either one mode of mechanism or combined
sequence of many mechanisms, which based on the corrosive environment. However,
deeper studies has to be carried out to investigate the bacterial growth / self-protecting
capability against biocides / other inhibitors.
Aruthur et al. (2013) reviewed the evaluation of polymeric compounds (plant gums)
usage as rust inhibitor / corrosion protector for metals / its alloys. Arthur’s review
highlighted the following sections,

natural polymeric materials as corrosion inhibitors
polymers as corrosion inhibitors
mechanism of polymers action as corrosion inhibitors
natural occurring polymers
synthetic polymers
advantages and limitations of using polymeric materials as corrosion inhibitors
The review concluded that water soluble polymers are high potent rust inhibitor for liquid
environment. Polymers corrosion protection proceeds through adsorption mechanism
which are dependent on the nature of the metal surface and chemical / physical properties
of the polymer molecules viz., hetero functional groups and their steric hindrance,
aromaticity nature of donor atoms and electron clouds over molecular skeleton.
Corrosion inhibitors used for stainless steel metal within acidic environment was
reviewed by Kumar et al. (2013). Their review classified the literature on the basis of
different grades of stainless steel, medium, inhibitor additives, and different methods of
35
assessment, surface analysis and adsorption study.
Recently, Finsgar & Jackson (2014) have written a vivid review about corrosion inhibitor
applications in oil / gas industries for ferrous metal protection in acidic conditions. This
includes discussion on corrosion inhibitor formulations with variety of rust inhibitors,
surface active agents, intensifiers and thinners / solvents. This review narrates in-depth
discussion on the following section headings and subheadings,

The well acidizing procedure
 Usage of acids over acidizing process
Components employed in well constructions and corrosion experiments
Inhibition of iron metal rusting
 Usage of rust inhibitors within acidizing system
 Corrosion inhibitor compounds
 Corrosion inhibitor (novel synthetic organic molecule and natural products
- green substances) effect in HCl medium
Designing corrosion inhibitor formulations (potent corrosion inhibitor
constituents, surface active agents, thinner / solvents, intensifiers, other additives and
efficacy of various corrosion inhibitor combinations)
Ecological factors involve during inhibition process
Methane sulphonic acid (MSA) usage as eco – friendly well acidifier
Recommendation for testing corrosion inhibitor acceptability
 Acid volume / sample area ratio
 Surface preparation and cleaning
36
 Contact time
 Evaluation of pitting corrosion
 Testing techniques
The review mainly focused on the application of corrosion inhibitors in hydrochloric acid
medium. During well acidification process usually temperature evolved eminently which
is a serious threat for metals usage. This review suggested that throughout the acidizing
process, corrosion inhibitor formulations (combination of ideal surface active agents,
intensifiers and solvents) is a mandatory need for metal protection. Further, this report
highlights the threat of mineral acids usage during well acidification process and the
advantages of using methanesulphonic acid (MSA).
CONCLUSIONS
Reviews on corrosion inhibitors were summarized here and the major topics
discussed in those reviews were enlisted. Following conclusions were drawn from these
reviews,
Researchers have necessary awareness of corrosion issues and its prevention.
Variety of corrosion inhibitors viz., inorganic, organic, polymeric, green and
vapor phase, were successfully identified and serious research is under progress.
Series of water soluble polymers and organic heterocyclic compounds were
identified and successfully tested as potent corrosion inhibitors.
Commercial applications of these corrosion inhibitors in industries have not yet
been highlighted.
37
Importance of identifying on environmental friendly corrosion inhibitors is
warranted and the current research is more focused towards greener alternatives.
Green inhibitors for concrete corrosion have only limited literature in which
researchers can polarize their work.
Proposal of corrosion inhibition mechanism for both synthetic corrosion inhibitors
as well as for green corrosion inhibitors has not yet been completely resolved.
Development of nano corrosion sensors, nano coatings, smart nano corrosion

inhibitors, green nano inhibitors and green sensors are the points to new areas for
corrosion inhibitors research.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support of MOHE (grant No
4F528), MOSTI (grant No 4S090), RMC (grant No. 01E65), PDRU and CRC, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
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a
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Table 1. Corrosion inhibitors – review
S. No. Review Authors
1. Use of inhibitors in corrosion control Hackerman, 1948
2. Mechanism of passivating inhibitors Stern, 1958
3. Inhibition, Passivity and Resistance Evans, 1971
4. Role of Iron in the corrosion inhibition of Pearson, 1972
marine heat exchangers

5. Mechanism for corrosion inhibition and Leidheiser, 1980
passivation by metallic cations
6. Organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors Sanyal, 1981
7. Vapour phase corrosion inhibitors Singh et al. 1984
8. Corrosion inhibitors for acid media Schmitt, 1984
9. Molybdate as corrosion inhibitor Vukasovich et al 1986
10. Calcium nitrate as corrosion inhibitor for Berke et al. 1989
concrete
11. Corrosion inhibition science and technology Hackerman, 1990
12. Application of electrochemical techniques on Mansfeld & Little, 1991
Microbiologically influenced corrosion
13. Rare earth metals as corrosion inhibitor Hinton, 1992
14. Zinc Phosphate pigment as corrosion Romagnoli & Vetere, 1995
inhibitor
15. Aluminium corrosion inhibitor Jayalakshmi &
Muralidharan,1997
46
16. Computer application in corrosion inhibitor Banerjee & Vasanth, 1997
research
17. Lanthanide compounds as corrosion inhibitor Bethencourt et al. 1998
for aluminium metal
18. Corrosion inhibitors in concrete Hansson et al. 1998
19. Magnesium oxide as inhibitor for hot oil Tiwari & Prakash, 1998
corrosion
20. Macrocyclics as corrosion inhibitors Quraishi & Rawat, 2001
21. Physiochemical aspects of metal corrosion Kuznetsov, 2004
inhibition in aqueous solution
22. Corrosion control by bacterial biofilm Ponmariappan et al. 2004
23. Corrosion inhibitor developments and testing Gregg &Ramachandran, 2004
for offshore Oil and gas production systems
24. Volatile corrosion inhibitor Bastidas et al. 2005
25. Natural Products as corrosion inhibitors Raja & Sethuraman, 2008
26. Phytochemicals as green corrosion inhibitors Buchweishaija, 2009
Sangeetha et al. 2011
Kesavan et al. 2012
Rani & Basu, 2012
Acharya et al. 2013
Patni et al. 2013
Sangeetha et al. 2015
27. Use of quantum calculations in corrosion Gece, 2008
47
inhibitors studies
28. Corrosion inhibitors for copper metal Antonijevic & Petrovic, 2008
29. Organic compounds as corrosion inhibitor for Abd– El–Maksoud, 2008
steel in acidic media
30. Azoles as corrosion inhibitors Kuznetsov & Kazansky, 2008
31. Polymer as corrosion inhibitor Umoren, 2009
32. Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete Soylev & Richardson, 2008
33. Benzatriazole as corrosion inhibitor for Allam et al. 2009
copper metal Finsgar & Milosev, 2010
34. Microbial inhibition of corrosion Videla & Herrera, 2009
35. Surfactants as corrosion inhibitor in Migahed & Al – Sabagh, 2009
petroleum industry
36. Surfactant as corrosion inhibitors Malik et al. 2011
37. Recent patents on corrosion inhibitors Saji, 2010
38. Contemporary developments in corrosion Saji, 2014
inhibitors
39. Drugs as corrosion inhibitors Gece, 2011
40. Corrosion inhibitors for steel reinforcement Abdulrahman et al. 2011
in concrete
41. Pyrimidine derivatives as corrosion inhibitor Loto et al. 2012
42. Corrosion inhibition of thiourea and Loto et al. 2012
thiadiazole
43. Corrosion inhibition by Phosphonic acids Kavipriya et al. 2012
48
44. Mechanism of microbiological corrosion Saeid et al. 2012
45. Polymeric material as corrosion inhibitor Arthur et al. 2013
46. Corrosion inhibition of stainless steel in Selvakumar et al. 2013
acidic medium
47. Corrosion inhibitors application in oil and gas Finsgar & Jackson, 2014
industry
49
Figure 1.
50
Figure 2.
51
Figure 3.
52
Figure 4.
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Chemical Engineering Communications

ISSN: 0098-6445 (Print) 1563-5201 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcec20

Reviews on Corrosion Inhibitors – A Short View

Pandian Bothi Raja, Mohammad Ismail, Seyedmojtaba Ghoreishiamiri,

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2016.1172485

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Pandian Bothi Raja1,2, Mohammad Ismail1 , Seyedmojtaba Ghoreishiamiri1, Jahangir

Corresponding author, Tel: +6075531503, Fax: +6075566157. Email:

of all these reviews is summarized in this manuscript. Various aspects of corrosion

KEYWORDS: Corrosion; Corrosion inhibitor; Metals; Metal dissolution; Mechanism;

metals discovery. Corrosion is defined as the gradual degradation of metals / materials

of corrosion progress (Roberge, 2007).

Significance of corrosion studies is divided as following three categories,

Economics - economical aspects including direct / indirect losses

Safety - improved safety of operating instruments / equipments

Conservation of materials / metal resources

chemical containers, blades of turbines / motors, aero-plane parts, bridges, and

during manufacture and devise the metal frames.

Proper corrosion prevention regulations enable to abstain various severe damages,

impact on pipelines, reservoirs, ships, machinery components, coastal constructive,

enhance industrial safety as well as the material conservation.

In industries, usage of corrosion inhibitors is an effective remedy among other several

corrosion protection measures viz., protective coatings, cathodic protection, selection of

inhibition, which may be attained through adding chemical compounds. Corrosion

aggressive / corrosive environment either decrease or forestall the corrosion progress

between metal surface and media (Riggs, 1973; Papavinasam, 2000).

surface followed by interaction of inhibitor’s functional groups with metallic surface.

Important parameters considered for inhibitors are,

Solubility of inhibitor in corrosive medium

Compatibility of inhibitor in corroding system

Stability of inhibitor by varying pH and temperature

Corrosion inhibition efficiency

evolution by adsorption phenomenon that subsequently inhibit corrosion and protect

metal surface (Sanatkumarb et al. 2012).

The effectiveness of inhibitors depends on,

novel corrosion inhibitors.

Thus, a number of chemicals including inorganic complexes, organic molecules, natural

reported by several authors. A synopsis is presented here.

Corrosion Inhibitors - Reviews

Likewise, corrosion inhibitors reviews have been evaluated to present a comprehensive

all those reviews is discussed in subsequent section.

Outline the main arguments in research articles

Assessment of current state on corrosion inhibitor research

Determination of methodologies in early studies

Detection of future research directions on corrosion inhibitors

Identification of experts and research groups

Identification of research gap and area of controversy - different mode of action

dissolution of metal will be considered as inhibitor regardless of the mechanism by which

it operates. This manuscript narrates various factors of corrosion inhibitors under

following headings and subheadings.

Inhibition by effect on the corrosive medium

Inhibition by effect on the metal – inorganic chemicals

 Treatments for cadmium, zinc and aluminum

 Phosphates and silicates