Statistics and Probability Theory

Name: Waleed Ilyas

Reg#: FA20-BCS-030

Assignment No. 1

Submitted To:
Ma’am Nosheen
 Q.1) Describe significant role/applications of “Statistics” in computer
science.

Use of Statistics in Computer Science

Statistics in computer science are used for several things, including data mining, data
compression, and speech recognition. Other areas where statistics are used in computer
science include vision and image analysis, artificial intelligence, and network and traffic
modeling.
Statistics have been especially useful in speech recognition software with the advent of
Apple’s Siri. Statistics also back programs such as Google Translate, which uses data to
perform online translations. Statistics are used in both of these instances by using the spoken
or typed word and changing it into a sequence of numbers that matches it with known
dictionaries.
Data mining is performed with the help of statistics by using functions to find irregularities
or inconsistencies within data. Data compression uses statistical algorithms to compress
data. Statistics are also used in network traffic modeling; whereby available bandwidth is
exploited to be usable while the use of statistical programs avoids network congestion.
Artificial intelligence tries to simulate human thought using algorithms that are similar to
voice recognition or translation software. Other statistical uses in computer science include
quality management, software engineering, storage, and retrieval processes, and software
and hardware engineering and manufacturing. Algorithms have become necessary in many
facets of computer programming and data mining.

Use of Probability in Computer Science

Probabilities pervade many areas of computer science, particularly when performance is
being considered. Off the top of my head, here are eight examples where some knowledge
of probability theory is important:
1. Computer hardware: The computer’s cache memory is designed and
managed to maximize the speed of the computer’s RAM.

2. Computer algorithms: We efficiently test a very large number to verify

that it is prime? (This is one example of a randomized algorithm.)

3. Data structures: We implement a hash table that provides the fastest

lookup times on average.

4. Optimizing compilers: We reorganize the machine code created from a

program so that it executes with the fastest speed.

5. Cloud computing: We bring extra computing resources online to

guarantee good user response times (and when do we take the resources
offline again) so that we do not waste money on keeping idle capacity
around.

6. Databases: We distribute data between expensive fast memory (e.g.

RAM) and cheaper slower memory (e.g. spinning disks) so that the best
access times on average are maintained.
Q.2) EXEL file
For given variables (Weight and height) in “Sheet 1”
a. Construct simple bar chart
b. Construct histogram
c. Identify distribution of both variables as symmetrical or skewed. If
skewed then what type of skewed.
d. Also identify the class of mean, median and mode where they occurred.

HEIGHT GRAPHS

Height Frequency Histogram

30

25 24
23
21
20
16
15

10 9

5 4
1 1
0
0
70-71 72-73 74-75 76-77 78-79 80-81 82-83 84-85
 Height Frequency Ogive Less
700
624
600
539
500
456
400
375
300 296

200 219
144
100
71
0
70-71 72-73 74-75 76-77 78-79 80-81 82-83 84-85

Height
30

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Height Pivot Graph

16
14
14 13 13
12 11
10 9 9 Total
8
8 7 7
6

4
2 2 2
2 1 1
0
70 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
 WEIGHT GRAPHS

Weight Frequency (Weight)

30
26
25

20
15
15
10 10
10 8 8
7 7
6
5
2
0
170-176 177-183 184-190 191-197 198-204 205-211 212-218 219-225 226-232 233-240

Weight Frequecny Ogive Less

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Weight
30
26
25

20

15
15

10 10
10 8 8
7 7
6
5
2
0
170-176 177-183 184-190 191-197 198-204 205-211 212-218 219-225 226-232 233-240
 Weight Pivot Graph
14

12

10

8 Total

13
6
10
4 8 8 8
7 7
6
5 5
2 4
3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
170 175 178 180 185 186 187 189 190 195 198 200 205 208 210 215 218 220 222 225 228 230 232 234 235

Q.3) Consider the frequency polygon for weights of packets of sugar purchased in
a store per day. Answer the following questions as

Frequency Polygone
14
12
No. of Packets

9
8
6 6
44
2

9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2

Weights of Packets / Kg

a. 2 no. of packets has average weight more than 11.6 kg?

b. 4 no. of packets has average weight less than 11 kg?
c. What is a class interval?
Ans: 0.3

d. Make the frequency distribution from given graph.

(Hint: ℎ = 10.1 − 9.8 = 0.3 , 0.3 = 0.15, 𝐿𝐶B = 9.8 − 0.15 = 9.65 ,
2

𝑈𝐶B = 9.8 + 0.15 = 9.95)

 Class frequency Cumulative Class Class Limits
Marks Frequency Boundaries
LCB UCB LCL UCL
9.945 2 2 9.65 9.95 9.80 10.09

10.245 6 8 9.95 10.25 10.10 10.39

10.545 8 16 10.25 10.55 10.40 10.69

10.845 14 30 10.55 10.85 10.70 10.99

11.145 12 42 10.85 11.15 11.00 11.29

11.445 9 51 11.15 11.45 11.30 11.59

11.745 4 55 11.45 11.75 11.60 11.89

12.045 4 59 11.75 12.05 11.90 12.19

12.345 6 65 12.05 12.35 12.20 12.49

e. Find mean and median. Identify the distribution as symmetrical or skewed?

Mean = 11.3
Median = l + [(n/2−c)/f] × h
= 10.55 + ((32.5-30)/12)0.3
= 10.91
Q.4) Consider the frequency Ogive less than and more than form of speed of cars.
Answer the following questions

a. 8 No. of cars has speed more than 29.5 meter per second.
b. 61.53 Percentage of cars has less than 44.5 meter per second.
c. What is the class interval?

d. Construct the frequency distribution from the given graph

LCB UCB LCL UCL x less f cf f xf

4.495 9.495 4.5 9.49 6.995 0 0 0 0

9.495 14.495 9.5 14.49 11.995 3 3 3 35.985

14.495 19.495 14.5 19.49 16.995 11 14 11 186.945

19.495 24.495 19.5 24.49 21.995 27 38 24 527.88

24.495 29.495 24.5 29.49 26.995 44 71 33 890.835

29.495 34.495 29.5 34.49 31.995 56 100 29 927.855

34.495 39.495 34.5 39.49 36.995 63 119 19 702.905

39.495 44.495 39.5 44.49 41.995 68 131 12 503.94

44.495 49.495 44.5 49.49 46.995 72 140 9 422.955

49.495 54.495 49.5 54.49 51.995 74 146 6 311.97

 54.495 59.495 54.5 59.49 56.995 76 150 4 227.98

59.495 64.495 59.5 64.49 61.995 77 153 3 185.985

64.495 69.495 64.5 69.49 66.995 78 155 2 133.99

              155 5059.23

e. Find mean and median. Identify the distribution as symmetrical or skewed?

Mean = 32.64

Median = l + [(n/2−c)/f] × h
= 30.6

Q.5) The median of values 2, 7, 9, 10, x, 19, 23, 25, 30 is 17. Find the mean of
these values?
Ans: 2, 7, 9, 10, 17, 19, 23, 25, 30
Mean = x̅ = Σx/n = 2+7+9+10+17+19+23+25+30/9 = 142/9 = 15.7
x̅ = 15.7

Q.6) The median of values 2, 7, 9, 10, x, 19, 23, 25, 30, 36 is 15.5. Find the mean of
these values?
Ans: x+19/2 = 15.5
x = 15.5*2/19
x = 12

2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 25, 30, 36

Mean = Σx/n = 2 +7 +9 +10 +12 +19 +23 +25 +30 +36/10 = 173/10 = 17.3
x̅ = 17.3
 Q.7) Find x and y so that the ordered data set has a mean of 42.7 and a median of 37.
17, 22 , 26 , 29 , 34 , x , 42 , 67 , 70 , y

Median = 17, 22 , 26 , 29 , 34 , x, 42 , 67 , 70 , y

Median = (34 + x) / 2
37*2=34+x
x=40

Mean = 17, 22 , 26 , 29 , 34 , 40 , 42 , 67 , 70 , y
Mean = x̅ = Σx/n = 17+ 22 + 26 + 29 + 34 + 40 + 42 + 67
+ 70 + y / 10
42.7 = (347 + y) / 10
427 -347 = y
y = 80

x = 40
y = 80

Q.8) Find x so that the ordered data set has a mode of 42.
17 , 22 , 26 , 29 ,29, 42, x , 42 , 67 , 70

x=42

As we know that mode is the most frequent

term repeated in the dataset. Hence x will
42 to become the mode

Q.9) Find x and y so that the ordered data set has a mean of 117.22 and a median of
111.
99, 105, 106, 109, x, 120, 125, y, 150

x = 111

99, 105, 106, 109, 111, 120, 125, y, 150

Mean = x̅ = Σx/n = (99 + 105 + 106 + 109 + 111 + 120 + 125 + y + 150) / 9

117.2*9 = 924 + y
1054.8 - 924 = y

y = 130.8

99, 105, 106, 109, 111, 120, 125, 130.8, 150

 Q.10) Given the following grouped frequency table, in which interval does the
median fall?

Class Interval f CF
40-49 8 36

30-39 12 28

20-29 10 16

10-19 4 6
0-9 2 2

Median = l + [(n/2−c)/f] × h

1 = 29.5
a. 30-39 b. 20-29 c. 10-19 d. 0-9