Dr. Hazem Falah Sakeek: Modern Physics Is 20th Century Physics

3/13/2010
www.physicsacademy.org
Modern Physics is 20th century physics
Dr. Hazem Falah Sakeek

Al-Azhar University – Gaza
Faculty of Science
Department of Physics
 Classical Physics of the 1890s

 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
 Waves and Particles
 Conservation Laws and Fundamental Forces
 The Atomic Theory of Matter
 Outstanding Problems of 1895 and New
Lord Kelvin, 1900
Horizons
There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now.

All that remains is more and more precise measurement.
Lord Kelvin, 1900
Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 2
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3/13/2010
 Mechanics →
Electromagnetism →
← Thermodynamics
The first great experimentalist: he established experimental

foundations. He described the Principle of Inertia.
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3/13/2010
Three laws describing the relationship

between mass and acceleration.
Newton’s first law (Law of inertia):

An object with a constant velocity will
continue in motion unless acted upon Isaac Newton
(1642-1727)
by some net external force.
Newton’s second law: Introduces force

F as responsible for the change in linear
momentum p = mv
Newton’s third law (Law of action and reaction):
The force exerted by body 1 on body 2 is equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction to the
force that body 2 exerts on body 1:
Gauss’s law:  
  E  q / 0

(electric field)
 
 Gauss’s law: B  0 James Clerk Maxwell
(magnetic field) (1831-1879)

  B
 Faraday’ss law:
Faraday  E  
t 
  E
 Ampère’s law:   B   0 0
t
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First law: The change in the internal

energy ΔU of a system is equal to the
eat Q added to a syste
heat system p
plus
us tthee
work W done by the system:
ΔU = Q + W
Second law: It’s impossible to convert

heat completely into work without
some other change taking place.
Lord Kelvin
Added later:
The “zeroth” law: Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system
are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Third law: It’s impossible to achieve absolute zero temperature.
 Established the atomic theory of matter

 Introduced thermal equilibrium
 Established heat as energy
 Introduced the concept of internal energy
 Created temperature as a measure of internal energy
 Realized limitations: some energy processes cannot take place
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The ideal gas equation for n

moles of a “simple”
simple gas:
PV = nRT
where R is the ideal gas

constant, 8.31 J/mol · K
Internal energy U is directly related to the average molecular kinetic

energy.
Average molecular kinetic energy, K, is directly related to absolute
temperature.
Internal energy equally is distributed among the number of degrees of
freedom (f ) of the system:
f = 3 for
f simple
i l
translations in 3D space
where NA = Avogadro’s Number
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3/13/2010
speed
Maxwell derived a relation 3/ 2

 m 
for the molecular speed f (v)  4 N   v 2 exp(mv 2 / 2kT )
distribution f (v):  2 kT 
Boltzmann determined the
root-mean-square molecular
speed:
3kT
v rms  v2 
m
thus relating energy to
temperature for an ideal gas.
It predicted:
Diffusion
Mean free path
Collision frequencies
The speed of sound
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Two ways in which energy is transported:

P i t mass interaction:
Point i t ti
transfers of momentum
and kinetic energy:
particles.
Extended regions
g wherein
energy is transferred by
vibrations and rotations:
waves.
 Newton promoted the particle

theory
 Particles
P i l off light
li h travell iin straight
i h
lines or rays
 Explained sharp shadows
 Explained reflection and refraction
Newton in action
"I procured me a triangular glass prism to

try therewith the celebrated phenomena of
colours." (Newton, 1665)
14
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 Huygens promoted the wave theory.
He realized that light propagates as a

wave from the point of origin.
He realized that light slowed down on
entering dense media. Christiaan Huygens
(1629-1695)
He explained polarization,
reflection, refraction, and double
refraction.
Double refraction
While scientists of Newton’s time thought

shadows
h d were sharp,
h Young’s
Y ’ two-slit
t lit
experiment could only be explained by
light behaving as a wave. Fresnel
developed an accurate theory of diffraction
in the early 19th century.
Diffraction patterns
One slit
Augustin Fresnel
Two slits
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The electromagnetic spectrum is vast.
visible
e
microwave infrared UV X-ray
1 0 41 3 2 1 0 -1
106 105 10 10 10 10 10 10
radio wavelength (nm) gamma-ray
All electromagnetic waves

travel in a vacuum with a
speed c given by:
where μ0 and ε0 are the permeability and permittivity of free space
 gy The sum of energy

Conservation of energy: gy ((in all its forms)) is
conserved (does not change) in all interactions.
 Conservation of linear momentum: In the absence of external

forces, linear momentum is conserved in all interactions.
 Conservation of angular momentum: In the absence of external

torque, angular momentum is conserved in all interactions.
 Conservation of charge: Electric charge is conserved in all

interactions.
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3/13/2010
 Initiated by Democritus and Leucippus (~450 B.C.),

who were the first to use the Greek atomos,
atomos
meaning “indivisible.”
 Avogadro proposed that all gases at the same temperature,
pressure, and volume contain the same number of molecules
(atoms): 6.02 × 1023 atoms.
 Cannizzaro (1826 – 1910) made the distinction between atoms
and molecules ad
advancing
ancing the ideas of A
Avogadro.
ogadro
In a speech to the Royal Institution in 1900, Lord Kelvin himself

described two “dark clouds on the horizon” of p y
physics:
The question of the

existence of an electro-
magnetic medium—referred
to as “ether” or “aether.”
The failure of classical

physics to explain
blackbody radiation.
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3/13/2010
For reasons then unknown, atomic gases emitted only certain narrow
frequencies, unique to each atomic species.
Emission
spectra
from
gases of
hot
atoms
atoms.
Wavelength
 X-rays (Roentgen)
 Radioactivity
(Becquerel)
 Electron (Thomson)
 Zeeman effect
Roentgen’s x-ray
image of his wife’s hand
(with her wedding ring)
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3/13/2010
 Max Planck advanced the atom concept

to explain
l bl
blackbody
kb d radiation
d
by use of submicroscopic quanta.
 Boltzmann required the existence of atoms

for his advances in statistical mechanics. Max Planck
(1858-1947)
 Einstein used molecules to explain Brownian motion
(microscopic “random” motion of suspended grains of pollen in
water)
t ) anddd
determined
t i d the
th approximate
i t value
l off their
th i size
i andd
mass.
 Jean Perrin (1870 – 1942) later experimentally verified Einstein’s

predictions.
These new discoveries and the

manyy resulting
g complications
p
c
required a massive revision of
fundamental physical
uantum mechanics
Special
General relativity
assumptions. relativity
Speed
The introduction (~1900) of the

modern theories of special
y and q
relativity quantum 19th-centuryy
Qu
mechanics became the starting physics

point of this most fascinating 0
revision. General relativity Log (size)
(~1915) continued it.
12

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3/13/2010

Modern Physics is 20th century physics

Dr. Hazem Falah Sakeek

 Classical Physics of the 1890s

There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now.

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 2

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 3

The first great experimentalist: he established experimental

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 4

Three laws describing the relationship

Newton’s first law (Law of inertia):

Newton’s second law: Introduces force

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 5

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 6

First law: The change in the internal

Second law: It’s impossible to convert

Third law: It’s impossible to achieve absolute zero temperature.

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 7

 Established the atomic theory of matter

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 8

The ideal gas equation for n

where R is the ideal gas

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 9

Internal energy U is directly related to the average molecular kinetic

where NA = Avogadro’s Number

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 10

Maxwell derived a relation 3/ 2

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 11

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 12

Two ways in which energy is transported:

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 13

 Newton promoted the particle

"I procured me a triangular glass prism to

 Huygens promoted the wave theory.

He realized that light propagates as a

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 15

While scientists of Newton’s time thought

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 16

The electromagnetic spectrum is vast.

All electromagnetic waves

where μ0 and ε0 are the permeability and permittivity of free space

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 17

 gy The sum of energy

 Conservation of linear momentum: In the absence of external

 Conservation of angular momentum: In the absence of external

 Conservation of charge: Electric charge is conserved in all

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 18

 Initiated by Democritus and Leucippus (~450 B.C.),

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 19

In a speech to the Royal Institution in 1900, Lord Kelvin himself

The question of the

The failure of classical

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 20

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 21

Dr. Hazem F. Sakeek : Modern Physics : www.physicsacademy.org 22

 Max Planck advanced the atom concept

 Boltzmann required the existence of atoms