Linear and Planar Antenna Arrays

Prof. Girish Kumar

Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay

gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in
prof.gkumar@gmail.com
(022) 2576 7436
 Outline of Presentation
 Arrays of Two Isotropic Sources
 Principles of Pattern Multiplication
 Linear Array of N Elements with Uniform Amplitude
 Broadside
 Ordinary Endfire
 Scanning Array
 Linear Arrays with Non-Uniform Amplitude
 Planar Arrays
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 2
 Array of Two Isotropic Point Sources
𝑃
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟1 + 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟2
𝑟1
𝑑 𝑑
𝑟1 ≅ 𝑟 + cos𝜙 cos𝜙
2 2 𝑟 𝑟2
for 𝑟 ≫ 𝑑
𝑑
𝑟2 ≅ 𝑟 − cos𝜙 𝜙
2 1 𝑑 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
−𝑗𝛽 2 cos𝜙 𝑗𝛽 2 cos𝜙
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 𝑒 +𝑒
𝜓 𝜓
2𝜋
−𝑗𝛽𝑟 −𝑗 𝑗 𝛽=𝑘=
= 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 𝜆

𝜓 𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑
𝐸 = 2𝐸𝑜 cos = 2𝐸𝑜 cos cos𝜙 𝜓 = 𝛽𝑑cos𝜙 = cos𝜙
2 𝜆 𝜆
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 3
Two Isotropic Sources of Same Amplitude and Phase
𝜋𝑑
Normalized E: 𝐸 = cos cos𝜙 90
60
𝜆
𝜆 𝜋 HPBW
For 𝑑 = 𝐸 = cos cos𝜙
2 2
𝜙 0° 60° 90° 0

E 0 1/ 2 1
HPBW is 60° in one plane and
360° in another plane
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 4
Two Identical Dipoles and Pattern Multiplication

Horizontal Dipole: 𝐸n = s𝑖𝑛𝜙

𝜓
𝐴𝐹 = cos
2
𝜓
𝐸 = s𝑖𝑛𝜙cos
2

HPBW Gain

Dipole Pattern AF Final Pattern

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 5
N Isotropic Sources of Equal Amplitude and Spacing
𝐸 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑗𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗2𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗3𝜓 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑗(𝑛−1)𝜓
2𝜋𝑑
where 𝜓 = cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
𝐸𝑒 𝑗𝜓 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗2𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗3𝜓 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜓
𝐸 − 𝐸𝑒 𝑗𝜓 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜓
1 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜓 sin 𝑛𝜓/2
𝐸= 𝑗𝜓
=
1−𝑒 sin 𝜓/2
sin 𝑛𝜓/2
As ߰0, Emax = n, 𝐸norm =
nsin 𝜓/2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 6
Radiation Pattern of N Isotropic Elements Array
For n = 10,
First SLL
Array Factor = 20log0.22
= -13.15dB

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 7

 Broadside Array (Sources In Phase)
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
𝜆
 = 0, 𝑑 = and 𝑛 = 4 𝜓 = 𝜋cos𝜙
2
sin 𝑛𝜓/2 sin 2𝜓
𝐸𝑛 = =
nsin 𝜓/2 4sin 𝜓/2

 Ψ E
0° π 0
60° π/2 0
90° 0 1
Field pattern of 4 isotropic point sources with the
𝐵WFN = 201 = 60 same amplitude and phase. Spacing = /2.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 8
 End-Fire Array
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
For d = /2, ϕ = 0 and 𝜓 = 0
 = −𝜋
𝜓 = 𝜋(cos𝜙 − 1)
 Ψ E
0° 0 1
60° -π/2 0
Field pattern of ordinary end-fire array of 4
isotropic point sources of same amplitude. 90° -π 0
Spacing is /2 and the phase angle  = -. BWFN = 120°
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 9
Array with Maximum Field in Arbitrary Direction
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
Desired Beam Maxima at ϕ = 60°
For d = λ/2 and
𝜓 = 0 at ϕ = 60°
𝜋
=−
2

Field pattern of array of 4 isotropic point sources of equal amplitude with phase
adjusted to give the maximum value at  = 60° for spacing d = λ/2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 10
Null Directions for Arrays of N Isotropic Point Sources
sin 𝑛𝜓/2
𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 =
nsin 𝜓/2
For Finding Direction of Nulls:
𝑛𝜓 𝑛𝜓
sin = 0 = k𝜋 where, k = 1,2,3…
2 2
2k𝜋
𝜓=
𝑛
For Broadside Array, δ = 0
2𝜋𝑑 2k𝜋 𝑘𝜆
 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−1
𝜓= cos𝜙𝑜 =  𝑛𝑑
𝜆 𝑛

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 11

Directions of Max SLL for N Elements Arrays
𝑛𝜓 𝑛𝜓 (2𝑘+1)𝜋
sin = ±1 → =± where k=1,2,3…..
2 2 2
(2𝑘+1)𝜋
𝜓=±
𝑛𝜓 𝑛
sin 1
Magnitude of SLL: 𝐴𝐹 = | 2 |=| |
𝜓 (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
𝑛sin 𝑛sin
2 2𝑛
For very large n:
1 2
𝐴𝐹 = | |= = 0.212 for k =1 (First SLL)
(2𝑘 + 1)𝜋 (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
𝑛×
2𝑛 SLL in dB = 20Log 0.212 = -13.5dB
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 12
 Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) of Array
For calculating HPBW, find Ψ, where 𝑛𝜓
sin 1
radiated power is reduced to half of its 𝐴𝐹 = 2 =
maximum value: 𝜓 2
𝑛sin
𝑛𝜓 2
For large n, sin 1
𝐴𝐹 2 = Solution:
HPBW is small: 𝜓 2
𝑛 nΨ/2 = 1.3915
2
2𝜋𝑑
For Broadside: 𝜓 = cos𝜙 = 2.783/n
𝜆
cos ϕ = 1.3915/ (πnd/λ) = 0.443/Lλ (radian)
HPBW ~ 2 x (90 - ϕ) = 50.70 /Lλ
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 13
Grating Lobes for Arrays of N Isotropic Point Sources
To Avoid Grating Lobes:
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 − cos𝜙𝑚 ≤ 2
𝜆
where, m is direction of max. radiation

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
≤  ≤
𝜆 cos𝜙 − cos𝜙𝑚 𝜆 1 + cos𝜙𝑚
𝑑
For Broadside Array: <1→𝑑<𝜆
𝜆
𝜆
For Endfire Array: 𝑑<
2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 14
 Radiation Pattern of Broadside Arrays with Non-Uniform Amplitude
(5 elements with spacing = λ/2, Total Length = 2 λ)

SLL < -13 dB No SLL SLL < -20 dB Grating Lobes

All 5 sources are in same phase but relative amplitudes are different.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 15
Non-Uniform Amplitude Distribution

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 16

Non-Uniform Amplitude Distribution (Contd.)

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 17

Current Distribution for Line-Sources and Linear Array

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 18

Radiation Characteristics for Line-Sources and Linear Array

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 19

Rectangular Planar Array
𝑀𝜓𝑥 𝑁𝜓𝑦
1 sin 1 sin 2
2
𝐴𝐹𝑛 (, ) =
𝑀 𝑀sin 𝜓𝑥 𝑁 𝜓𝑦
2 𝑁sin
2

where 𝜓𝑥 = 𝑘𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑥

𝜓𝑦 = 𝑘𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦

𝑥 = −𝑘𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 for 𝜓𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = −𝑘𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 for 𝜓𝑦 = 0

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 20

 Radiation Pattern of 5x5 Planar Array
λ λ
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 =
4 2
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0
𝑀=𝑁=5 𝑀=𝑁=5

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 21

Directivity of Rectangular Planar Array
𝐷 = 𝜋𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 cos𝜃0
For Broadside Array (𝜃0 = 0):
D = 𝜋 Dx Dy
= 𝜋 (2Lx /λ) (2Ly/λ)
= 4𝜋 Lx Ly/λ2 = 4𝜋 A/λ2
where A = Area of the Array

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 22