UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLOGICA DEL CENTRO DE

VERACRUZ
MALTRATA, VERACRUZ

PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO

INGLES

DOCENTE
María Teresa Pérez Balderas

TRABAJO
TECHNICAL READING

ESTUDIANTE
JESUS ALEJANDRO ABURTO MARTINEZ
GRADO Y GRUPO:

IMI 8A MT
Failures in welded and bolted connections
Welded Connections
Welding is the most common form of structural steel connection and consists of joining two pieces
of steel by surface fusion of the faces to be joined in the presence of heat.

They are procedures that, through the application of energy manifested in heat and/or pressure,
allow the intimate and permanent union of metallic elements to be achieved, leaving them with the
continuity suitable for them to work mechanically as a homogeneous whole, preserving their
physical qualities.

Weld connection failures

• Undermining:

It is a surface discontinuity that occurs in the base metal adjacent to the weld. The base metal has
been melted during the welding process and there was not enough filler material to fill the resulting
depression.

• Lack of Fusion:

It is the cracking of the weld metal. It is more likely to occur in the first layer of solder than
anywhere else, and if not repaired it will continue to pass through the other layers as it is deposited.

• Lack of Penetration:

It occurs if the weld chamfer is not completely filled or when the contact between the base metal
and the filler metal is not complete over its entire surface.
 • Slag Illusion:

Due to very rapid cooling, a layer of slag can be generated on the weld. This layer appears solid,
however its resistance is very low.

• Porosity:
The inadvertent inclusion of hydrogen and other gases can result in a weld filled with small pores,
like a sponge. Each of these pores is an imperfection that is a potential fracture initiation point.

Bolted Connections
Bolted connections are recognized as having the advantage of being a simple field connection
method, making them a more economical connection solution than field welding. However, among
the disadvantages it should be noted that it requires drilling of the plates and elements to be
connected.
 • In-plane shear failure:

The resistance depends directly on the number of bolts, the number of shear planes, the material of
the bolt and its cross section.

• Tensile failure in the bolt:

The resistance depends directly on the number of bolts, the number of shear planes, the material of
the bolt and its cross section.

• Crush failure of connected material:

The resistance depends directly on the connected material, the diameter of the bolt and the size
and shape of the hole. The failure appears as an excessive deformation of the hole.
 • Critical slip failure:

Typical of friction type connections. The resistance basically depends on the contact pressure
between the parts and the roughness of the faces in contact. The failure appears as a relative slip
between the connected parts.

• Shear block pull-out failure:

This failure manifests itself as tearing of a portion of the connected element.

The resistance depends on the connected material and the geometric pattern of the fault planes.

• Failure due to breakage in the effective net area:

It corresponds to a breakage of the section in tension. The breaking stress is reached due to the
reduction of the cross section by the holes and by the stress concentration associated with the
geometry of the connection, that is, the stress transmission path between the connected elements.
QUESTIONS
What is the most common form of steel connection?

Welding is the most common form of connection of structural steel and consists of joining two
pieces of steel by means of the superficial fusion of the faces to be joined in the presence of heat.

What are the Faults in welded connections?

Some of the faults are, Undercutting, Lack of Fusion, Lack of Penetration, Slag Illusion, Porosity.

What are Bolted Connections?

Bolted connections are recognized as having the advantage of being a simple field connection
method, making them a more economical connection solution than field welding.

What are some of the failures in bolted connections?

Some of the failures are In-plane Shear Failure, Tensile Bolt Failure, Crush Failure of Connected
Material, Critical Slip Failure, Shear Block Pull-Out Failure, and Net Effective Area Break Failure.

In both types of connections, which do you think is more risky?

In the welded connections it would be: Lack of Fusion.

In bolted connections it would be: Failure due to breakage in the effective net area.