ORALCOM 4TH QUARTER – depends solely on your ability to speak in an
LESSON 1: TYPES OF SPEECH instant
> Types of Speech according to Purpose
o Informative
– serves to provide interesting and useful
information to audience
– in paper/research presentations or academic fora,
speakers aim to give significant information to the
audience
– imparting knowledge and details
– talk about people, places, things, processes
– e.g. SONA, profs giving lectures about
processes, a biologist is speaking about a newly
discovered specie
o Demonstrative
– many similarities with informative
– teaches you to do or perform something
– instructs to do something step by step
– e.g. Do-It-Yourself projects, doctors teaching
volunteers how to do first-aid, music teacher
teaching how to play an instrument
o Persuasive
– persuade or convince people to change the way
they think or do something, or to start something
that they are not currently doing
– political speeches: can make the audience laugh,
like, love, want, or desire a specific change or
make them reject or hate a policy, program,
service, or even institution and other people
– goal is to share ur stance on certain issues para
maencourage din sila maniwala
– present arguments and evidences (legitimate and
credible)
– audience will believe u if ure credible:
demonstrate expertise or that ure knowledgeable
– u appeal to the emotions of audience
– Aristotle: Ethos, Pathos, Logos – if u have these
3, magiging great public speaker ka
o Entertaining
– provides pleasure and enjoyment that make the
audience laugh or identify with anecdotal
information
– toastmaster speech, speech during a program
intermission or after dinner
– context depends on the event
– entertainment not only about comedy but you
also can present dramatic presentations, skit, story-
telling, and the like (to arouse their emotions)
– e.g. bride talking about funny moments in
wedding speech, a successful chef is talking to a
food blogger about their struggles, sharing of travel
stories to friends
> Types of Speech according to Delivery
o Impromptu
– delivered on the spur of the moment
– no preparation
– immediate exchange of opinions
– problems in coherence
– tips:
o Consider the question or statement to which you
are about to reply or react.
o Speak briefly but be sure to speak about the
significant point/s.
o Compose yourself as you organize your
thoughts logically.
o Be mindful of what you say but not overly self-
conscious.
o Breathe properly.
o Extemporaneous
– allows speaker to prepare his/her thoughts and
mode of delivery (ample time to prepare)
– note cards or short outlines written on a small
sheet of paper help significantly in making the
speech delivery organized (tell you where to go
next but you use your own words throughout)
– guided by an outline
– problems in sticking into the original piece
– tips:
o Do research on the topic.
o Have enough practice delivering the speech to
gain self-confidence.
o Manuscript
– speaker prepares the manuscript that he/she has
to present
– verbatim delivery
– sensitive topics
– lack of audience rapport, monotonous reading
– requires speaker to read every word in it
– happens when speaker cannot afford to commit
any mistake or when the script has to be read
exactly as it was written
– State of the Nation Address (pres of PH)
– connect with the audience through eye contact
– be animated in reading the speech by varying the
intonation, rate, and rhythm, and by pausing once
in a while to look at the listeners
– tips:
o Focus on key phrases and highlight key words
on your manuscript.
o Practice your speech repeatedly.
o Glance at the highlighted words to remember
which idea comes next.
o Thoroughly familiarize yourself with the
substance of your speech and the sequence of
your main points.
o Maintain a conversational tone.
o Periodically look at your audience.
o Memorized
 – usually sounds mechanical and is seldom used or – shaking, fidgeting, rapid breathing, sweating,
recommended “stomach butterflies”
– committed into the memory – converted from psychological response
– greater audience engagement > Two Types of Speakers According to Mark Twain
– problems in forgetting words; robot-like delivery (American Author and Humorist)
– tips:  Nervous
o Keep it short.  Liars
o Add expression in your voice. > Third Type: Truthful, Confident Speaker
> Principles in Speech Delivery > Four Types of CA
 Verbal  Trait Anxiety
o Modulation – internal, personal
o Articulation (verbal) – avoiding speech situations
 Non-verbal – attitude towards communication regardless of
o Facial Expressions, Gestures, Movements event or context that you are carrying with you
o Stage Presence and Rapport – personal kasi sometimes it is triggered by a past
– charisma or charm as speaker experience
– vibe – avoid situations that requires them to speak
– connection u have with ur audience  Context Anxiety
– influenced by 3 aspects:
LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION o Formality – event, what’s at stake
> Glossophobia o Uncertainty – what might happen (not sure
 Fear of public speaking kung ano mangyayari)
> Publilius Syrus – popular writer in 42 BCE o Novelty – new environments
 “Speech is a mirror of the soul”  Audience Anxiety
 The way we communicate is often connected to – similarity
our self-concept or self-image – subordinate status
> James McCroskey (2001) – audience size
 Personal Report of Communication Apprehension – familiarity
(PRCA-24) – takot ka na masira mo image mo sa kanila since
> Communication Apprehension (Communication kilala ka na nila like yung image mo??
Anxiety) – kahit small crowd lang, naaanxious ka
 James McCroskey (2001): “fear or anxiety – focusing more on the kind of audience youre
associated with either real or anticipated talking to
communication with another person or persons”  Situational Anxiety
 Commonly called stage fright – McCroskey (2001): “the unique combination of
 Speech anxiety influences generated by audience, time, and
context”
 Combined feeling of fear and excitement
– combination ng context and audience anxiety
 Many speakers are more anxious than they need to
> Stages of Speech Delivery and Anxiety Level
be when asked to present before a big crowd
 Anticipation
because they want to protect their self-image
– the minute prior to starting the speech
 Sometimes, they feel afraid because they lack a
– bago ka tawagin para magpresent
clear objective for speaking
– inaanticipate mo yung audience na nakatingin
 In other instances, they have a strong desire to sayo
provide too much information – while delivering the speech, gradually the level
 Most neophytes dread the occasion of facing a big of anxiety decreases (accdg to scholars)
audience and allowing themselves to be scrutinized  Confrontation
by them – the first minute
> What happens to a person with communication
 Adaptation
apprehension
– the last minute
 Psychological Response
 Release
– fear of social judgment, committing errors
– the minute immediately following the end of the
– feel mo magkakamali ka or manonotice nila na
speech
may mali sayo
> How to Manage Speech Anxiety
– iniisip nab aka masira yung image??
 Cognitive Reconstruction
 Physical Response
 – negative attitude to positive attitude
– changing ur mindset to positive
– accept na may anxiety ka??
– negative self-talk will not help
– youll have a positive feeling once you
reconstruct
 Systematic Desensitization
– behavioral modification; exposure
– telling us to not run away from something we
fear
– face our fears/negative feeling
 Deep Breathing, Physical Movements
– counteract the effects of excess adrenaline
– if feel mo masyado ka na naooverwhelm, you
pause
– don’t push yourself to the limit esp when youre
talking in front (di ka mahehelp na kumalma and
baka youll experience bigger problems)
– physical movements can also help you control
adrenaline (mapapakalma ka and ma-eengage
audience mo – greater audience rapport)
 Positive Visualization
– images of relaxation or ultimate success
– if you believe na magiging successful, then it
will be successful
 Prepare
– audience, outline, rehearse
– if u know the outline, sabi nila mas successful
daw (keep in mind the ideas nalang)
– consider your points
– if memorized kasi speech, mas may pressure?
And mas focused ka sa pagremember ng mga
words
– goal is to make a complex topic into a simple one
– practicing prior the speech is helpful
LESSON 3: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
AND DELIVERY
> Principles in Speech Writing
 Audience and Purpose
– audience: background and profile; size and
number of listeners
– purpose: inform, persuade, entertain, etc
– helps in planning – from the language to
strategies in speech delivery
– comprehensible and relevant speech
– rapport
– to avoid giving offensive remarks
– dapat naiintindihan ng audience
(nacocomprehend nila)
– you are imparting knowledge
– make complex topic to simple (depending on age
or level of maturity of audience)
– at the end of the speech, what do you want them
to learn??
 Logical Organization
– transitional devices (from one idea to another:
how are they connected)
– chronological, causal. Spatial, comparison &
contrast, problem-solution
– outlining key points
– present logically
– come up with a thesis statement (magiging
central idea) – give an overview of the speech
(opening paragraph)
 Selecting a topic, sourcing information, drafting,
and writing
– go back to your purpose and keep in mind your
audience
– research – cite & paraphrase
– anecdotes & personal narratives
> Principles of Effective Speech Deliver
 Articulation
– the speaker’s clarity and accuracy in
pronunciation of each word
– coherence of ideas presented in the speech
– pronunciation, enunciation (clarity)
– the way u articulate words (in presenting and
organizing)
 Modulation
– changes in the tone or pitch throughout the
speech presentation
– pleasing to the ears (well-modulate voice)
– good speaker knows how to change tone and
rhythm
 Stage Presence and Rapport
– one’s ability to command or engage the
audience
– physical appearance, grooming, credibility
– connection u have with ur audience
– charm u have in u as a speaker
 Nonverbal Cues (Facial Expressions, Gestures, and
Movements)
– nonverbal cues that play vital roles in
capturing the audience’s interest
– the more stiff u are the more anxious ull feel
(kasi di mo minamaximize yung space)
– know how to use gestures to emphasize ur
point
 Audiovisual Aids
– keeping audience’s attention, clarifying
messages
– ppt, vids, songs, clips, etc
– help u relay message and enrich the message
– help in entertaining them
– should be more beneficial to audience
– hindi lang bsta basta guide mo kasi guide siya
para sa audience mo
– help listeners retain the important points
> 7 Deadly Sins of Public Speaking (Andrew Dlugan)
 Sloth
– failing to prepare for your speech or presentation
 – should not be lazy in researching about ur topic
– in short, wag tamad
 Envy
– believing that great speakers are born with their
skills
– u should not say na she’s a natural speaker or
whatsoever kasi u can still develop ur skills u
should not envy those who are good in public
speaking
 Lust
– quelling your nerves by picturing the audience
naked
– don’t think of ur audience as if they are inferior,
or funny
 Gluttony
– believing that more words/slides/facts/numbers is
always better
– wag masyadong damihan ng salita
 Greed
– speaking over your allotted time
– keep in mind the time limit u have dahil yung
audience mo may ggawin pa
 Wrath
– rigidly reacting to problems and losing your cool
– there are unavoidable circumstances and these
should not make you feel angry
– act cool and as if nothing is wrong
 Pride
– ur speech is not merely about u
– u will not brag
– keep in mind the audience
– placing urself ahead of the audience