SMQ 3043 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

NAME MATRIX
NUMBER
RAMLI BIN ABDUL NAJID D20181083171

MUHD FARHAN BIN SUHAIMI D20181083255

NORUL ALIA BINTI ISMAIL D20181083092

AZIRAH BINTI MD ISA D20181083098

MOHAMAD IRFAN ZULFAQAR BIN MOHAMAD D20181083205

KAULI

MUHAMMAD SAIFULLAH BIN SUHAIMI D20181083199

MUHAMMAD QAYYIM IKHWAN BIN ZAMRI D20181083247

LECTURER: DR NORHAYATI BINTI AHMAT

TITLE: OPTIMIZATION OF PLANNING HEALTHY DIET BY REDUCING FAST FOOD INTAKE
AMONG SEMESTER 7 OF MATHEMATICS STUDENTS IN UPSI
1. Project Background

As a team, we have discussed and selected a proper topic based on the themes given which
is about healthy diet. The topic we have agreed to be done as our project research is
Optimization of Planning Healthy Diet by Reducing Fast Food Intake Among Semester 7 of
Mathematics Students In UPSI. We have developed a planning and project decision-making
framework to adapt with environmental issues based on our collaborative decision making.
The research has led to development of a Decision Guide as a tool for our research. This
project supports these research efforts by developing a guideline for us to follow step by step
in order to complete our task. The aim of this project background is to determine the role of
visioning processes and the means to link visioning outputs within the Decision Guide’s
throughout our planning processes. The process of planning offers the opportunity to match
public expectations to project outcomes, to enhance consensus decision making, and to
better environmental considerations. There are several tasks in this project background to
ensure the project research we do satisfies the criteria that must be achieved during the
process.

1.1 Compile Background Information on Visioning Processes

The objective of Task 1 was to document lessons learned, key aspects, and relevant
background information on prior visioning processes conducted since the idea was
developed. The work was conducted through the following steps:

a) Conduct a literature review to complete an introduction on the topic that have

been picked

b) Compile a few articles and review these articles to document the key lessons
learned from visioning processes.

c) Complete a working paper and case study of articles review to produce an

introduction to visioning and evolution of the visioning process. Findings from this
foundational research and the documentation were used to inform the research
and presentation of the following tasks.
1.2 Identify an Outreach Program

This task was to identify common outreach tools and techniques that support effective
engagement processes for visioning and that enable practitioners to build lasting support.
Complete the literature review to focus on relevant guidance, publications, noteworthy
practices, and case studies on effective outreach programs of visioning processes in
support of project planning.

1.3 Assess the cost and benefits

We assess benefits and costs by drawing on information collected through collected data
during the case study process and extensive background literature review. This
assessment focuses on the qualitative aspects of visioning benefits, including the quality
of and public satisfaction with projects.

1.4 Develop a Model Vision Process of linear programming result data

We produce a guideline to formulate our Linear programming (LP) that integrates the
results of research based on the data that we have collected. After that we document the
result of our data through the formulation of linear program results by including key
decision points within the model process.

1.5 Revise Practitioner’s Guide and Prepare Final Report

We Conduct a review and comment period to allow for feedback for input into the
completed draft final report. Lastly, we prepare the final report technically to show the
outcome of the LP project that we have been carried out throughout the process.
2. Problem Statement

With the modernization of society, fast food consumption is not just a food that can be
consumed, but a lifestyle that needs to be followed, especially among students. Although
society is aware that fast food consumption may be harmful, the rapid fast-food strategy
of the media has successfully attracted consumers through dizzying advertisements and
offers, making them unable to realize the negative effects of excessive consumption of
food. Students’ attention to dietary intake is very important because it not only affects
the body, but also affects the psychological development of students, which is considered
an important asset for the future development of human capital in developed countries.
However, students’ lives are not easy. For example, due to the tight schedule of courses
and homework due to catching up, students would rather eat during the trip than eat
cleanly, by choosing fast food because it is convenient and can save more time.

3. Project Objective

The “Diet Problem” with the search for a low-cost diet that would meet nutritional needs
which is characterized by a long history, whereas most solutions for comparable diet
problems were developed in 2000 or later, during which computers with large calculation
capacities became widely available and linear programming (LP) tools were developed.
The objective of our project is to ensure Linear Programming can be applied to a variety
of diet problems which is to maximize calories by reducing the consumption of fast-food
intake in daily servings. This review describes the developments in the search for
constraints. Future possibilities lie in finding LP solutions for diets by combining
nutritional, costs, ecological and acceptability constraints. LP is an important tool for
environmental optimization and shows considerable potential as an instrument for
finding solutions to a variety of very complex diet problems.
4. Significance of Project

Scientific studies revealed that dietary habits among students attending higher education
in Malaysia are still inadequate and below the recommended consumption of fruits and
(Abdull Hakim et. al, 2012; Azmi et. al, 2009). This is combined with higher consumption
of foods rich in fats, salt and sugar which many consider as unhealthy eating habits. This
study aimed to evaluate the practice of healthy eating among Malaysian university
students. The significance of the study is to identify the need for multifaceted programs
to educate and motivate students to make healthy food choices. These plans can be
targeted at university students who have less consumption of fruits and vegetables and
are having difficulties in time management in planning healthy meals. The high prevalence
of unhealthy dietary routines denoted the need for interventions that promote patterns
of healthy dietary routines among university students (Ferrao et. al., 2018).

5. Literature Review

A balanced diet can be categorized with the concept of diversity and simplicity that is
related with the perception of healthy eating. Healthy diets are obtained by taking foods
that contain recommended doses of macronutrients and micronutrients. Dietary
Guidelines can be adapted to promote health and prevent diet-related chronic diseases
including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and obesity. Throughout
recorded history, wise choices of food and drink and of habitual behaviour have been
recommended to protect against cancer as well as other diseases, and to improve
wellbeing.

In Malaysia cancer is one of the major health problems. It is undeniably one of the
most important non-communicable diseases in Malaysia and contributed to 13.56% of all
deaths occurring in the Ministry of Health Hospitals in 2015. Nutrition and related factors
such as physical activity, obesity is believed to contribute crucially to cancer occurrence.
Linear programming can be used to formulate minimum cost menus while making sure it
meets all the criteria of all macronutrients and micronutrients that has been set by dietary
guidelines. It is used in diet problem-solving techniques by creating a model that contains
all the optimal food, cost and quality of a diet. By using linear programming, the majority
of populations can benefit from an optimal diet at a minimum cost, which enables them
to have an adequate daily nutrition within their financial potentials. Linear programming
has been applied in the Pacific Northwest of the USA, which was the only study that
presents an application of mathematical optimization tools of dietary guidelines for
cancer prevention. Six-specific food plans were generated that met both the key 2007
dietary recommendations for cancer prevention issued by the WCRF/AICR 2007 and the
DRIs set by the Institute of Medicine.

Another study discovered that nutrition and dietary knowledge was unrelated to BMI
in general practise patients. Other research, on the other hand, has found beneficial links
between nutrition awareness and food consumption. The finding that attitudes to foods
are dependent on several evaluative bases, among which health evaluations are only one,
and that nutrition knowledge moderates the relationship between health evaluations of
foods and general attitudes towards foods may explain the limited relationship between
nutrition knowledge and food intake: health evaluations influenced attitudes to foods
more strongly in subjects with better knowledge than in subjects with poorer knowledge.

Attempts to raise people's awareness of their food intakes and nutritional education
may have unfavourable consequences in certain subgroups of the population. The
diagnosis of a new eating condition, orthorexia nervosa, has been proposed in recent
years. The fixation with consuming healthy foods and avoiding bad foods is a defining trait
of this illness. This definition of an eating disorder isn't widely regarded as a diagnostic
category. Nonetheless, it has begun basic efforts to investigate this concept further.

According to a recent poll of Austrian dietitians, 12.8 percent of dietitians had four or
more orthorexia nervosa symptoms. Furthermore, dietitians with symptoms of orthorexia
nervosa were more likely to have a past or concurrent eating problem, such as anorexia
nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder. This finding supports a common
hypothesis and belief: nutrition and dietetics students may begin their studies with the
desire to address their own dietary issues and disordered eating patterns.
6. Project Methodology

A simple survey is distributed to 30 students of semester 7 mathematics Universiti

Pendidikan Sultan Idris. The purpose of this study is to discover each student’s calories
intake. This survey requires students to answer what they most prefer to eat. Additionally,
it is also within this survey that aims to discover these students’ attitude toward healthy
eating habits.

To calculate the data in this project, Linear programming will be used. Linear
programming is an optimization technique for a linear objective function and a set of
linear constraints. The goal of linear programming is to identify the values of the variables
that maximise or minimise the objective function, which is defined by an objective
function. Next, the Simplex method is a method for manually solving linear programming
models with slack variables, tableaus, and pivot variables to identify the best solution to
an optimization problem. A linear program is a way to get the optimal result from a
maximum or minimum equation with linear constraints. The nutritional composition of
each menu is sourced from the Ministry of Health's website. When it comes to setting up
the LP model, this is crucial. This study just looked at three nutrients: protein, fat, and
carbohydrate, in order to come up with a viable answer for this diet problem.

Based on the Recommended Nutrient Intake for Malaysia (RNI) in 2017 issued by the
Ministry of Health Malaysia states that the calorie intake for men is 2240 kcal and for
women is 1840 kcal per day.

Table 1: Recommended Daily Intake (Men)

Nutrient Recommended daily intake

Protein 99g

Fat 81g

Carbohydrate 281g
Maximize 𝑍 = 𝑐1 𝑥1 + 𝑐2 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐𝑛 𝑥𝑛

Subject to:
𝑢11 𝑥1 + 𝑢12 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 99g
𝑢21 𝑥1 + 𝑢22 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 81g
𝑢31 𝑥1 + 𝑢32 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 281g

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 ≥ 0

Where,
𝑐𝑛 = calories intake of menu n
𝑥𝑛 = menu of type n
𝑢𝑚𝑛 = amount of nutrient type m in menu type n

Table 2: Recommended Daily Intake (Women)

Nutrient Recommended daily intake

Protein 81g

Fat 66g

Carbohydrate 230g

Maximize 𝑍 = 𝑐1 𝑥1 + 𝑐2 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐𝑛 𝑥𝑛

Subject to:
𝑢11 𝑥1 + 𝑢12 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 99g
𝑢21 𝑥1 + 𝑢22 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 81g
𝑢31 𝑥1 + 𝑢32 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑐3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 281g

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 ≥ 0

Where,
𝑐𝑛 = calories intake of menu n
𝑥𝑛 = menu of type n
𝑢𝑚𝑛 = amount of nutrient type m in menu type n
Since the data collected is based on the menu of fast food, hence this LP model will be set up
based on the calorie for each food sourced from KFC, McDonald’s, and Pizza Hut restaurants.
The following is an example of a typical menu item sold at the restaurant.

Table 3: Choice of Common Food Sold

Menu label Food Menu Calories per serving

x1 Hawaiian Chicken Pizza 160

x2 Garlic Bread 380

x3 Pepperoni Delight Pizza 240

x4 Hawaiian Supreme Pizza 210

x5 Beef Meatball Bolognese 560

x6 Cheeseburger 307

x7 Big Mac Burger 538

x8 Mac Chicken Burger 395

x9 Zinger Burger 573

x10 Cheezy Popcorn Bowl 388

x11 Cheezy Wedges 307

x12 Popcorn Chicken 383

x13 Nuggets 260

x14 Butterscotch Bun 101

x15 Fries 281

References

Abdull Hakim, N. H., Muniandy, N. D., & Danish, A. (2012). Nutritional Status and Eating
Practices among University Students in Selected Universities in Selangor, Malaysia.
Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 4: 77-87.
Azmi, M. Y., Junidah, R., Mariam, A., Safiah, S. & Fatimah S. (2009). Body Mass Index (BMI) of

adults: Findings of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Malaysia J. Nutr., 15:

97-119.

Ferrao, A. C., Guiné, R. P. F., Correia, P., Ferreira, M., Cardoso, A. P., Duarte, J., & Lima, J.
(2018). Perceptions towards a healthy diet among a sample of university people in
Portugal. Nutrition & Food Science, 48(4), 669-688.
Foster GD, Sherman S, Borradaile KE, Grundy KM, Vander Veur SS, Nachmani J, Karpyn A,

Kumanyika S, Shults S (2008). A policy-based school intervention to prevent

overweight and obesity.

I.N. Syafiqah, R. Normala, C. Azlini, Z.M. Lukman, M.Y. Kamal (2018), Fast Food Consumption

Behavior among University Students. International Journal of Research and Innovation

in Social Science (IJRISS).

Korinth, A., Schiess, S., & Westenhoefer, J. (2009). Eating behaviour and eating disorders in
students of nutrition sciences. Public Health Nutrition, 13(1), 32–37.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009005709
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2017). Recommended Nutrient Intake for Malaysia (RNI). Select
Kami Resources.